Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank, Exams of Nursing

Download Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 1 | 102 MODULE 1 All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. What is the study of the structure of the human body? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism A. Anatomy 2. B. The liver is an example of the organ level of organization in the human body A. Sodium B. The liver C. Mitochondria PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 2 | 102 D. The skeletal system E. Epithelium 3. What is the breakdown of nutrients? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism D. Catabolism 1. List the four basic types of tissues. Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue 2. List the three layers of the skin in order from deep to superficial. The deepest layer of the skin should be at the top of your list. To receive credit the layers must be in this order. hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer) dermis (middle layer) epidermis (outer layer) *MUST be in this order (top to bottom) to receive credit PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 5 | 102 1. Are the arms part of the axial or appendicular region of the body? Appendicular 2. A patient is standing in anatomical position. The patient moves his hand to scratch his nose. What anatomical action term is best used to indicate the motion occurring at his elbow? A. Flexion B. Extension C. Elevation D. Depression E. Abduction A. Flexion (“closing of a joint”) 3. What anatomical action term is used to indicate "movement away from midline"? A. Flexion B. Extension C. Elevation D. Depression E. Abduction E. Abduction PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 6 | 102 PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 7 | 102 PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 10 | 102 Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 11 | 102 1. Using the letters given, match the cell with the type of solution it has been placed in: A cell beginning to swell A. Isotonic A red blood cell placed in ocean water B. Hypertonic A cell containing an equal amount of solute as the solution C. Hypotonic C. A cell beginning to swell B. A red blood cell placed in ocean water A. A cell containing an equal amount of solute as the solution 2. Using the letters given, match each molecule/item with its typical means of entering a cell. You will need to use some means of entry more than once. Oxygen A. Diffusion Lipid-soluble molecules B. Facilitated diffusion Bacteria C. Endocytosis Polar molecules A. Oxygen A. Lipid-soluble molecules C. Bacteria B. Polar molecules PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 12 | 102 3. Which one of the following is not true of active transport? A. Active transport occurs against the concentration gradient B. Carrier proteins move particles from greater concentration to lesser C. The sodium-potassium pump is an example D. additional energy is required to drive this process B. Carrier proteins move particles from greater concentration to lesser 4. List the three organelles, in order, involved in the synthesis, transport and shipping of proteins. A. rough ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes B. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex C. ribosomes, smooth ER, Golgi complex D. rough ER, Golgi complex, vacuole B. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 15 | 102 b. TRUE (Peripheral proteins can be found on the outer or inner surface, but do not span across the entire membrane). c. FALSE (This process is called endocytosis) d. TRUE e. FALSE (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy) Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? (1) Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death In the genetic disease known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 16 | 102 2. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Module 2 Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. How many lobes does the right human lung have? Three Lobes 2. Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas: A. Esophagus B. Nasopharynx C. Oropharynx D. Both A. and C. B. Nasopharynx PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 17 | 102 3. Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following would cartilage NOT be found? A. Trachea B. Larynx C. Bronchi D. Alveoli D. Alveoli Label the following five items from the diagram: PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 20 | 102 True 4. As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filling the lungs decreases. True 5. When the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and air naturally flows out of the lungs. True (air naturally flows out of the lungs because of the pressure difference) Answer the following five multiple choice questions: 1. Boyle's law states that gas volume is A. Directly proportional to temperature B. Inversely proportional to temperature C. Directly proportional to pressure D. Inversely proportional to pressure E. Both A and B PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 21 | 102 D. Inversely proportional to pressure 2. Typical respiratory epithelium contains all of the following, except which one? A. cilia B. layers C. tall, narrow cells D. mucus producing cells E. goblet cells B. layers 3. Which cells are most abundant within the alveoli? A. Macrophages B. Type 1 alveolar cells C. Type 2 alveolar cells D. Erythrocytes E. Ciliated columnar cells A. Macrophages 4. Which one of the following is not true of the respiratory physiology? PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 22 | 102 A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation B. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing C. Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation D. Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation 5. Which one of the following is true of the respiratory physiology calculations? (You may find it helpful to draw the respiratory physiology diagram on a piece of scratch paper.) A. Vital Capacity (VC) = ERV+TV B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV C. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+RV D. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = IRV + TV B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV Answer the following five true or false questions: 1. Typical respiratory epithelium contains cells where only some of the pseudostratified columnar cells touch the basement membrane. False -all pseudostratified cells touch the basement membrane. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 25 | 102 1. The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (in mmHG) if nitrogen is 300 mmHg and carbon dioxide is 350 mmHg? To receive full credit you must show your work. 110 mmHG 1atm= 760 mmHg 300 mmHg + 350 mmHG + X = 760 mmHg OR: 760 - 300-350= 110 mmHG 2. Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange? It would expand the air to make it more available for gas exchange. 3. Explain why incomplete ventilation is important for effective gas exchange. Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature within the lungs. The increased temperature allows for greater gas exchange. Answer the following three questions: 1. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 26 | 102 C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles D. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles 2. In gas exchange (external respiration): A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into alveoli B. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles C. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli D. Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli C. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli 3. The purpose of alveolar macrophages is to: A. Produce a lipoprotein B. Form a thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli C. Produce mucous in order to trap bacteria D. Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli D. Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli Answer the following essay question (10 points): PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 27 | 102 1. Muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular disease which restricts the lungs from fully expanding due to muscular weakness. If a person is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy: 1) Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary function would be true? 2) Explain your answer. A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low B. Vital capacity would abnormally high C. Total lung capacity would remain the same A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low Vital capacity would decrease because there is a decreased ability to bring in as much air compared to normal values because of muscular weakness. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+IRV (or) VC-ERV Decreased VC, decreased IC MODULE 3 Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response with the information provided. Answer the following two questions: 1. Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fatty foods. The liver produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or less bile), fats will not be broken down effectively. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 30 | 102 Answer the following two questions: 1. A doctor is looking to prescribe a larger dose of a vitamin that would not easily cause vitamin toxicity. What type of vitamin would be the best to prescribe? Explain your answer. A. Water soluble vitamin B. Fat soluble vitamin C. All of the above A. Water soluble vitamin. Fat soluble vitamins are stored within the body’s fat stores making it harder for the body to rid itself of them. 2. Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the large intestine. Absorption: In the large intestine water and electrolytes are reabsorbed and vitamins are absorbed. Defecation: Feces travel to the rectum where it is excreted via the anus. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the following essay question: 1. Name and explain the four main functions performed by the digestive system. The digestive system has four main roles that it performs: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 31 | 102 Ingestion is when food enters the mouth. Digestion or food breakdown occurs when food is moved, mixed, and exposed to enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract. Digestion can be divided into two parts: mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs when food is broken down into smaller pieces. This occurs when the teeth chew food, when the stomach mixes food, and as food is moved along the gastrointestinal tract. Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food by enzymes. Absorption is the process of moving digested food into the blood stream. Defecation is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus. Answer the following three questions: 1. Match the digestive organ with the one substance it produces: (4 points): Pancreas F. Lipase Liver D. Urea Mouth PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 32 | 102 B. Salivary amylase A. Chyme B. Salivary amylase C. Vitamin E D. Urea E. Pepsinogen F. Lipase 2. What is the purpose of the hormone Ghrelin? A. Increase hunger, decrease satiety B. Increase hunger, increase satiety C. Decrease hunger, increase satiety D. Decrease hunger, decrease satiety A. Increase hunger, decrease satiety 3. Which of the following statements is false? A. Taste buds are located on the surface of the mouth and the wall of the pharynx. B. The ileocecal valve controls the entrance of chyme into to the small intestine. C. The gall bladder, teeth, and tongue are considered accessory organs to the digestive system. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 35 | 102 A: Filiform papillae B: Circumvallate papillae C: Fungiform papillae Describe B: Papillae are raised bumps on the tongue. The three types of papillae help to grip food on the tongue: circumvallate, fungiform and filiform. Circumvallate papillae contain taste buds. Answer the following three questions: 1. Which of the following statements is true concerning glycolysis? A. Pyruvic acid are broken down into glucose. B. Two ATP molecules are formed in first breakdown of glucose. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 36 | 102 C. Glucose is broken down into three pyruvate molecules. D. Glucose is broken down into two sucrose molecules. B. Two ATP molecules are formed (True) 2. Which of the following statements is true concerning the second stage of glucose breakdown? A. This is also known as proton motive force. B. Fermentation takes place here with oxygen present. C. Two additional ATP are formed along with other electron carriers. D. Glucose molecules are formed. C. Two additional ATP are formed along with other electron carriers. (True) 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the Electron Transport System? A. Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration. B. Approximately a total of 34 ATP are formed. C. Protons are pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane. D. The proton motive force forms ATP molecules. A. Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration (false) Label the diagram below, including left or right. Describe tooth (A). PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 37 | 102 A: Left Central Incisor C: Left Canine ( cuspid ) E: Right Molar F: Maxilla Hard ( Palate) Describe tooth type A: Chisel - shaped for biting food PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 40 | 102 E. Contains secretions from the gallbladder E. Contains secretions from the gallbladder MODULE 4 PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 41 | 102 Answer the following five questions: 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the function bones? A. Flat bones are long and thin, such as the ulna. B. Long bones have an irregular structure C. The carpals are an example of short bones. D. Vertebrae are an example of sesamoid bone. C. The carpals are an example of short bones. 2. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning bones? A. Bones are not completely smooth surfaces. B. A foramen is a projection for a tendon or ligament attachment. C. A process is an elevation found in bone. D. Bones are a storage site for phosphorus and calcium. B. A foramen is a projection for a tendon or ligament attachment. 3. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the skeletal system? A. The two main divisions of the skeletal system are: lumbar and thoracic. B. The two main divisions of the skeletal system are: axial and appendicular. C. The lumbar division of the skeleton is included in the appendicular skeleton. D. The axial skeleton includes the laryngeal skeleton. E. B. and D. are false F. A. and C are false PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 42 | 102 F. A. and C. are false 4. The cranium is formed by bones; the facial skeleton contains bones. A. 22; 14 B. 3 ; 6 C. 8 ; 14 D. 14; 8 C. 8; 14 5. What bone is highlighted in blue in the figure below? ) ( superior/internal view Ethmoid bone PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 45 | 102 External acoustic meatus 1. Label the following bone landmarks: B: Supraspinatus fossa D: Acromion E: Neck H: PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 46 | 102 Answer the following three questions: 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the scapula? A. The clavicle connects to the scapula anteriorly near the midline of the human body. Lateral border I: Inferior angle PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 47 | 102 B. The medial border of the scapula connects directly to the neck of the scapula. C. The subscapular fossa is located on the anterior side of the scapula. D. The scapula articulates with the clavicle at the neck of the scapula. C. The subscapular fossa is located on the anterior side of the scapula. 2. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the humerus? A. The trochlea articulates with the ulna. B. The head of the humerus articulates with the ulna. C. The capitulum articulates with the radius. D. The medial epicondyle is the prominent bone landmark of the medial side of the elbow (in anatomical position). E. A. and B. are false B. The head of the humerus articulates with the ulna. (The head of the humerus articulates with the scapula) 3. What two bones meet at the glenohumeral joint? In your own words, why is this joint prone to dislocation? Humerus and scapula The structure of the shoulder permits movement of the arm in almost any direction but provides little stability. The glenohumeral joint is prone to dislocation because it is held in place primarily by muscular and ligament attachment with very little bony stability. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 50 | 102 F: Navicular G: Calcaneus PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 51 | 102 Answer the following five questions: 1. Yellow bone marrow: A. is found primarily in long bones. B. is found primarily in short and flat bones. C. is found primarily in newborns, not adults. D. produces red blood cells. A. is found primarily in long bones. 2. The diaphysis of a bone: A. is found at the ends of long bones. B. contains the articular cartilage at joint articulations. C. contains the proximal epiphysis. D. is the center length of a bone. E. both A. and C. D. is the center length of a bone. 3. Compact bone: A. forms the exterior of bones. B. forms the interior of bones. C. is lighter than spongy bone. D. contains numerous bars and plates with irregular spaces. E. both B. and D. A. forms the exterior of bones. 4. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of from A. a growth plate; the center of a bone. : PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 52 | 102 B. long bones; hyaline cartilage. C. flat bones; connective tissue. D. a primary ossification center; a cartilaginous disc. E. both A. and C. C. flat bones; connective tissue PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 55 | 102 2. Thumb joint C, F (Synovial, Saddle) 3. Hip joint C, E (Synovial, Ball and socket) 4. Vertebral joint B (Cartilaginous) 5. Cranial joints A (Fibrous) Answer the following three questions: 1. Name the ligament highlighted in blue in the figure below: Anterior sacroiliac ligament PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 56 | 102 2. Name the ligament highlighted in blue in the figure below: MCL ( Medial collateral/tibial ligament) PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 57 | 102 3. Name the ligament highlighted in blue in the figure below: Acromioclavicular ligament PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 60 | 102 2. Acetylcholine is what type of substance? Neurotransmitter 3. During a muscle contraction which protein myofilament contains cross-bridges? Myosin 4. What is the name of the thick myofilament? Myosin 5. What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? Calcium ions must be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum 5. What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? Contraction stops when nerve impulses no longer stimulate the muscle fiber. Calcium ions return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle then relaxes PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 61 | 102 Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple-choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response with the information provided. Label the following five muscles: PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 62 | 102 B: Temporalis C: Orbicularis oculi E: Zygomaticus major G: Buccinator J: Depressor labii inferioris Fill in the following muscle chart (10 blank spaces): PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 65 | 102 Answer the following five questions: 1. Your patient sustained an injury to their facial nerve (CN VII). Which actions would be impaired? A. Eye closure B. Raising eyebrows C. Jaw closure D. Neck flexion E. A&B F. C&D E.A&B (Orbicularis oculi & frontalis) 2. Your patient is having difficulty when asked to bring his chin to his chest. He is also having difficulty turning his face from side to side. What muscle is most likely impaired? A. Thyrohyoid B. Semispinalis capitis C. Splenius Capitis D. Sternocleidomastoid E. Scalenes D. Sternocleidomastoid (Bilateral neck flexion, unilateral turns face) PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 66 | 102 3. A person sustained a back injury to the muscle group closest to the spine. What muscle group was injured? A. Longissimus B. Spinalis C. Sternocleidomastoid D. Iliocostalis E. Rectus abdominis B. Spinalis 4. True or False: When a muscle contracts, the Z lines within a sarcomere come closer together towards the M line. True 5. True or False: The I bands contain thick filaments. False (I bands contain thin filaments) Answer the following five questions: PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 67 | 102 1. Which muscle contracts to enable the main effort required to stand on your toes? A. Biceps femoris B. Quadriceps C. Gastrocnemius D. Tibialis anterior C. Gastrocnemius 2. When gluteus maximus contracts, which bone is pulled posteriorly by this muscle? A. Tibia B. Ilium C. Ulna D. Femur D. Femur 3. When flexor digitorum profundus contracts, what action(s) occurs? A. Wrist flexion B. Elbow flexion C. Flexion of digits 2-5 PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 70 | 102 2. Which muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve? (specify letter on diagram with the name of the muscle for full credit) H or I (Lats) 3. What is the name of muscle D? (specify letter on diagram with the name of the muscle for full credit) Infraspinatus 4. What is the innervation of muscle D? (specify letter on diagram with the name of the muscle for full credit) Suprascapular nerve 5. What is the insertion of muscle E? (specify letter on diagram with the name of the muscle for full credit) Intertubercular groove of humerus (Teres major) Use the figure to label the following six muscles: (Viewed posteriorly) PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 71 | 102 A: Extensor carpi radialis longus PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 72 | 102 C: Extensor digitorum D: Extensor Carpi Ulnaris F: Abductor pollicis longus H: Extensor indicis I: Extensor pollicis brevis Use the figure to label the following six muscles: PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 75 | 102 Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell, causing a muscle contraction to occur. Describe how acetylcholine, sodium ions and calcium ions work together to enable a muscle contraction. For a muscle contraction, first a nerve signal is sent to the muscle fiber. Once this signal reaches the muscle fiber, acetylcholine is released from the motor nerve ending. Acetylecholine binds to the muscle cell and triggers the sodium channels to open and release sodium ions. The presence of sodium causes calcium ions to be released. With presence of calcium, cross bridges (myosin filaments) bend and attach to actin. The cross bridges then bend again, pulling actin along. This pull movement of the actin by myosin produces a muscle contraction. MODULE 6 Answer the following questions. 1. Explain two reasons why a woman with low levels of LH would not be able to become pregnant. (1) LH acts on the ovary to cause ovulation to occur. (2) LH causes progesterone release to facilitate potential fertilization of the egg and pregnancy. Progesterone is a key hormone for the maintenance of pregnancy. 2. Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 76 | 102 (1) Yes. Both male and female bodies produce “all” the sex hormones. However, the ratios are different. (2) The adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this “opposite” hormone that the testis would not. 1. Explain two reasons why a woman with low levels of LH would not be able to become pregnant. LH, luteinizing hormone, stimulates the ovaries in females. Low levels of LH can indicate a problem with the ovaries. This can result in problems with ovulation. Low levels of LH can also indicate a problem with the pituitary gland, which is the master gland that produces LH. Label the endocrine glands (A-C) A: Pineal gland B: Hypothalamus PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 77 | 102 1. Explain the concept of positive feedback. Give an example of a hormone that works through positive feedback. C: Pituitary gland PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 80 | 102 3. Neurosecretory cells are a part of what endocrine organ? A. Thalamus B. Pituitary C. Cerebellum D. Hypothalamus D. Hypothalamus 4. Which hormone production is decreased with sunlight? A. MSH –melanocyte stimulating hormone B. melatonin PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 81 | 102 C. cortisol D. GH -Growth hormone B. melatonin 5. The posterior pituitary stores these two hormones: A. ADH and Prolactin B. TSH and LH C. LH and FSH D. ADH and Oxytocin D. ADH and oxytocin 1. List the hormone best describes each of the four statements below: A. I lower the level of calcium in the blood by depositing calcium into bone. Calcitonin B. I am the secreted by the pituitary and stimulate the gonads. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 82 | 102 FSH or LH (Gonadotropic hormones) C. I am secreted by the pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex. ACTH D. I secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Glucagon Answer the following question. 1. Explain in detail how PTH and calcitonin work to maintain calcium balance. Calcitonin: produced by the thyroid glands, deposits calcium into bone. Calcitonin opposes the action of PTH. When the blood calcium level reaches the appropriate level through all these means, the parathyroid glands stop producing PTH through negative feedback. PTH: produced by the parathyroid glands increase the amount of calcium in the blood. (Any one of the following explanations of PTH is acceptable) PTH stimulates the increased absorption of calcium from the intestines. PTH retains calcium through excreting phosphate at the kidneys. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 85 | 102 5. Which hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary? A. TSH, MSH, and calcitonin B. ADH, GH, and prolactin C. PTH, TSH, and FH D. ACTH, GH, and prolactin D. ACTH, GH, and prolactin Answer the following question: 1. Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary continues to produce TSH. The thyroid responds by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine. When iodine is lacking in the diet, the thyroid enlarges in what is called a goiter. This occurs because of the relationship with the thyroid and anterior pituitary gland. When the level of Thyroxin (produced by thyroid and contains iodine) is low in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland still produces TSH. The thyroid responds by enlarging and developing a goiter. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 86 | 102 Matching each of the following conditions with the one best explanation (1-5): 1. Congenital hypothyroidism C. Low thyroxin production since birth 2. Pituitary giant A. Overproduction of GH as a child 3. Acromegaly H. Overproduction of GH as an adult 4. Tetany F. Results if PTH is not produced in response to low blood calcium 5. Anemia E. Lack of erythropoietin to act on the bone marrow A. Overproduction of GH as a child B. Underproduction of GH as a child C. Low thyroxin production since birth D. High thyroxin production since birth E. Lack of erythropoietin to act on the bone marrow F. Results if PTH is not produced in response to low blood calcium G. Results if calcitonin is not produced in response to low blood calcium H. Overproduction of GH as an adult PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 87 | 102 Answer the following five questions. 1. In addition to the endocrine system, the pancreas is also part of which system? A. Excretory B. Nervous C. Circulatory D. Digestive D. Digestive 2. Which part of the adrenal glands is vital to life? A. Cortex B. Medulla C. The entire gland D. None of adrenal gland is vital to life A. Cortex 3. Which of the following is false regarding aldosterone? PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 90 | 102 2. A - Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B - What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? A) Meisner’s corpuscles; B) Detects light touch and vibration ( mechanoreceptor ) PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 91 | 102 Answer the following multiple choice questions: 1. The layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial are: A. Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale. B. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum. C. Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, Stratum spinosum. D. Stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale. B. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 92 | 102 2. Exocrine glands secrete ; Endocrine glands secrete . A. for body-wide distribution, into an epithelial lining B. into an epithelial lining, for body-wide distribution C. through a duct, into the bloodstream D. into the bloodstream, through a duct E. A&D F. B&C F. B&C 3. Which of the following is false regarding the epidermis: A. It is avascular. B. As cells divide they are pushed towards the basement membrane. C. The cells of the stratum basale cells have a high rate of cell division. D. Epidermal ridges form a person’s fingerprints. B. As cells divide they are pushed towards the basement membrane. (False, as cells divide they are pushed towards the external surface of the stratum corneum) 1. Match the cell (#1-4) with its single best description (A-F), using each letter only once. 1. Fibroblasts B. Produces collagen PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 95 | 102 Answer the following two questions: 1. What is the name and function of the structure below? ( Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) Arrector pili, a smooth muscle which connects to each hair follicle. It contracts when the body is cold or experiences emotional responses. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 96 | 102 Answer the following five questions: 1. All of the following are functions of skin except: A. Absorb UV rays B. Produce vitamin C C. Thermoregulation D. Protection for underlying tissues B. Produce vitamin C 2. What is the name and function of the structure below? ( Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) Sebaceous gland ( oil gland) produces oil ( sebum ) to protect the skin and hair from drying. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology 1 All EXAMS (MODULE 1 - MODULE 7) TEST BANK LATEST UPDATED 2024 A+,, P a g e 97 | 102 2. The thickest region of the dermis is the: A. Reticular B. Papillary C. Basement membrane D. Subcutaneous E. None of the above are layers of the dermis A. Reticular 3. The hypodermis is comprised mainly of: A. Adipocytes B. Reticular cells C. Dermatomes D. Sebaceous glands A. Adipocytes 4. What is a contusion? A. A third degree burn B. An infection in the epidermis C. Damage to a broken blood vessel D. Subcutaneous injection C. Damage to a broken blood vessel