Portage Learning_ AP II Module 7 Exam latest 2024., Exams of Nursing

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Module 7 Exam - Requires Respondus

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Question 1

3 / 3 pts

True/False: The kidneys are long, thin muscular tubes. True Correct! False

Question 2

3 / 3 pts

A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the L1 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not? Your Answer:

The kidney would be damaged since the kidneys are located between the T-12 and L-3 vertebrae

Yes, the kidneys lie between the T-12 and L- 3

Question 3

4 / 4 pts

Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal adipose capsule. Your Answer:

The renal adipose capsule is a fatty layer of the kidney that protects the kidney from trauma.

Outside of the renal capsule is a fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma.

Question 4

2.5 / 2.5 pts

Name the layer and the parts of the nephrons located in the region highlighted in blue, below.

Your Answer:

Name of layer : Cortex

Parts of the nephron within the cortex: Glomerular capsule, distal convoluted tubule and

proximal convoluted tubule

Located within the cortex are the glomerular capsule and the distal and proximal convoluted

tubule sections of the nephrons.

Question 5

2.5 / 2.5 pts

These arteries divide into the segmental arteries as they flow into the kidney. Afferent

Lobar Interlobular Arcuate Interlobar Correct! Renal

Question 6

2.5 / 2.5 pts

After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels. Correct! Efferent arteriole Lobar veins

Interlobular veins Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Vasa recta

Question 7

2.5 / 2.5 pts

Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow.

Your Answer:

Loop of Henle

Loop of Henle (thin descending)

Question 8

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following is false about the location of the bladder? A. In males, the bladder is anterior to the rectum. B. In females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus. C. In females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus. D. In males, the bladder is above the prostate gland. Correct! E. B&C are false F. A&D are false

Question 9

4 / 4 pts

Discuss two features of the bladder that allow for expansion.

Your Answer:

Rugae (folds) within the bladder wall increases the surface area of the bladder so that the

bladder can hold more urine

The bladder is also elastic and this allows it to expand

(Any two of the following are acceptable responses)

1 - The muscular wall stretches and thins allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine

without a significant rise in internal pressure.

2 - Rugae (folds in the bladder wall) also extend to help the capacity of the

bladderinternally.

3 - Transitional epithelium cells are specialized to enable cellular expansion to absorb

fluid.

Question 10

2 / 2 pts

An elderly male is unable to micturate. What is most likely causing the difficulty? Incontinence due to end stage dementia Incontinence due to swollen seminal vesicle Urinary retention due to spinal cord injury Correct! Urinary retention due to enlarged prostate Urinary retention is the inability to expel stored urine.

Hematuria due to diabetes

Question 11

2 / 2 pts

This is the smallest region of the male urethra. Spongy Prostatic Correct! Membranous Ejaculatory duct Ureters

Question 12

4 / 4 pts

Describe the difference between the two types of nephrons.

Your Answer:

Cortical nephrons - in the cortex of the kidney (except for a part of the Loop of Henle)

Juxtamedullary nephron - in the medulla, longer Loop of Henle

- Cortical nephrons are in the cortex region of the kidney, except for a portion of their

loop of Henle which extends into the medulla.

- The remaining nephrons, called juxtamedullary nephrons, pass deeply into the

medulla because of their location and their longer loops of Henle.

Question 13

3 / 3 pts

Micturition can be controlled consciously because of: Voluntary control over the internal sphincter Involuntary control over the internal sphincter Correct! Voluntary control over the external sphincter Involuntary control over the external sphincter Voluntary control over the visceral reflex arc

None of the above: micturition cannot be voluntarily controlled

Question 14

3 / 3 pts

This is the blood pressure driving fluid out of the capillaries: Colloid osmotic pressure Capsular pressure Net filtration pressure Glomerular filtration rate Correct! Hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

5 / 5 pts

Calculate the net filtration pressure for your patient given the following values. Show your work.

(Not all values listed may be used).

• Capsular pressure= 20
• Hydrostatic pressure = 70

• Colloid osmotic pressure = 30
• GFR= 130 Your Answer:

HP - (COP + Capsular pressure)

=70mmHg - (30mmHg + 20mmHg)

=70mmHg - 50mmHg

= 20mmHg is the net filtration pressure

(Outgoing forces – incoming forces)

HP- (COP + Capsular pressure)

70mmHg - (30mmHg +20mmHg))

= 20mmHg (net outward pressure)

Question 16

2 / 5 pts

Describe in detail how the kidney controls its own rate of blood flow through the nephron. Your Answer:

Hormonal control by way of the hormone, aldosterone that is secreted by the adrenal gland

above the kidneys. This hormone is under control by the RAA system. ALdosterone increases

the blood volume.

This is called renal autoregulation because the kidney determines its own rate of blood flow

by controlling the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. By means of this

autoregulatory system, the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the

arterial blood pressure in the rest of the body.

epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

Question 17

2.5 / 2.5 pts

Which of the following statements is false concerning the RAA system?

Aldosterone causes the retention of sodium ions. Correct! It responds when blood pressure becomes too high. Angiotensin II acts to cause vasoconstriction in blood vessels. Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Question 18

2.5 / 2.5 pts

The greatest amount of _______ occurs in the cells of the PCT. Correct! Reabsorption Excretion

Secretion Countercurrent flow Osmolarity

Question 19

2.5 / 2.5 pts

True or False: Na+ can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb. Correct! True False

Question 20

2.5 / 2.5 pts

Which of the following is false concerning ADH? ADH is produced by the hypothalamus.

ADH is produced in response to dehydration conditions. ADH retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate. Correct! ADH does not respond during severe blood loss.

Question 21

4 / 4 pts

Contrast the osmolarity of the PCT and the bottom of the loop of Henle. Explain why there is such a contrast. Your Answer:

Solute concentration increases as the loop of Henle descends (higher osmolarity) because water

is leaving this segment of the loop of Henle by Na+ salts are not. The solute concentration of the

PCT is the same as the plasma concentration and is lower than the solute concentration in the

bottom of the loop of Henle

• The osmotic characteristics of the filtrate entering the PCT is identical to the surrounding plasma, around 300 mOsm/L. In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the solute concentration increases as it descends. Once the filtrate reaches the hairpin turn of the loop in the inner medulla, the filtrate increases to about 1200 mOsm/L.
• The concentration of the solute increases drastically because water leaves the descending limb but not salt

Question 22

3 / 3 pts

Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the filtrate. Your Answer:

Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and increases potassium secretion through the sodium-

potassium pump. Potassium is excreted in urine as sodium is pumped out of the filtrate and

then returned to the blood.

Sodium is pumped out of the filtrate to be returned to the blood while potassium (K+) is

excreted in urine.

Question 23

2 / 3 pts

Describe the action of alcohol on urinary output. Your Answer:

Alcohol would increase urinary output

Alcohol is a type of diuretic that inhibits the release of ADH.

inhibits the release of ADH

Question 24

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following is true concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors? Correct! They are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. They are in the lungs and the kidneys. These are chemoreceptors found in the hypothalamus.

They are regulated by the hypoglossal and spinal accessory cranial nerves.

Question 25

2 / 2 pts

Yellow color in urine is due to the presence of: Pus Rhubarb Asparagus Correct! Urochrome Fruit

Question 26

2 / 2 pts

Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment? Extracellular Correct! Intracellular Interstitial Plasma Synovial joints

Question 27

2 / 2 pts

Urine with a pH of 9.0 is: within normal range; acidic

within normal range; alkaline outside normal range; acidic Correct! outside normal range; alkaline within normal range; neutral

Question 28

2 / 2 pts

The protein buffer system: generally takes several hours to respond. causes hyperventilation in the respiratory system. is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid. Correct!

is the main buffer system of the intracellular fluid all the above are true of the protein buffer system

Question 29

4 / 5 pts

Hypoventilation is a part of what control mechanism? Explain what hypoventilation accomplishes. Your Answer:

Respiratory Control Mechanism

With hypoventilation, the respiratory rate decreases and it allows for an increase in CO 2

i Respiratory control- If blood pH begins to rise (become more alkaline), the respiratory

center is depressed, causing hypoventilation.

ii During hypoventilation, the respiratory rate slows down, allowing more CO2 to

accumulate, forming more hydrogen ions. The pH falls (becomes more acidic) and restores correct blood pH.

iii (Optional) this reaction shifts to the right: CO 2 + H 2 O ↔ H 2 CO 3 ↔ H+ + HCO 3 -

The pH falls (becomes more acidic) and restores correct blood pH.

Question 30

5 / 5 pts

The renal control mechanism depends on what two factors? Your Answer:

Hydrogen ion secretion and the conversion of bicarbonate

Hydrogen ion secretion and the conversion of bicarbonate

Question 31

10 / 10 pts

Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. For the following

questions, use the blood values of: pH =7.1, PCO 2 = 30 mm, HCO 3 -^ = 20 mEq/L A.

Determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis.

B. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic?

C. Is the condition being compensated?

D. If compensated, what is the body doing to compensate?

Your Answer:

I. Acidosis

II. Metabolic

III. Yes given that the PCO 2 is less than 35mm

IV. Hyperventilation- this will remove the CO 2 from the blood

V. Acidosis (<7.35)

VI. Metabolic (HCO 3 - <22)

A. Yes (PCO 2 <35)

B. Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination

Quiz Score: 95 out of 100