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PLTW Biomed Final Exam With 100%
Correct And Verified Answers
gross exam - Correct Answer-a microscopic examination of the tissues that make up the brain. Can see with your eyes and can be handled by hand. medical examiners - Correct Answer-what professional would perform a gross exam of organs? histological exam - Correct Answer-studies microscopic anatomy of tissues. needs to use a microscope to see individual cells. forensic histologist, histologist - Correct Answer-what professional would perform a histological exam of tissues? nervous system - Correct Answer-contains the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, and nerves. it is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and reacting to signals from inside and outside the body. uses chemical and electrical signals that transmit through the body, and responds to changes that it detects. nerve signals control most bodily functions, including sensation, movement, and digestive processes. PNS - Correct Answer-all the nerves in the body are part of the peripheral nervous system. the PNS brings information from the outside world and from within the body to the CNS. CNS - Correct Answer-the brain and spinal cord are part of the central nervous system. the CNS receives data from the PNS (outside world). the brain processes the information, makes decisions about what to do, and sends signals back via the peripheral nervous system to bring about a specific change. frontal lobe - Correct Answer-responsible for planning and organizing incoming information. also controls behavior and emotion. parietal lobe - Correct Answer-crucial in integrating sensory and visual information. temporal lobe - Correct Answer-used for processing language and storing information in the long-term memory. occipital lobe - Correct Answer-receives and processes sensory nerve impulses from the eyes. 1)MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) 2)Slices, Cross sections - Correct Answer-2 methods used in performing a gross exam of a brain during an autopsy
TBI(Traumatic Brain Injury) - Correct Answer-a brain dysfunction caused by an outside force to the head CTE - Correct Answer-a progressive degeneration, and/or death, of nerve cells caused by repeated head injuries, such as repeated concussions cells - Correct Answer-basic unit for any organism such as a neuron that transmits information to other cells tissues - Correct Answer-composed of cells, and if relating this to nervous tissue it has both neurons and cells, which senses stimuli and transmits signals organs - Correct Answer-composed of tissue, for example, the brain is composed of nervous tissue, which allows the brain to interpret stimuli organ system - Correct Answer-composed of multiple organs, for example, the nervous system is composed of all the organs in the nervous system, which is responsible for all activities in the nervous system epithelial tissue - Correct Answer-composed of epithelial cells aligned in sheets and connected to one another. this tissue can be found lining the outer surfaces of all organs and blood vessels, in the mouth, and on the surfaces of humans. this tissue works to absorb, secrete, protect, and sense for us. connective tissue - Correct Answer-supports and connects other tissue types in the body. different types of connective tissue work to hold organs in place, attach muscle to bones, link bones with joints, or enable other tissues (like lungs) to stretch. it is found attached to and in between other tissues types in the body. nervous tissue - Correct Answer-nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain are composed of nervous tissues. this tissue, made up of specialized cells called neurons, works to receive, interpret, and respond to signals. muscle tissue - Correct Answer-makes up the muscles found in the body. can be striated, smooth, or cardiac striated muscle - Correct Answer-also known as skeletal muscle tissue, is attached to bones; voluntary smooth muscle - Correct Answer-found in the walls of internal organs; involuntary cardiac muscle - Correct Answer-found in the walls of the heart. this tissue provides the ability to contract; involuntary
"receiving halls" right atrium (RA) - Correct Answer-receives deoxygenated blood coming back from the body left atrium (LA) - Correct Answer-receives oxygenated blood coming back from the lungs right ventricle (RV) - Correct Answer-pushes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen left ventricle (LV) - Correct Answer-pushes oxygenated blood to the body veins - Correct Answer-carry blood back to the heart arteries - Correct Answer-carry blood away from the heart vena cavas - Correct Answer-the largest vein in the human body, the inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart from body parts below the diaphragm. pulmonary veins - Correct Answer-bring blood w/ oxygen back from lungs pulmonary arteries - Correct Answer-carries deoxygenated blood to each corresponding lung. aorta - Correct Answer-the largest artery in the human body. carries blood with oxygen to whole body. atrioventricular valves - Correct Answer-separates the atriums and ventricles semilunar valves - Correct Answer-separate each ventricle from artery leading out biscupid (mitral) valve - Correct Answer-between LA and LV tricuspid valve - Correct Answer-between RA and RV aortic valve - Correct Answer-between LV and aorta pulmonary valve - Correct Answer-between RV & pulmonary artery angina - Correct Answer-- chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart
- primary symptom of coronary artery disease.
-coronary artery disease is a cardiovascular condition in which atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in artery walls) occurs in the arteries that supply the heart (coronary arteries) atherosclerosis - Correct Answer-- a cardiovascular disease characterized by the gradual buildup of plaque in artery walls
- results from damage to the inner artery wall. This damage causes artery stiffness and the development of fatty deposits (plaque)
- plaque may grow in size until it completely blocks an artery, which is called total occlusion. when total occlusion occurs in vessels that supply the heart or brain, a heart attack or stroke may occur myocardial infarction - Correct Answer-- a serious condition that occurs when blood and oxygen supply to the heart is reduced, causing part of the heart muscle to suddenly die
- results from plaque blockage (atherosclerosis) in the coronary arteries.
- blood supply to the heart may also become blocked when plaque from elsewhere in the body ruptures and forms a blood clot
- the blood clot can break off, travel to the heart, and get lodged in the smaller coronary arteries
- may experience immediate chest or arm pain, increased heart rate, sweating, fatigue, and nausea aortic valve stenosis - Correct Answer-- heart condition that occurs when the aortic valve narrows, partially obstructing blood flow across the valve
- AS is often caused by calcification of the aortic valve as one ages, which stiffens the valve and narrows the valve opening
- AS may not experience any symptoms, as AS typically develops over many years. However, in patients with advanced AS, chest pain, dizziness and fainting during exercise, and congestive heart failure are common symptoms patent foramen ovale - Correct Answer-- an abnormal hole present in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, or atria.
- PFO is a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth
- the exact cause of PFO is not well understood, but genetics most likely play a role. after a baby is born, the pressure of blood pumping through the heart usually causes the foramen ovale opening to close, but in some cases it does not. most PFO defects are between 3 and 6 mm in diameter congestive heart failure - Correct Answer-- a cardiovascular disorder that occurs when your heart cannot pump enough blood to supply the body.
- CHF can be caused by a variety of disorders, including structural defects with heart valves, disease of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), and heart attack
- the walls of the ventricles are thin and weak. they are unable to adequately pump blood out of the ventricles. Instead, blood remains in the ventricles and reduces the amount of blood that reaches the rest of the body and lungs during each heartbeat
LPN (Licensed Practical Nurse) duties - Correct Answer-Provide basic bedside care for the sick, injured and convalescent, under the direction of physicians and registered nurses. You'll do such tasks as give injections, take vital signs, perform diagnostic tests, dress would and administer medication. Work under registered nurse. RN (Registered Nurse) degree and training - Correct Answer-Need to hold either an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) in order to work as an RN. Need to earn a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) as well. Following graduation from an approved program, all U.S.-based RNs must take and pass the NCLEX exam. Similar training to LPN. RN (Registered Nurse) duties - Correct Answer-Maintain records, give patients meds, order & interpret tests, start IVs, educate patients NP (Nurse Practitioner) degree and training - Correct Answer-Bachelors & then Masters or Doctorate + training beyond RN NP (Nurse Practitioner) - Correct Answer-- Ordering, performing and interpreting diagnostic tests such as lab work and x-rays.
- Diagnosing and treating acute and chronic conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, infections and injuries.
- Prescribing medications and other treatments. Managing patients' overall care.
- Counseling.
- Educating patients on disease prevention and positive health and lifestyle choices. leukocyte, white blood cell (WBC) - Correct Answer-largest blood cell; active in immune system, protects against pathogens, foreign substances, and cell debris. 5 kinds of nucleated cells that fight infections; 4,500-11,000/mL or 4.5-11 x 109/L thrombocytes (platelets) - Correct Answer-responsible for clotting blood during bleeding; 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. erythrocytes, red blood ells (RBC) - Correct Answer-carries oxygen; the cells that transport oxygen around the body. men - 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL) women - 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL plasma - Correct Answer-removes waste from cells and gives necessities to blood cells phlebotomist - Correct Answer-trained to draw blood from patients who require testing as well as blood donors. They draw and prepare blood for medical testing, transfusions or donation. trained to collect blood samples via venipuncture, finger pricks, or in the case of infants, heel pricks.
hematologist - Correct Answer-they study blood, blood-forming organs and blood diseases. is a doctor that specializes in the research, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood disorders. they're concerned with the treatment of blood disorders and malignancies, including types of hemophilia, leukemia, lymphoma and sickle-cell anemia. hematocrit - Correct Answer-proportion of RBCs to plasma; 13.5-17.5 g/dL (men) & 12- 15.5 g/dL (women) hemoglobin - Correct Answer-the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells; 13.5-17. g/dL (men) & 12-15.5 g/dL (women) low WBC - Correct Answer-viral infection is preventing bone marrow from making new WBCs high wbc - Correct Answer-may indicate that the immune system is working to destroy an infection. it may also be a sign of physical or emotional stress. people with particular blood cancers may also have high white blood cells counts. low RBC - Correct Answer-you have a condition called anemia. this means your blood has lower than normal hemoglobin (Hgb) levels. hemoglobin is the part of the red blood cell (RBC) that carries oxygen to all the cells in your body. anemia is a common side effect in patients with cancer. high RBC - Correct Answer-limited oxygen supply due to heart or other condition is triggering need for extra RBCs low hemoglobin - Correct Answer-lead to anemia, which causes symptoms like fatigue and trouble breathing. high hemoglobin - Correct Answer-occurs most commonly when your body requires an increased oxygen-carrying capacity, usually because: you smoke, or you live at a high altitude and your red blood cell production naturally increases to compensate for the lower oxygen supply there. low hematocrit - Correct Answer-loss of blood, iron deficiency, bone marrow problems or a disease like sickle cell high hematocrit - Correct Answer-means that you have more red blood cells than what's considered to be healthy. could indicate underlying medical conditions like: Dehydration. Carbon monoxide poisoning. low platelet count - Correct Answer-also called thrombocytopenia. this condition can range from mild to severe, depending on its underlying cause. for some, the symptoms can include severe bleeding and are possibly fatal if they're not treated.
homologous chromosomes - Correct Answer-chromosome pair in which 1 came from one & one from dad--have the same genes but different alleles the centromere - Correct Answer-the place where the sister chromatids attach, the "middle" of the chromosome DNA replication - Correct Answer-the copying of DNA to make new cells somatic cell - Correct Answer-The kinds of cells that are NOT sex cells; 46 chromosomes, diploid sex cell - Correct Answer-23 chromosomes, haploid; only found in reproductive organs cancer - Correct Answer-the uncontrollable division of cells, these cells spread into other tissues benign - Correct Answer-abnormal growth of cells, but in a capsule, slow growing, non cancerous, won't metastasize, cells are normal metastasis - Correct Answer-abnormal growth of cells, fast growing, cells abnormal with dark nucleus, likely to metastasize malignant - Correct Answer-the spreading of abnormal cells to a new area of the body biopsying - Correct Answer-a doctor or person who removes cells and tissues cytopathologic - Correct Answer-job is to examine those cells under a microscope to look for signs of cancer by looking at various categories such as the cell division, shape, size, etc. traits - Correct Answer-an organism's qualities/characteristics dominant - Correct Answer-the variant that tends to override the other variant, hiding its properties, represented with capital letter homozygous - Correct Answer-when both alleles are the same (either dominant OR recessive) alleles - Correct Answer-the 2 versions of each gene we inherit, one from mom & one from dad heterozygous - Correct Answer-when the two alleles are different (one recessive & one dominant) heredity - Correct Answer-the passing of traits to child from parents (via genes on chromosomes)
genotype - Correct Answer-the 2 alleles for a gene recessive - Correct Answer-the variant that is only expressed if there are 2 copies, represented with lowercase letter pedigree - Correct Answer-a family tree diagram showing that occurrence of the heritable characteristics in parents and offspring over multiple generations how/why is a pedigree used? - Correct Answer-make it easier to clue that a disease is genetic and inheritable, which can be figured out when more than one individual in a family is diagnosed with the same disease. can be used to see if a disease is inherited and can figure out or predict the risk of future generations. autosomal dominant - Correct Answer-one mutated allele is sufficient to cause symptoms in the individual. the mutated allele is considered dominant, because the disease trait(s) are experienced with one dysfunctional allele. autosomal recessive - Correct Answer-two mutated alleles are required for the individual to experience disease symptoms. If a patient inherits only one mutated allele, the other dominant allele compensates, and the individual does not experience symptoms. FH - Correct Answer-a common life-threatening genetic condition that causes high cholesterol. Untreated leads to early heart attacks and heart disease. caused by an inherited genetic mutation on chromosome 19. this genetic disorder makes the body unable to effectively remove LDL, aka bad cholesterol. statin drugs - Correct Answer-work by blocking an enzyme that produces cholesterol in the liver and increases your body's ability to remove cholesterol from the blood cholesterol absorption inhibitor - Correct Answer-these medications work in the small intestine by decreasing cholesterol absorption bile acid sequestrants - Correct Answer-this medication also works in the intestine by binding bile. since bile is composed, in large part, of cholesterol, these medications lead to loss of cholesterol in the stool PCSK9 inhibitors - Correct Answer-these antibodies target PCSK9, a protein that interferes with clearance of blood cholesterol. bempedoic acid - Correct Answer-is a non-statin treatment to lower LDL-cholesterol in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia or established cardiovascular disease who require additional LDL-C lowering even after maximally tolerated statin treatment.
