PNCCT exam Questions and Answers 2025/2026, Exams of Pediatrics

Download PNCCT exam Questions and Answers 2025/2026 and more Exams Pediatrics in PDF only on Docsity! PNCCT exam Questions and Answers 2025/2026 What type of equipment would be needed during pediatric and neonatal transport? Pumps that can do decimal points, Ventilators that can perform pressure ventilations, pediatric restraints, isolette, and thermoregulation equipment. What are some aspects of a pediatric assessment that should be performed by the cct provider? Toe-Head assessment, AMPLE history, and immunization record How do CCT providers obtain consent while dealing with pediatric patients? Implied consent for emergency care, parents for non-emergency procedures, and social services for children in state custody. What will be noted on an x-ray of a child with croup? Steeple sign How do you decide the appropriate ETT size for a pediatric patient? ETT= (Patient's age in years +16)/4 How do you decide the appropriate ETT size for a neonate patient? ETT= Patients gestational weeks/10 What drugs are contraindicated in sepsis? Etomidate, ibuprofen How do you establish the appropriate fluid administration in pediatrics? 4cc/kg for the first 10 kg, 2 cc/kg for the second 10 kg, and 1 cc/kg for each additional kg. 4-2-1 rule What type of maintenance fluid do neonates receive? Dextrose 10% What do the majority of pediatric's receive as maintenance fluid? Dextrose 5% What pediatric patients do not receive dextrose as a maintenance fluid? Head injuries, hyperglycemia, and metabolic disorders What rate should the maintenance fluid be set at for dehydration? 2x the standard rate What rate should the maintenance fluid be set at for CHF? 2/3 the maintenance rate What is required for emergency transfers or if there is a difference in opinion between parents? two physician signatures What happens during Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Fluid overload, hyponatremia, and decreased urine output. What happens during diabetes insipidus Increased urine output, hypernatremia, and increased urine output What is urine output is characteristic of DI? 5-10 ml/kg x 2hours What is the hypoglycemia threshold for neonates? 30-40 What is the hypoglycemia threshold for pediatrics? 60-70 How fast can hypoglycemia be rectified? quickly What infections is croup generally associated with? Viruses: Parainfluenza, adenovirus, RSV, influenza, & measles How does croup generally present? In children <3, with ear infection or pneumonia, low grade temp, harsh barking cough, hoarseness, stridor, and steeple sign. What is the treatment for croup? AOV, evaluate perfusion status, potential intubation, inhaled saline, inhaled epinephrine, SQ epinephrine, dexamethasone. How does epiglottitis present? bacterial infection in children >4. Temp > 101, rapid onset, drooling, and unvaccinated What is the management of epiglottitis? AOV, perfusion status, possible intubation, possible cricothyrotomy. What occurs during a foreign body airway obstruction? food is usually found below the vocal cords, atelectasis develops, and metabolic acidosis occurs from increased work of breathing. What is retropharangeal abscess? A collection of pus in the tissue in the back of the throat. What are some signs and symptoms of an upper airway obstruction? Stridor, drooling, poor chest rise, altered mental status, What does grunting indicate? Alveolar collapse, auto-peep What does nasal flaring indicate? hypoxemia How does bronchiolitis present? CPAP, dieuretics, ACE Inhibitors such as capratril, and milrinone What type of dysrhythmia would be expected with an ASD? Atrial dysrythemias, possible heartblocks What potentially causes ventricular dysrhythmias in peds? VSD, ingestion of toxins, and carsiomyopathy. When is JET present? postoperative patients What is the treatment of JET? Cooling first, Beta blockers such as Esmelol, overdrive pacing. Focus on rate control. What are common causes of sinus tachycardia? fever & dehydration What is unique about SVT in pads? Sweating, poor feeding What is myocarditis? viral infection of the heart that causes decreased cardiac output and ventricular dysrhythmias. What is endocarditis? bacterial infection of the heart causing decreased cardiac output and ventricular dyhrhythmias. What is the formula for cardiac output? CO=HRxSV What mechanism do kids use to compensate? Heart Rate How does patent ductus arterious present? Tachypnea, cough, increased O2%, congestion on chest x-ray, and widening pulse pressures with increased systolic. What are the diagnostics of patent ductus arteriosis? congestion on CXR, echo, LVH on the ECG What is the treatment for patent ductus arterious? Monitor Is & Os, maintain O2%, restrict fluids, and subbacterial endocarditis prophylaxis What occurs during Atrial Septal Defect? Increased pulmonary bloodflow, right ventricular hypertrophy, systolic murmur, and atrial dysrhythmias What is the management of Atrial Septal Defect? 15 lead ECG, chest e-ray, monitor peripheral perfusion, maintain SPO2 of 85%, and treat CHF What happens during a Ventricular Septal Defect? Often associated with other defects, diaphoresis while eating, increased RR. The problem may present after the duct closes. What is the management of ventricular septal defect? Monitor I & O, pain management, treat CHF with digoxin, diuretics, and fluid restriction. What happens during an atrioventricular defect? Often associated with trisomy 21, increased pulmonary blood flow, signs of CHF What is the management of atrioventricular defect? Monitor I & O, Cardiac output, rectal temps, and treat with digoxin & diuretics such as chlorathizide alductone What is coarction of the Aorta? Many have a VSD and associated bicuspid aortic valve. Presents with leg cramp, headache, dizziness, syncope, leg pain, cramps, varying SPO2 What is the management of coarction of the aorta? Manage CHF, administer prostaglandin, consider phenelephrine & milrinone. What are potential side effects of prostaglandin? apnea & hypotension What is the presentation of aortic stenosis? more frequent in males, CHF, faint pulses, tachycardia, dyspnea, exercise intolerence, and fatigue. What is the management of aortic stenosis? Administer prostaglandin, SBE prophylaxis, monitor for CHF and ventricular ectopy. What are the anomalies present during metrology of fallot? ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy What is the presentation of tetrology of fallot? Boot shaped heart on CXR, systolic ejection murmur, clubbing of nails, & pulmonary htn What is the management of tetrology of fallot Manage CHF & low CO, admin prostaglandin, knee chest position, maintain SPO2 of 85% What happens during pulmonary atresia? right sided CHF, periobertal edema, hapatomegly What is the management of pulmonary atresia? Maintain SPO2 at 85%, treat CHF, admin milrinone or low dose epi What is the presentation of tricuspid atresia? cyanotic, acidotic, CHF What is the management of tricuspid of atresia? control hhypoxia, acidosis, cardiac cath, maintain SPO2 at 85% What is the presentation of hypo plastic left heart syndrome? Ashen appearance, tachpnea, cool and mottled extremities, diminished peripheral pulses, hypotension, low cardiac output, metabolic acidosis What is the management of hypo plastic left heart syndrome? support cardiac output, may need intubation, regulate SPO2 What are potential complications of preterm neonates? infection, thermoregulation issues, and respiratory distress syndrome. What are complications with term neonates? infections What are complications of post term neonates? infections, asphyxia, hypoglycemia What are complications with small gestational age (SGA) low birth weight, uterine placental insufficiency, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, dehydration, & hypercarbia What is the management of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates? surfactant & BPD What is the management of diaphragmatic hernia? do not bag the patient without an ETT in place. What is the management of omphalecele? manage dehydration and hypothermia. What is the management of duodenal atresia? OG tube for decompression How do seizures present in neonates? sudle What is significant about intraventricular hemorrhage in neonates? large volume of blood loss. How quickly can hypernatremia be regulated? 8-14 mEq/day What is the management of hypernatremia? 0.9% NaCl If a patient has low calcium, what will be high? phosphate What is the management for increased ICP? PACO2 of 35, diuretic such as mannitol, hypertonic saline, and barbiturate such as penebarbitol. What should be assessed during altered mental status in infants? sodium, glucose, volume, sepsis, LFT, accidental exposure to toxin. What is SCIWORA? spinal chord injury without radiological abnormality caused by damage to the ligaments.