Portage Learning A&P1 Final Exam 2024-2025. Questions & Correct, Verified Answers. Grade A, Exams of Nursing

Download Portage Learning A&P1 Final Exam 2024-2025. Questions & Correct, Verified Answers. Grade A and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Portage Learning A&P1 Final Exam 2024- 2025. Questions and Correct, Verified Answers. Graded A+ Abduction - ANSMovement away from midline Adduction - ANSMovement toward midline Air (and not food) pass in which area? - ANSNasopharynx Anabolism - ANSmetabolic building of simple compounds into more complex substances needed by the body Be able to identify cell parts including the nucleus, ribosomes, nucleolus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the golgi apparatus - ANST Catabolism - ANSbreakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy Describe what is meant by muscle fiber "cross-bridges". What occurs to enable movement of the cross- bridges? - ANSIn the presence of calcium ions, portions of a myosin filament called cross-bridges bend backward and attach to an actin filament. After attaching to the actin filament, the cross-bridges bend forward, and the actin filament is pulled along. The cross-bridges attach and detach some fifty to 100 times as the thin filaments are pulled to the center of a sarcomere. ATP is needed on a cellular level for the myosin to pull actin along. During a muscle contraction which protein myofilament contains cross-bridges? - ANSMyosin Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F) - ANSFalse- (This process is called exocytosis) Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. - ANSa. Type I form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries. Make up roughly 95% of alveolar epithelial cells. b. Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells. Make up roughly 5% of alveolar epithelial cells. Explain two reasons why a woman with low levels of LH would not be able to become pregnant. - ANS(1) LH acts on the ovary to cause ovulation to occur. (2) LH causes progesterone release to facilitate potential fertilization of the egg and pregnancy. Progesterone is a key hormone for the maintenance of pregnancy. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? - ANSThe upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the large intestine. - ANSAbsorption of water, electrolytes, and vitamins; also defecation Explain why it would be harmful to have an increased secretion of ACTH in someone who is diabetic. - ANSACTH controls the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Increased levels of ACTH would cause increased levels of cortisol within the blood. Cortisol increases blood glucose levels which will decrease the effectiveness of insulin treatments. Four basic tissue types - ANSepithelial, connective, muscle, nervous How do you calculate partial pressure of gasses? - ANS1atm = Gas1+Gas2+etc., 1atm=760mmHg How many facial bones are there? - ANS14 How many lobes does the left lung have? The right? - ANS2, 3 I am secreted by the pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex. - ANSACTH This type of hormone is derived from cholesterol: - ANSSteroid hormones What are the four bone types? - ANSirregular, long, sesamoid, flat What are the four main functions of the digestive system? - ANSIngestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation What are the layers of the dermis? - ANSReticular and papillary What are the layers of the hypodermis? - ANSsubcutaneous fat subcutaneous tissue What are the metacarpals? - ANSTrapezium, scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, Pisiform, Hamate, capitate, Trapezoid What are the metatarsals? - ANSMedial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, calcaneus What are the most abundant cells in the alveoli? - ANSMacrophages What causes acromegaly? - ANSH. Overproduction of GH as an adult What causes anemia? - ANSE. Lack of erythropoietin to act on the bone marrow What causes Tetany - ANSF. Results if PTH is not produced in response to low blood calcium What does Boyle's law state about gas volume? - ANSGas volume is inversely proportional to pressure What is a dermatome? - ANSspecific segment of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve What is a pituitary giant? - ANSA. Overproduction of GH as a child What is a polar molecules typical means of entering a cell? - ANSFacilitated diffusion What is active transport? - ANSthe movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. What is congenital hypothyrism? - ANSC. Low thyroxin production since birth What is osteoporosis? - ANSOsteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture. What is oxygen's typical means of entering a cell - ANSDiffusion What is the bone-like part of teeth called? - ANSDentin What is the connection between the stomach and small intestine called? - ANSPyloric Sphincter What is the dorsal body cavity? - ANSContinuous body cavity that includes cranial cavity and spinal cavity What is the first part of the small intestine called? - ANSDuodenum What is the glottis and epiglottis? - ANSThe glottis is the true vocal cords. Epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing What is the name of the thin myofilament? - ANSActin What is the purpose of the hormone Ghrelin? - ANSIncrease hunger, decrease satiety What is the second part of the small intestine called? - ANSileum What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? - ANSCalcium ions must be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum What substance from the blood accumulates to form a clot? - ANSPlatelets What type of substance is acetylcholine? - ANSA neurotransmitter Which hormonal glands are located in the brain? - ANSPineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary glands Which hormone production is increased with sunlight? - ANSMSH -melanocyte stimulating hormone Which hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary? - ANSACTH, GH, and prolactin, to name a few Which is the saggital plane? - ANSSeparates left and right sides of the body Which layers of skin are damaged by which degree burns? - ANS1st - superficial - some epidermis 2nd - partial thickness - epidermis and some dermis 3rd - full thickness - epidermis, dermis, some hypodermis 4th - past hypodermis to underlying tissue Which muscle contracts to enable the main effort required to stand on your toes? - ANSTibialis anterior Which part of the adrenal glands is vital to life? - ANSCortex Which sensory cell receptor detects pressure applied to the skin? - ANSPacinian Corpuscle Which substance does the large intestine produce? - ANSVitamin K