POLICING AMERICA FINAL EXAM Questions with 100% complete solutions Latest Updates 2024, Exams of Law

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POLICING AMERICA FINAL EXAM

Questions with 100% complete solutions

Latest Updates 2024

In all likelihood, the police spend ________ percent of their time enforcing the law. - Answer- 15 The Statute of Winchester called for: - Answer- all men in town to serve night watch Approximately how many separate police departments currently exist in the United States? - Answer- 18, Police departments in early Colonial America (i.e., before the professionalization movement) can best be described as: - Answer- corrupt and politically influenced London's Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) of 1829: - Answer- all of the above (10 yrs before Modern American police, passed by parliament, initially resisted) Sir Robert Peel is best known for - Answer- professional style police officers who conducted beat patrol in a proactive manner One of the unintended effects of mobile patrol was - Answer- reduced police contact with law-abiding citizens The four-step, problem-solving methodology referred to in the text as SARA stands for: - Answer- scanning, analysis, response, assessment Increasing response time to police calls for service: - Answer- has little effect on clearance rates / arrest rates Academics given credit for broken windows policing - Answer- Wilson & Kelling Throughout the past few decades crime has - Answer- gone down (Roe v. Wade) Which of the following is TRUE about measuring police productivity? - Answer- the clearance rate and crime rate do not give an accurate picture Places where crimes are likely to occur based on prior statistical analysis are called... - Answer- hot spots Which of the following best represents the first stage of the SARA model (i.e., scanning) in problem-oriented policing? - Answer- broadly identifies recurring problems

Who authored the law enforcement section of the Wickersham Commission Report? - Answer- August Vollmer Who has been given credit with defining problem-oriented policing? - Answer- Herman Goldstein American policing can be described as heavily decentralized. - Answer- True Most British police officers do not carry firearms. - Answer- True Police need probable cause before they stop and frisk citizens. - Answer- False O.W. Wilson was a Berkeley police officer under Chief Vollmer. - Answer- True The comic book hero Batman was created to mimic which police leader? - Answer- Teddy Roosevelt Who is considered the father of modern policing? - Answer- Robert Peel Jacob Blake's August 23, 2020 shooting in Kenosha included which of the following issues? - Answer- all of the above (questionable use of force, vigilantism during protests/riots, shooting a fleeing felon) Broken windows policing requires that officers think critically about what is causing specific problems in their community. - Answer- False Problem-oriented policing requires that officers think critically about what is causing specific problems in their community. - Answer- True Unlike American policing, British policing under Peel - Answer- Became highly centralized without influence from local politics The genesis of American professional policing is associated w/ the initiatives The genesis of American professional policing is associated w/ the initiatives of - Answer- August Vollmer Battle cry for Progressives: - Answer- Police have to get out of politics and politics have to get out of the police! The following are advantages of a bureaucracy - Answer- level playing field Following are disadvantages of a bureaucracy - Answer- all of the above (alienation, uncertainty and lack of responsive leadership, unresponsiveness to customers/clients/public)

Disadvantage of specialization in departments - Answer- Conflict through competition Most police departments follow the ____ model of organization - Answer- bureaucratic example of traditional (standard) law enforcement - Answer- hierarchical with specialized functions Following is example of COP/POP department - Answer- Participatory management w/ open organizational model Referencing organizational structure, COP/POP advocates a management philosophy which emphasizes - Answer- all of the above (Continuous community involvement, shorter & flatter design, less specialization, decentralization of police services) Comparing traditional law enforcement vs POP organizational structures - Answer- traditional = rigid & formal; COP/POP = open to change & sensitive to environment Following is NOT accurate example of POP - Answer- An increased strategic dimension of utilizing increased random patrols to deter criminal offenders Executive assistant to O.W. Wilson with CPD - Answer- Herman Goldstein Which of following police agencies has greatest number of sworn officers? - Answer- Municipal Which type of patrol performs more efficiently - Answer- One-person patrols Percentage of law enforcement that is female - Answer- 12% Los Angeles has larger rate of police officers per population than New York - Answer- False The FBI has central authority over all criminal investigations throughout the nation - Answer- False Accreditation is voluntary - Answer- True Lateral transfers are common - Answer- False ASC was created in Vollmer's living room - Answer- True As police commissioner, Teddy Roosevelt was part of Tammany Hall political machine in NYC - Answer- False NAD was successful because it resulted in arresting several neighborhood drug dealers

• Answer- False

Problem-oriented policing is only effective with proper governmental funding. - Answer- False Despite the great publicity they receive, fingerprints are rarely used in solving most crimes. - Answer- True Police officers have ______________ discretion. - Answer- tremendous Zero-tolerance policing is based upon the theory of - Answer- broken windows Which of the following is the most common type of order maintenance activity carried out by the police? - Answer- traffic enforcement Eck and Maguire maintain that there are three organizational changes that agencies need to make in order to successfully implement community policing. Which of the following is not one of the three changes? - Answer- response time Which of the following is considered the "backbone of policing, the central aspect of police operations"? - Answer- patrol Which of the following is not an example of the roles police play in community-based crime prevention programs? - Answer- making arrests Zero-tolerance policing has been heavily criticized for encouraging officers to - Answer- be overly aggressive In the essay "Broken Windows," what did the authors argue that the police should focus their resources on? - Answer- disorder problems that impact quality of life The Center for Disease Control (CDC) found that not a single police officer in the United States has ever contracted HIV/AIDS as a result of a work-related exposure. - Answer- true Most police work requires order maintenance. Which of the following is NOT an example of order maintenance? - Answer- narcotics crackdown There are problems in the methods used to measure performance and select candidates. For example, written tests at best only screen out the: - Answer- illiterate and the poor Criminal investigation offers a clearly defined measure of success. What is this measure? - Answer- arresting a suspect The demeanor of a suspect tends NOT to bias the police decision to arrest that suspect.

• Answer- false

There is evidence to support the idea that female officers - Answer- receive fewer complaints compared to male officers Which of the following is a popular selection test used by local police departments? - Answer- all of the above (personal interviews, criminal records check, physical agility exam) The RAND Corporation found detective work to be - Answer- superficial, nonproductive, and routine The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment sought to determine the relative deterrent effects of arrest, mediation, and separation. What was one its findings? - Answer- Arrests produced lower rates of repeat calls for service compared to mediation or separation To supplement classroom academy training, most departments operate practical field experience programs with senior officers. These are called FTO programs, which stands for: - Answer- field training officer Wes Skogan (Northwestern University) has distinguished between two major subcategories of disorder. Which category includes such issues as public drinking, noisy neighbors, street corner gangs, and commercial sex? - Answer- social Which is not a strategy of problem solving in community policing? - Answer- responding to calls for service and making arrests The perceived assignment considered a "high status" by most officers is a: - Answer- detective The vast majority of arrests the police make are for - Answer- quality of life crimes Which of the following was one of the first attempts to decrease officers' discretion? - Answer- mandatory arrest policies Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson's police organizational operating styles? - Answer- aggressive Which of the following is an example of improving police accountability? - Answer- CompStat Most police patrol time is spent - Answer- as uncommitted time Officers practicing incident-driven policing - Answer- tend to respond to similar incidents at the same location numerous times

In the article on Broken Windows & Police Discretion, Wilson and Kelling note that the community policing model ____ the use of police discretion among officers at all levels of the organization - Answer- expands and encourages What was one of the findings of the 1973 KANSAS City Patrol Beat Experiment? - Answer- lower levels of patrol did NOT lead to an increase in crime Zhao and Thurman conducted a study examining the effectiveness of the community- policing strategy implemented under the Clinton administration. What did they conclude? - Answer- Community policing strategy was extremely effective The NEWARK Foot Patrol Experiment found that additional foot patrol has what effect - Answer- a POSITIVE effect on citizen's ATTITUDES In contrast to the organizational design of traditional police departments, the design of community policing is: - Answer- DECENTRALIZED Most common ways the police have attempted to bring the police and citizenry together while attempting to control crime is through using - Answer- more foot patrols Second largest police departments - Answer- Chicago The Philadelphia quasi-experiment on foot patrol as evaluated by TEMPLE UNIVERSITY (Dr. Jerry Ratcliffe) determined that - Answer- Crime decreased in beats where foot patrol increased efficiency of departments in delivering patrol services to the public is affected by several factors - which of the following is not one - Answer- number of sworn officers What is the effect of official departmental policies on discretion? - Answer- They have a powerful influence over discretion Purpose in controlling police discretion - Answer- to prevent abuse of police authority critics argue that traditional professional model does not apply to policing because: - Answer- policing is more a craft than a profession Mapp v. Ohio established the Fourth Amendment - Answer- false In Chicago, as most departments, the rank-and-file officers welcomed the change to community policing - Answer- false American Institute of Stress ranked police work as top stress-producing job in US - Answer- false According to text, legal factors/court rulings limit discretion - Answer- true

LEAA - Answer- Law Enforcement Assistance Administration; supplied funding for training, education and equipment for police department LEEP - Answer- Law Enforcement Education Program; funded more criminal justice classes and majors to enhance available education NAD - Answer- neighbors against drugs; Sheboygan, WI; Goldstein finalists; multiple responses besides just a sign in neighbor's yard that said NAD Differential response - Answer- A strategy for answering calls for service in which response time is adapted to the seriousness of the call What does it mean to unfound a crime? - Answer- when police officers do not complete a crime report Founded crime - Answer- Evidence is found that a crime did occur and there will be an active investigation Unfounded crimes happen or two reasons - Answer- An arrest is made so no need for active investigation or caller made it up and no crime occurred Hawthorne effect - Answer- the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed (lights) CCRB - Answer- Civilian Complaint Review Board Why is 'rotten apple' a failed explanation? - Answer- Good officers are told don't say anything, just get along, and this is how we do business Not about rotten apples, its about the pervasiveness of the issue that stems out into other areas Proactive - Answer- goal of preventing crime Reactive - Answer- responses to crime that have happened or are happening Routine activities - Answer- relates offending pattern to patterns of social interaction; belief that crime is normal & dependent upon opportunity Rational choice - Answer- offenders choose to commit crimes for outcomes aligned with their interests Social disorganization (incivilities) - Answer- ecological differences in levels of crime based on structural and cultural factors that affect social order

COMPSTAT - Answer- A program originated by the New York City police that used carefully collected and analyzed crime data to shape policy and evaluate police effectiveness Ceasefire, Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) - Answer- David kennedy's work, boston gun project, calling initiatives Lever-pulling: going to be trying to get to members of the community that can offer up an honorable way out of gang lifestyle How do you stop youth violence in the city of boston Call kids in at times and surrounding them by former gang members that would tell them it is dangerous and not good for them; led to believe they would offer safety and mentorship When kids belong to a gang, they are not safer-> much more likely to be shot, arrested, commit crimes, or die Send a much more truthful message about what would occur Began with the highpoint Lever-pulling - Answer- using a variety of potential enforcement responses Tennessee v. Garner - Answer- U.S. Supreme Court case that ended the use of the fleeing felon rule formal social control - Answer- legal - incarceration & arrests informal social control - Answer- social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as mentorships or teachers collective efficacy - Answer- social control exerted by cohesive communities and based on mutual trust, including intervention in the supervision of children and maintenance of public order Where should we allocate most of our resources if we desire to have a proactive department geared towards problem-oriented policing? - Answer- ... most common service call? - Answer- false alarms (commercial and/or residential) Who exercises the most amount of discretion in policing? - Answer- street-level bureaucrats CALEA - Answer- Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies; primary mission is to accredit public safety agencies How do neighborhood environments influence officer discretion? - Answer- ... Which juveniles are stopped and questioned more frequently- white or minorities? - Answer- Minorities

Who expresses more negative attitudes towards the police- young or old? - Answer- young PSN in 2001 under President Bush - What is it? - Answer- project, safe neighborhoods; a comprehensive, strategic approach to reducing gun violence and promoting safe communities in this country DWB & Maryland police - Answer- driving while black; lawsuit against MPD for racial profiling Chicago CAPS program - Answer- biggest problem: drug dealing Were most officers accepting: yes Type of obstacles: 911 system How many days do most criminal investigations last? - Answer- Most cases receive one day or less of investigative work, but about 3 days CPTED - Answer- Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design What is the Flint, Michigan foot patrol experiment? - Answer- One of the first evaluation studies of a community policing program and also one of the first policing studies to measure of citizens of crime Bureaucracies and Max Weber - Answer- --Max Weber: 1864-1920 and division of labor task specialization--Bureaucracies: complex organizations TQM vs. closed systems - Answer- - TQM: to improve continually our products and services

• Closed systems: an institution that has closed Why is collective efficacy so important? - Answer- Collective efficiency is so important because it involves residents monitoring children playing in public places as a way to prevent things like truancy and teenagers hanging out on the corner of the street Why is it a misnomer to refer to 'law enforcement' officers? - Answer- Most of the time officers spend is not enforcing the law
• Primarily dealing with disorder
• Most common service call: false alarms (commercial and/or residential)
• Quality of life crimes
• Traffic enforcement Why do people choose to call the police? - Answer- --To maintain a social boundary --To relieve unpleasant situations --Counterpunching --To obtain an emergency service

Why do people choose to not call the police? - Answer- --It is not the police's problem --The victim did not feel like it was important enough --The victim fears retaliation from the offender(s) Para-militaristic organizations - Answer- --Uniforms --Command structural is hierarchical --Serve a citizen population --Provide services designed to help people What's the difference between preliminary and follow-up investigations? - Answer- In the preliminary investigation, the officers secure the crime scene, while in the follow - up investigation, thus is when witnesses are interviewed What are the basic steps in a preliminary investigation? - Answer- suspects--Providing aid to any victims in need of medical attention --Securing the crime scene to prevent the loss of evidence --Collecting all relevant physical evidence --Preparing a preliminary report Displacement typologies vs. diffusion of benefits & halo effects - Answer- Crime displacement is the relocation of crime from one place, time, target, offense, or tactic to another as a result of some crime prevention initiative Stages of crime prevention - primary, secondary, tertiary - Answer- --Primary: environmentally criminology --Secondary: early identification of potential offenders --Tertiary: offenses may have already occurred grass eater - Answer- a term used to describe a police officer who accepts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be solicited by the public meat eater - Answer- a term used to describe a police officer who actively solicits bribes and vigorously engages in corrupt practices Knapp Commission - Answer- A public body that led an investigation into police corruption in New York and uncovered a widespread network of payoffs and bribes. Mollen Commission - Answer- A commission appointed by New York City Mayor David N. Dinkins in 1992 to investigate allegations of police corruption in the New York City Police Department how did one get promoted in NYPD during 19th century? - Answer- by having political connections

Do most corrupt officers begin their careers by being honest or are they corrupt from the beginning? Why is this important to understand? - Answer- --Most corrupt officers start off their careers by being honest --This is important to understand because that means at some point in an officer's career, something happens that causes them to become a corrupt officer