PLTW - Medical Interventions Final Exam Study Guide| Complete Solution Guide| A+ Rated| Up, Exams of Biology

Download PLTW - Medical Interventions Final Exam Study Guide| Complete Solution Guide| A+ Rated| Up and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! PLTW - Medical Interventions Final Exam Study Guide| Complete Solution Guide| A+ Rated| Updated 2024-2025 What is a medical intervention? Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of a disease What are the main categories of interventions that function to maintain human health? Treatments, Diagnostics and Equipment How do scientists gather evidence during the potential outbreak of an infectious disease? 1. Record patient's symptoms and find similarities with other patients 2. Isolate the bacteria in a lab 3. Go to affected areas and determine the origin of the disease 4. Identify the disease using DNA sequencing since pathogens alter certain DNA sequences What is bioinformatics? The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers. (Especially applied in molecular genetics and genomics) How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens? You can observe mutations and abnormalities that disease pathogens have What is an antibody? A blood protein in the body produced by B-cells (B-Lymphocytes) that fight against a foreign substance by recognizing a specific part of it. How do antibodies identify and inactivate antigens? 1. Shape recognition 2. Proteins of the antigens are configured to specific antibodies, so the foreign antigens bind to the specific antibodies that inactivate them How can the ELISA assay be used to detect disease? 1. Primary antibodies attach to specific antigen 2. Secondary antibody attaches to primary antibody 3. When enzyme substrate is added, color change occurs Why is it important for doctors to know the concentration of the disease antigen present in a patient's system? Higher concentration = closer to patient zero Patient Zero The first person to be infected with a particular disease What steps do scientists take to diagnose, treat, and prevent future spread of a disease outbreak? Destruction/Inactivation Exchange enzymes that chemically degrade the antibiotic (How some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics) Mutation A change in a gene or chromosome. Explain the difference between limited spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics. Limited spectrum: only kills the cells that are infected. Broad spectrum: kills all cells, even healthy cells. What methods do bacteria use to share antibiotic resistant genes? Explain the difference between conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation - The one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact. Transformation -The genetic modification of a bacterium by incorporation of free- floating DNA from another ruptured bacterial cell. Transduction - The transfer of genetic material from one organism (such as bacteria) to another by a genetic vector. What is the difference between the chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA when thinking about antibiotic resistance? Bacteria possess a single chromosome composed of double‐stranded DNA in a loop. The genetic information of the plasmid is usually not essential to survival of the host bacteria. Plasmids can be removed from the host cell and the bacteria can still survive. What is the best antibiotic to use when treating a Gram-positive bacterial disease? Flouroquinolones or Tetracyclines How would you determine which strain of Streptococcus aureus had a plasmid for resistance to streptomycin? Performing a Disc Diffusion test What actions are humans taking that are contributing to bacteria becoming resistance to commonly used antibiotics? 1. Preserving the potency of antibiotics 2. Taking the full dosage of antibiotics without missing one What are the health impacts if you do not take your complete course of antibiotics that have been prescribed for your illness? The disease will come back, and for an even longer period of time Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral diseases? Antibiotics are designed for bacteria, not viruses How do frequency and amplitude affect how humans interpret sound? F - pitch/tone A - loudness/volume What causes different types of hearing loss? 1. Sensorineural - Hearing loss or impairment resulting from problems with the auditory nerves 2. Conductive - Hearing loss or impairment resulting from interference or blockage of the transmission of sound waves to the cochlea. How is hearing loss diagnosed? Performing an Audiogram Describe the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss. Cochlear vs. auditory nerves If you listen to very loud music, non-treatable hearing loss may result. The damage involves what structure of the ear? Cochlea hairs What part of the ear converts stimuli from the outside environment into nerve impulses for transmission to the brain? cochlea What interventions are available for patients with hearing loss? They can provide the quantitative evidence for justifying needed policies. Also, their input can be helpful in demonstrating the effectiveness of policies once they have been adopted What is genetic testing? Techniques used to detect genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities What are the duties of a genetic counselor? Make recommendations to the patient and their families after diagnosing genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities What is the goal of PCR? Used to amplify specific sections of DNA What are the steps of the PCR process? 1. Denaturation - 98 degrees -- separating DNA 2. Annealing - 48 to 72 degrees -- allows primer to base pair complementary DNA template 3. Extension - 68 to 72 degrees -- extends prime to form nascent DNA strand What is the relationship between phenotype and genotype? P - Physical and physiological traits on an organism G - The genetic makeup of an organism (Tt, tt, TT) What are SNPs? (Single nucleotide polymorphisms) One base-pair variation in the genome sequence How can restriction enzymes and electrophoresis be used to identify SNPs and determine genotype? Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at a specific sequence and gel electrophoresis separates the fragments by size. By looking at the control, you will be able to determine the genotype What medical interventions and lifestyle modifications can help a pregnant woman have a healthy pregnancy? 1. Take Folic Acid vitamin 2. Avoid alcohol and drugs 3. Decrease stress What can amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling tell a couple about their developing fetus? 1. Genetic abnormalities 2. Congenital Defects We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Antibody An antigen-bonding immunoglobulin, produces by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response Antigen A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the honest organism and elicits an immune response Bioinformatics The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers especially as applied in molecular genetics and genomics. Concentration A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) A quantitative in vitro test for an antibody or antigen in which the test material is absorbed on a surface and exposed either to a complex of an enzyme linked to an antibody specific for the antigen or an enzyme linked to an anti-immunoglobulin specific for the antibody followed by reaction of the enzyme with a substrate to yield a colored product corresponding to the concentration of the test. What is an enzyme? A graphic representation of the relation of vibration frequency and the minimum sound intensity for hearing. Cochlear Implant An electrical prosthetic device that enables individuals with sensorineural hearing loss to recognize some sounds and that consists of an external microphone and speech processor that receive and convert sound waves into electrical signals which are transmitted to one or now electrodes implanted in the cochlea where they stimulate the auditory nerve. Conductive Hearing Loss Hearing loss or impairment resulting from interference with the transmission of sound waves to the cochlea. Hearing Aid An electronic device for amplifying sound before it reaches the receptors organs. Inner Ear The essential part of the vertebrate organ of hearing and equilibrium that includes the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. Middle Ear The intermediate portion of the ear containing a chain of three ossicles that extends from the tympanic membrane to the oval window and transmits vibrations to the inner ear. Outer Ear The outer visible portion of the ear that collects and directs sound waves toward the tympanic membrane by way of a canal which extends inward through the temporal bone. Sensorineural Hearing Loss Hearing loss or impairment resulting from problems with the auditory nerves What is sound? A disturbance that travels through a medium as a longitudinal wave Case-Control Study A type of epidemiological study where a group of individuals with the disease, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls. Cohort Study A type of epidemiological study where a groups of exposed individuals (who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease DNA ligase A linking enzyme essentials for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques. Epidemic Affecting an atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time. Epidemiology A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population. Inoculation The introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies. Plasmid A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome. Recombinant DNA A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. Restriction Enzyme A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA. Vaccine A harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen. Amniocentesis