Portage Learning A &P 101: Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2024, Exams of Nursing

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PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

ANSWERS OF ALL MODULES FINAL

Latest Updated Exam Study Guide 2024

Pre Exam Questions

1. Describe the position of the epigastric region relative to the umbilical region in anatomical position terms. Use a full sen- tence for your description

· The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. (OR) The umbilical region is inferior to the epigastric region.

2. Which anatomical action is occurring at the elbow joint, in the direction of the arrow?

· (Elbow) Flexion

3. Look at the figure below. The right femur is moved in the direction of the arrow. What anatomical action term best describes this movement?

· Abduction (The femur is moving away from midline)

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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Matching:

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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A. Emphysema B. Pleurisy C. Pulmonary edema D. Cystic Fibrosis

A. Emphysema - Smoking is often the cause of this disease. B. Pleurisy This is inflammation of the pleurae. D. Cystic Fibrosis - With this disease, mucus clogs the respiratory tract. C. Pulmonary edema- This condition results in fluid-filled alveoli.

Answer the following two questions:

1. Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fatty foods.

· The liver produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or less bile), fats will not be broken down effectively.

2. Explain in detail how the stomach contents enter the small intestine.

· The pyloric sphincter (valve), located at the base of the stomach, relaxes causing a small quantity of chyme to pass through the opening into the first part of the small intestine. This initiates a reflex that causes the muscles of the sphincter to contract and close the opening temporarily. Then the sphincter relaxes again and allows more chyme to enter.

Label the diagram below, including left or right. Discuss the purpose of tooth (B).

A: Mandible B: Right Molar

C: Right Premolar (bicuspid) F: Right Central Incisor

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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Purpose of tooth type B: Flat molars for crushing food

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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1. Label the following bone landmarks: B:Supraspinatus fossa

D:Acromion E:Neck H:Lateral border I:Inferior angle

1. Yellow bone marrow: A. is found primarily in long bones. B. is found primarily in short and flat bones. C. is found primarily in newborns, not adults. D. produces red blood cells. 2. The diaphysis of a bone: A. is found at the ends of long bones. B. contains the articular cartilage at joint articulations. C. contains the proximal epiphysis. D. is the center length of a bone. E. both A. and C. 3. Compact bone: A. forms the exterior of bones. B. forms the interior of bones. C. is lighter than spongy bone. D. contains numerous bars and plates with irregular spaces. E. both B. and D. 4. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of from : A. a growth plate; the center of a bone. B. long bones; hyaline cartilage. C. flat bones; connective tissue. D. a primary ossification center; a cartilaginous disc. E. both A. and C.

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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5. What term best describes the type of fracture pictured below?

Greenstick (the bone is broken, but not all the way across)

Answer the following five short-answer questions:

1. Tendons connect which types of tissue? Connect muscle to bone
2. Acetylcholine is what type of substance? Neurotransmitter
3. During a muscle contraction which protein myofilament contains cross-bridges? Myosin
4. What is the name of the thick myofilament? Myosin
5. What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? Calcium ions must be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer the following essay question: Describe how acetylcholine, sodium ions and calcium ions work together to enable a muscle contraction.

· Acetylcholine (a special chemical called a neurotransmitter) is released from a motor nerve at the neuromuscular junction (or NMJ). Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fiber that cause sodium channels to open. Sodium ions rush in- side the cell, triggering an action potential which eventually reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell, causing a muscle contraction to oc- cur.

1. Explain the concept of negative feedback and how it helps to maintain homeostasis.

· The effect or increased level of the hormone acts to shut down the continued release of the hormone. · The brain is constantly monitoring hormone levels to keep levels within a certain range or set-point (homeosta- sis). Negative feedback is a way of “turning off” hormone production when the desired level is achieved

Matching each of the following conditions with the one best explanation (1-5):

1. Jet Lag F. Melatonin production is produced according to body’s normal rhythm
2. Pituitary dwarf A. Underproduction of GH as a child
3. Acromegaly C. Overproduction of GH as an adult
4. Inflammation E. Cortisol helps to counteract this condition
5. Tetany D. Results if PTH is not produced in response to low blood calcium
6. Identify the region and the layer of skin that is highlighted in blue. (Also indicated by the arrow, below) *NOTE: To receive

full credit you must label two regions.

· Stratum granulosum; Epidermis

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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2. A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor?

· Meisner’s corpuscles; · Detects light touch and vibration (mechanoreceptor)

1. All of the following are functions of skin except: A. Absorb UV rays B. Produce vitamin C C. Thermoregulation D. Protection for underlying tissues

2. The thickest region of the dermis is the: A. Reticular B. Papillary C. Basement membrane

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D. Subcutaneous E. None of the above are layers of the dermis

3. The hypodermis is comprised mainly of: A. Adipocytes B. Reticular cells C. Dermatomes D. Sebaceous glands 4. What is a contusion? A. A third degree burn B. An infection in the epidermis C. Damage to a broken blood vessel D. Subcutaneous injection 5. Information from a dermatome travels to: A. The brain B. A hair follicle C. A gland D. The skin

Module 1 Answers

All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided.

1. What is the study of the structure of the human body? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism 2. The liver is an example of the organ level of organization in the human body 3. What is the breakdown of nutrients?

A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism

1. List the four basic types of tissues.

· Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue

2. List the three layers of the skin in order from deep to superficial. The deepest layer of the skin should be at the top of your

list. To receive credit the layers must be in this order.

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· hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer) · dermis (middle layer) · epidermis (outer layer) *MUST be in this order (top to bottom) to receive credit

3. Testosterone contributes to muscle strength and bone mass. Based upon your learning of metabolism, would it be consid- ered an anabolic or catabolic hormone? Explain why.

· Anabolic because it is building new tissues from smaller cells and using energy to do so.

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided.

1. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the front of the body"? A. Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial 2. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the upper part of a structure"? A. Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial 3. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "away from the head end"?

· Inferior/Caudal

4. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "further from the origin of the body part"?

· Distal

5. You are looking at a diagram of a patient standing in anatomical position. On the sheet of paper containing the dia- gram, which thumb points to the left side of the paper, right or left?

· Right

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise

specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided.

1. Are the arms part of the axial or appendicular region of the body?

· Appendicular

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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2. A patient is standing in anatomical position. The patient moves his hand to scratch his nose. What anatomical action term is best used to indicate the motion occurring at his elbow? A. Flexion B. Extension C. Elevation D. Depression E. Abduction 3. What anatomical action term is used to indicate "movement away from midline"? A. Flexion B. Extension C. Elevation D. Depression E. Abduction

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided.

1. Describe the position of the diaphragm in relation to the thoracic cavity in anatomical position terms. Use a full sen- tence for your description.

· The diaphragm is inferior to the thoracic cavity. (OR) The thoracic cavity is superior to the diaphragm.

2. Which anatomical action is occurring at the elbow joint, in the direction of the arrow?

· (Elbow) Extension

3. Look at the figure below. The right femur is moved in the direction of the arrow. What anatomical action term best describes this movement?

· Adduction (The femur is moving towards midline)

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided.

1. List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity.

· The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs and the rectum

2. True or False: The ventral body cavity contains the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity, and the abdominal cavity. If your answer is false, rephrase the statement to make it a true statement.

False. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. (It does not contain the cranial cavity)

1. The body is divided into superior and inferior sections by what type of plane?

· Transverse or horizontal plane

2. A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is referred to as what type of plane?

· Median or midsagittal plane.

3. Look at the diagram below. What type of plane is shown?

· Frontal (coronal)

1. Using the letters given, match the cell with the type of solution it has been placed in:

· A cell beginning to shrink- hypertonic

· A red blood cell placed in distilled (purified) water- hypotonic

· A cell neither shrinking or swelling - isotonic

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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2. Using the letters given, match each molecule/item with its typical means of entering a cell. You will need to use some means of entry more than once.

· Lipid insoluble molecules Facilitated diffusion

· Other cells Endocytosis

· Water Diffusion

· Carbon Dioxide Diffusion

3. Which one of the following is not true of active transport?

A. The sodium-potassium pump is an example B. Additional energy is needed to drive this process C. Active transport moves particles with the concentration gradient D. Active transport requires carrier proteins.

4. List the three organelles, in order, involved in the synthesis, transport and shipping of proteins.

A. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex B. rough ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes C. ribosomes, smooth ER, Golgi complex D. rough ER, Golgi complex, vacuole

1. Label the 5 organelles listed below: 3: Nucleolus 4: Nuclear Envelope 5: Mitochondria 7: Lysosome 8: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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2. True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) a. FALSE (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) b. TRUE (Peripheral proteins can be found on the outer or inner surface, but do not span across the entire membrane). c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) c. FALSE (This process is called endocytosis)

d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) d. TRUE e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) e. FALSE (Endocytosis is an ac- tive process and requires cellular energy)

1. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur?

(1) Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death In the genetic disease known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intel- lectual disability and death.

2. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.

The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.

Module 2 Answers

1. How many lobes does the right human lung have?

Three Lobes

2. Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas: A. Esophagus B. Nasopharynx C. Oropharynx D. Both A. and C.
3. Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following would cartilage NOT be found?

A. Trachea B. Larynx C. Bronchioles D. Alveoli

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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Label the following five items from the diagram:

Label A: Nasal Cavity Label C: Soft Palate (Uvula also acceptable answer) Label E: Glottis (not epiglottis) Label F: Trachea Label H: Tongue

1. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why?

The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing.

2. Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells.

a. Type I form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries. Make up roughly 95% of alveolar epithelial cells.

b. Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells. Make up roughly 5% of alveolar epithelial cells.

1. Positive pressure is used to move air into the lungs. False (Negative pressure) 2. During inhalation the diaphragm contracts to pull the lungs open. True 3. During inhalation the rib cage is lowered pull the lungs open. False (rib cage is lifted upward during inhalation) 4. As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filling the lungs increases. False 5. As the rib cage expands during inhalation, air will naturally flow into the lungs. True

Answer the following five multiple choice questions:

1. According to Charles's Law gas volume is:

A. Indirectly proportional to its temperature B. Directly proportional to its pressure C. Directly proportional to its temperature D. Indirectly proportional to its pressure

PORTAGE LEARNING A &P 101

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2. Which one of the following tracheal cartilages are paired? A. Thyroid B. Cricoid C. Arytenoid D. Epiglottal E. Hyaline 3. Which one of the following is not true of the pleurae? A. The pleurae are membranes that cover surfaces B. Parietal pleurae cover the surfaces surrounding the lungs C. Visceral pleurae cover the diaphragm D. A healthy pleural cavity is nearly empty of air or fluid 4. Which one of the following is not true of the bronchioles? A. Bronchioles can contain respiratory epithelium B. Bronchioles can contain simple squamous cells C. Bronchioles can contain fossae and mucus D. Bronchioles contain cartilage and goblet cells E. Bronchioles can contain cilia and mucus 5. Which one of the following is true of the respiratory physiology calculations? (Y ou may find it helpful to draw the respi- ratory physiology diagram on a piece of scratch paper to help you answer this question. ) A. Vital Capacity ( VC ) =TLC + RV B. Total Lung Capacity ( TLC ) =IRV + TV C. Inspiratory Capacity ( IC ) = TV- IRV D. Functional Residual Capacity ( FRC ) = RV+ERV

1. The gas-exchange region in the lungs must be dry, thin and large. False - requires moisture 2. During inhalation, negative pressure draws air into the lungs. True 3. During exhalation, the diaphragm rises. True 4. Because of diffusion, oxygen naturally moves out of the blood and into the lungs. False 5. Each red blood cell contains from 10-100 molecules of hemoglobin. False

Matching:

· Smoking is often the cause of this disease. -Emphysema

· With this disease, mucus clogs the respiratory tract. -Cystic Fibrosis

· This condition results in fluid-filled alveoli. -Pulmonary edema

· This is inflammation of the pleurae. -Pleurisy

1. The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (in mmHG) if nitrogen is 300 mmHg and carbon dioxide is 350 mmHg? To receive full credit you must show your work.

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2. Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange?

It would expand the air to make it more available for gas exchange.

3. Explain why incomplete ventilation is important for effective gas exchange.

Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature within the lungs. The increased temperature allows for greater gas exchange.

Answer the following three questions:

1. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles 2. In gas exchange (external respiration): A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into alveoli B. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles D. Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli 3. The purpose of these cells are the primary immune defense of the alveoli: A. Type I alveolar cells B. Type II alveolar cells C. Surfactant D. Alveolar macrophages

1. Emphysema is a disease which causes air to become trapped in the lungs upon exhalation. If a patient is diagnosed with em- physema:

1. Which of the following pulmonary function values would be abnormally high?
2. Explain your answer.

A. Inspiratory Reserve Volume B. Expiratory Reserve Volume increases C. Residual Volume decreases

C. Residual Volume as it is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after exhalation that cannot be exhaled

760mmHG = 1 atm 300mmHG +350mmHG= 650mmHG 760mmHG-650mmHG= 110mmHG 110mmHG is the partial pressure of oxygen

Module 3 Answers

1. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.