Comparing States: Understanding Capacity and Development, Exams of Social Work

Download Comparing States: Understanding Capacity and Development and more Exams Social Work in PDF only on Docsity! POLI 130- EXAM 1 (Anderson) What is comparative politics? - Comparison of politics in two or more states & Comparison of politics in subnational units in one state. What is Mill's Method of Agreement? - If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon.this is called the comparative method and it is a way of examining patterns of facts or events to narrow down what is important in terms of building a convincing comparative politics argument. Significance: Creates a scientific method for conducting comparative research Who: John Stuart Mills Example: Revolutions in China and France. Example: Suppose 4 countries all experience civil conflict. You posit that one of several characteristics might cause civil conflict, poverty, rough terrain, ethnic diversity, or religious diversity. When you assess the characteristics of each country, you find that all four countries share only one attribute -- ethnic diversity. The method of agreement leads you to logically infer that ethnic diversity causes civil wars. This approach to figuring out casualty pushes you to find the thing that Is always associated with an outcome, or when absent is never associated. Suppose now that there is a fifth, ethnically homogenous country- and that country did not experience civil conflict. Such evidence lends further support to the hypothesis that ethnic diversity somehow causes civil war. What is Mill's Method of Difference? - This method for causal analysis states that if an effect is present in one case but not present in another similar case, we can look for a factor that is present in that case that is not present in the other case and identify it as a probable cause of the effect. (Compares and Contrasts cases with the same attributes but different outcomes) Significance: Helps isolate casual factors to further develop stronger arguments Who: John Stuart Mills Example: Inequality in Costa Rica and El Salvador; have very similar cultures and histories but El Salvador had a civil war and also has a higher income gap. Example: Suppose that four countries share the following attributes: poverty; flat terrain; ethnic diversity; and religious diversity. A fifth country is also poor, and ethnically religious and diverse but it is mountainous rather than flat. The terrain is the only thing that differentiates this country -- and that is the only country that experienced war. This approach allows you to rule out poverty and ethnic and religious diversity as potential causes of civil war in the fifth country. Perhaps mountains offer rebels secure places to hide from government troops, while flat countries offer few such places to torment rebellion. Falsifiability - if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong EX: Question: What causes countries to experience Civil Wars? Answer: Evil people in a society cause countries to experience civil wars Problem: How do we determine what "evil is" Cant measure the amount of evil people so we need to make arguments that are falsifiable. How do we compare states? State Scope & State Capacity/Strength - State Scope: Different functions or goals taken on by the government (i.e what does the state do?). Scope: degree of state intervention in economy and society for example the United States doesn't set out to provide health care services while other states like Sweden has robust amounts of health care. the effectiveness of state scope is individualistic because East Asian states have scopes that range from minimal (Hong Kong) to highly interventionist (South Korea) yet all they achieved extraordinarily high GDP per capita growth. State Capacity/Strength: Ability to plan and implement policies, enforce rules (i.e How well can the state get things done) (Do the things you say you are going to do). A state that lacks capacity is defined as a fragile state or, in a more extreme case, a failed state. lack of state capacity in poor countries has come to haunt the developed world much more directly - Thus we should think of state capacity as a mostly uneven rather than a smooth phenomenon, since it can vary so strongly from one type of state function to another within the same country Indicators: Violent Crime Tax Capacity Public goods provision State Strength and why it matters? - state strength is measured by: -policing/law enforcement: ability to reduce crime both inside borders and outside borders through military -taxation: tax revenues fund all the government programs, the more you tax your citizens, the more you can actually pay for the things you plan to do -property rights -bureaucracy -public goods -welfare Why? For citizen well-being: stronger states produce better development outcome For market economies: legal-institutional underpinnings of capitalism For democracy: stronger states protect citizen rights and maintain the rule of law (? There is evidence, however, that the strength of state institutions is more important, broadly speaking, than the scope of state functions. -Example: In Egypt for instance the state-security apparat is brutally effective while other government agencies routinely mishandle simple tasks like processing visa applications or licensing small businesses. The governments of Argentina and Mexico have shown themselves fairly skillful at reforming state institutions such as central banks, but not so adept at controlling fiscal policy or providing high quality public schooling or health care "Brown areas" (Guillermo O'Donnell) - Areas within an otherwise strong state where the government's institutional capacity is weak or non-existent Example: Despite the United States being a strong state, Flint Michigan is the ongoing site of the public health disaster due to its rampant lead pipe problem which leads to no potable water. Example: Certain areas of Chile also don't have potable water.These are Brown areas. Warlords - Military leaders who run a government. a military commander, especially an aggressive regional commander with individual autonomy Example of a failed state: Yemen which is divided into two states and fell into Factionalism which is when tribes make mini-states and run it as if it where their own. Many people internally displaced and a humanitarian crisis. 1. The Saleh dictatorship. 2. Saleh's overthrow and the Yemeni civil war (2011) 3. The Houthi threat and the takeover of Sanaa by warlords. 4. Introduction of foreign forces and the proliferation of conflict Houthis - Under the leadership of Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, the group emerged as an opposition to former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh, whom they charged with massive financial corruption and criticized for being backed by Saudi Arabia and the United States at the expense of the Yemeni people and Yemen's sovereignty. protection racket - protection rackets, defined as sustained institutional arrangements through which actors extract regular tribute from others actors in return for providing protection from both themselves and other threats. War-making and the need for revenue Who? Charles Tilly (1975) "War made the state and the state made war" example: Case of England The state is not a leviathan like Hobbes believed and instead is a protection racket "going around creating the thing we need protection from" ex: the mafia; they create the threat you need protection from The Bellicist Model of State-Building - His theory posits that the preparation for and conduct of wars in early modern and modern Europe fueled a natural selection of states, whereby those states that could develop the necessary According to North "institutions are the rules of the game in society.. the humanly devised constraints that structure political economic and social interactions Inclusive vs. extractive institutions" Acemoglu and Robinson add to this and emphasize that these are the rules that govern incentives in politics. They determine how the government is chosen and which part of the government has the right to do what and how power is allocated in the world. Inclusive vs. Extractive Economic Institutions - 1. inclusive economic institutions (South Korea and the United States) are those that allow and encourage participation by the great mass of people in economic activities that make best use of their talents and skills that enable individuals to make the choice they wish -to be considered inclusive, economic institutions must feature secure private property, an unbiased system of law, and a provision of public services that provides a level playing field in which people can exchange and contract. it must also permit the entry of new businesses and allow people to choose their careers. Example: North Korea does not have many lights and South Korea has many. South Korea protects property rights, they invest in education and their health care system, making all of these inclusive economic institutions where people can participate in enterprise North Korea is run under a communist economic system, where the government does not incest as heavily into its population, a lot of the population is going through starvation and North Korea has a strict autocracy where the government makes all of the decisions. This is why there's lots of development in South Korea and not in North Korea. According to Acenoglu and Robinson these countries differ in their economic success because fo their different institutions. Inclusive economic institutions foster economic activity productivity, growth and economic prosperity. -extractive institutions (North Korea and South America) basically the complete opposite of South Korea and the US. who/reading: Acemoglu and Robinson Why Nations Fail: An Institutional Approach Modernization Theory - How do we progress from a traditional society to a more modern developed one? -economic development driven by internal changes in society -development occurs in phases that mark that modernization of society -Modernization of the economy drives further social and political transformations Who? We have to see this move from the mindset of a traditional man which is characterized by: Religious, live in small rural communities, Group-oriented, Parochial (focus on issues that only affect your life),Submissive. to A Modern man which is characterized by: Secular, like in Urban centers , Individualistic where he moves away from his family, Universalistic and exposed to different ideas and he is Enterprising/authoritative where he thinks he has control over what goes on his life Critiques; 1. this theory is Eurocentric and only focuses on countries in Europe 2.Timing can affect the way that you modernize 3.Doesn't appreciate colonialism Rostow's Stages of Development - A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries. Significance: Modernization of the economy drives further social and political transformations Who? Rostow 1. Traditional society: limited technology; static society 2. preconditions for take-off: commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry 3. take-off development of a manufacturing sector 4. drive to maturity- development of wider industrial and commercial base 5. high mass consumption EXAMPLE: As England started to move away from its agricultural production and towards manufactures towards the knowledge economy your GDP goes up. Relative backwardness - how far an underdeveloped country has to go to catch up to developed countries future of underdeveloped does not represent the past of developed ones!! -timing of development matters -development trajectories will be country -specific -"backwardness" not always a burden, but an advantage. Backward countries often develop differently and in line with their backwardness EXAMPLE: the case of Russia which started this modernization process but then took a tank around 1917 and then accelerated back up again. Dependancy Theory - -bureaucratic (You need people to manage these market interventions, they have planning ministries which are the people who develop these 5 year plans and are tasked with making sure they happen right.) -investment friendly (either are trying to get foreign countries to invest in their industries or they are using their own money from the state to invest in certain industries) -autonomous (It Is not necessarily aligned with any particular party or ideology. These are people that just do the economy. EXAMPLE: every year, the government of South Korea would come together and make a five year plan for economic development. We will invest in these things and do these things. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) - Development policy popular in the 1950s-1970s that uses trade policy, monetary policy, and currency rates to encourage the creation of new industries to produce goods domestically that the country imported in the past an economic policy which aims to achieve development by replacing foreign imports with domestic production of industrial goods. with this kind of industrialization there will be -restrictions on imports of final goods( For example saying we want no more cars from America (fords) in South Korea and instead try to build our own cars instead we try to increase incentives on an increase of technology transfer and capital imports lower the tariff on the parts that are used to make Volkswagens -protection of domestic industry in infancy export of final goods when competitiveness is achieved (make sure these car brands are protected and have subsidies and make sure that they have favorable credit and sell things on the domestic market at very low prices so people will buy them -In the reading by Werner Baer we learned that ISI is an attempt by economically less-developed countries to break out of theworld division of labor which had emerged in the nineteenth century and the earlypart of the twentieth century. Under this division, Latin America (and most areas of Asia and Africa) specialized in the export of food and raw materials, while import-ing manufactured goods from Europe and the United States. Import substitution consists of establishing domestic production facilities to manufacture goods whichwere formerly imported. It follows that all countries which industrialized after Great Britain, went through a stage of ISI EXAMPLE FROM LECTURE: Chile moved away agriculture into the automobile industry but had different results from South Korea. Chile Export-oriented industrialization (EOI) - A set of policies, originally pursued starting in the late 1960s by several East Asian countries, to spur manufacturing for export, often through subsidies and incentives for export production. During the 1980s we export domestically protected manufactures to promote development after industrialization. Chaebol - this happened under the development of Park Chung-Hee. they were a large family owned business conglomerates in Korea that fueled much of its industrial development Hyundai Samsung Kia Motors Law of Ill Gotten Gains - Corporations were forced by the South Korean government to give money to industry or they were punished. He would say you collaborated with the colonizer; Japan, so you got all of those riches from your company illegally so I will either seize your assets or throw you in jail. EX: President of Samsung at the time was threatened to seize his assets if he didn't give the government a portion of Samsung or they would throw him in jail because he was in an enterprise that the state did not want him involved in. Park Chung Hee in South Korea - Korean politician and leader of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979, development under Park Chung-hee followed the import substitution industrialization in 3 phases from 1954-1990 -phase 1: Accumulation of foreign capital by a consequence of the war Exploitation of traditional industries start to produce textiles and use the money to grow their textile industry into a mechanized industry to grow more textiles Investment into manufacturers like heavy industries like cars or computers -phase 2: Nurturing of infant industry in manufacturing Investment into Human Capital (he tries to encourage private investments into industries, which was already happening through Chaebol) -offered favorable terms -gave government contracts to develop firms -but if you don't do this you will fall under the LAW of 111 Gotten Gains. -phase 3: Promotion of competition and export orientation (invested in hospitals so that we can keep healthy citizens who will be the future of the country) Salvador Allende (Chile) - The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973. States are not the only organizations capable of providing welfare. In some states, welfare provision comes from a mix of the public (i.e governmental) and private sources. In other words the state is wholly responsible for welfare, in the form of social programs or direct transfers. Private Provision: citizens rely heavy on private actors (insurers, doctors ect.) for benefits, state only minimally involved in social insurance provision. State Provision: The State is mainly responsible for benefit provision (state funded health care, clinics ect.) private companies largely absent. Mix: Both private and state actors are responsible for benefit provision, at times other actors (family/ clients networks) also supplement provision efforts. What are the welfare state types - Liberal Corporatist Social-Democratic Southern Liberal Welfare State - A concept of government based on the principle of market dominance and private enterprise; the state intervenes only to help the very needy; benefits are for the most part means-tested. Examples include the United States, Canada, Australia Features of the liberal welfare state include minimal benefits, Means-tested benefits, Mostly private provisions. Corporatist Welfare State - only the people who work will receive benefits. The higher up your position, the better your pension at the end. This is the most conservative welfare state (Italy) Examples include Austria, France Germany Features of this state include Moderate benefits, Fragmented by occupation, State transfers. Social Democratic Welfare State - States whose social policies strongly emphasize universal entitlements to achieve greater social equality and promote equal citizenship. Ex: Sweden,Norway, Denmark, Finland Features include Substantial benefits, Universal Benefits, State provision Southern welfare state - Definition- states with unknown decommodification, highly fragmented stratification, and mixed clientelist networks. Example- Italy, Spain, and Portugal Significance- is beneficial in determining how different societies allocate their benefits and how accessible benefits are, also allows us to put a label on societies with specific characteristics Welfare Queen - a derogatory term used in the U.S. to refer to women who allegedly Misuse or collect excessive welfare payments through fraud, Child endangerment or manipulation. A stereotype of women on welfare, argued by Ellen Bravo. The woman starts collecting as a teen mom, drives a Cadillac, and spends her food stamps on drugs or gives the stamps to her boyfriend so he can spend them on drugs. She has also never worked, and she is taking advantage of the taxpayers dollars. Plural Democracy - Who? Robert Dahl describes a political system where there is more than one center of power.an example of this today though would be interest groups because they influence policy makers in many ways. an example of this today though would be interest groups because they influence policy makers in many ways. Polyarchy (Dahl) - Was used by Robert A. Dahl. Rule by many; government having three or more rulers. The two key components are Contestation and Inclusion -sweden is an example of this today and they are voted in through fair and free elections Significance: determine conditions favor or impede a transformation into a political regime in which opponents of the government can openly and legally organize into political parties in order to oppose the government in free and fair elections. Genetic model of democracy - Definition- Democracy more likely to emerge when GDP increases Example- If Russia's economy booms after the Putin regime, it will be more likely to democratize Significance- aids in understanding how economics ties into democratization and how as economies grow, democracy grows Survival model of democracy - Definition- Democracy more likely to survive when GDP increases Example- If the United States' economy continues to boom after Covid-19, democracy is more likely to survive Often accompanied by formal (if weak institutions) Example: In 1996 the former president Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia placed restrictions on candidacy that eliminated real opposition. Also packed electoral commission with loyalists used violence to intimidate challengers, and lastly, maintained electoral system that distorted balance of power. All of this is giving in the election an advantage that the opposition does not have. Significance: Linkage - According to Levitsky and Way this is the density of organizational, economic, and political ties with the West. Example: A horizontal relationship where a country is encouraged or incentives to do something because of your ties with the west Examples of Linkage include -Economic and capital Flows -Diplomatic relations, participation in IGOs -Flows of citizens across borders, dispirit networks leverage - According to Levitsky and Way this is Ability of Western states to pressure an external party to adopt policy. Example: If the United States has significant leverage over Kenya then they can coerce them into adapting a specific policy such as opening elections to multiparty competition. Examples that would give the West leverage over a country include: -Size and Strength of state economy (if your economy can run without foreign support -Strategic objectives/foreign policy importance -Existence of other hegemonic powers. High linkage high leverage - This is where we should expect there to be consistent pressure for democracy, and the country should eventually consolidate a democracy. Example: Latin America has conditionality loans put in by the IMF to open up countries for democracy, which ended up helping them consolidate these democracies. Low linkage and low leverage - Where we don't have lots of ties between these countries and there's not a lot of ability for the West to pressure countries. Here, what we get is a stable autocracy. Example: Egypt is advantaged In the balance of power, although it is strategically important to the west, it is so important that they don't want to pressure it to do something that it is not inclined to do. High leverage and low linkage - There is strong but intermittent electoralist pressure which causes an Unstable authoritarianism. Low Leverage and High Linkage - Where foreign patrons or Western Patrons cannot easily influence you, but you do have ties to the west that your citizens might be demanding more democratic reforms. Consistent but diffuse, indirect democratizing pressure. Creates an unstable authoritarianism. Democratic consolidation vs. democratic transition - Definition- Democratic consolidation is consistent and intense democratizing pressure, whereas democratic transition is international affects on whether a country will transition to democracy Example- high linkage and high leverage is political consolidation, foreign trade from other countries impacting GDP influences democratic transition Significance- identifies two ways countries can democratize and the things neccesary to do so Why do some third wave countries manage to consolidate democracy while others do not? - War/Military defeats Diffusion of democratic protests to neighboring countries (snowballing) Pressure from international actors (Catholic Church, US, UN, IMF) Authoritarianism - Svolik stated that a political system is a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.Political control excreted by a small body of elites. There is an Absence of power-sharing between ruling faction and competing faction What are the 4 different types of authoritarian regimes? - Dominant party Monarchial Military Personalistic Dominant party dictatorship - A dictatorship in which a single party dominates access to political office and control over policy, though other parties may exist and compete in elections Broad Examples: China, Cuba, Eritera, Laos Example: China under Xi Jinping. The Chinese communist party always wins elections because there are no other parties that are allowed to compete Significance: Regime survival based on closure of political system or manipulation of elections Significance: Reduces opposition and competition. Leads to preference falsification. Muhkabarat (Secret police) - Plainclothes officers who look like normal citizens but are actually spying on the population in cafes. preference falsification - The act of communicating a preference the differs from ones true preference, often because one believes the conveys preference is more acceptable socially. Example: People are unwilling to say what they truly feel about the people in power because they don't want the negative consequences of being repressed. Significance: When people do this it creates a big problem because there is no way for the leader to change. Rentier State - A country that obtains much of its revenue from the export of oil or other natural resources or primary goods. Comes directly from the authoritarian regimes Example: In the Middle East in places like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia -they receive a lot of money from oil rents. Their autocracy is supported through these oil rents or oil money .With this they do a combination of things. They use it to buy large standing armies, and also to pay off the population when it is convenient. Significance Structure of Contestation - The rules of the game (system of institutions, policies) by which political leaders set the limits for participation in the political system Keeps the parties competing with each other and not the incumbent Example: Moroccan Parliament Electoral authoritarianism - A name applied to situations in which authoritarian regimes nominally compete in elections Example: Russia is a specific case of an electoral authoritarian regime Which means that Russia has held competitive presidential elections since 1991. Boris Yeltsin oversaw these competitive elections. They also enable opposition to compete and participate in legislature. The Russian regime also engages in routine electoral fraud, harassment of opposition and violence. Dominant party - A political party that manages to maintain consistent control of a political system through formal and informal mechanisms of power, with or without strong support from the population. A dominant party is one that regular wins elections and thereby has the leading role in determining access to most political offices. Example: Russia created this dominant party. They coordinate expectations of voters. Provides stable majorities in legislatures. Helps to coops elites as well. Eases recruitment of new politicians. Dictator's dilemma - A conflict faced by autocrats wherein their repression of popular preferences helps keep them in power but simultaneously prevents them from knowing their true level of support. Example: Once you have an election and you look at the voting patterns in Russia you might want to create better hospitals and education systems in the places where your vote is lacking so that people can get to like you. United Russia Party - Political party put together by the oligarchs of Russia to support Putin. Currently the dominant party in Russian politics, although it lacks a coherent ideology. Nashi - Russia's largest youth movement, organized mass marches in support of Putin, laid siege to Estonian embassy