Portage Learning BIOD 152 Anatomy and Physiology A&P Module 1 Exam (GRADED A) Questions an, Exams of Nursing

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Anatomy and Physiology A&P Module 1 Exam (GRADED A)

Questions and Answers elaborations

Nerve

Your Answer: Nerve

This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 1 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^ 2.5^ pts

This part of the autonomic system accelerates the heart beat and increases breathing rate.

Your Answer:

Question 2 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^ 2.5^ pts

sympathetic nervous system^2

Sympathetic

Motor (Efferent)

Your Answer:

motor neurons

The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?

Question 3 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^ 2.5^ pts

Dendrites

Your Answer:

dendrites

This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.

Question 4 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^ 2.5^ pts

Question 5 2 /^2 pts

A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:^3

A. Central nervous system

B. Peripheral nervous system

C. Autonomic system

D. Somatic system

E. A&C

Correct!

The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:

Question 6 2 /^2 pts

Correct! (^) Bipolar

It has two extensions from the central cell body.

Multipolar

Unipolar

Pseudounipolar

True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another.

Correct! (^) True

Question 7 2 /^2 pts

Question 8 Not yet graded / 4 pts

Describe the function and release of neurotransmitters.

Your Answer:

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are stored in the axon terminal vesicles. When neurotransmitters are released they carry the nerve impulse to one neuron to the next.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals. When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another.

False

An afferent neuron carries information:

From the central to the peripheral nervous system

Question 9 2 /^2 pts

Correct! (^) From the peripheral to the central nervous system

Within the central nervous system

Within the peripheral nervous system

Correct!

Only in the central nervous system

Inside the synapse

After the synapse

Before the synapse

A postsynaptic neuron would be found:

Question 10 2 /^2 pts

Location: Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies

Your Answer: Satellite cells surround the body of peripheral neurons. They regulate the cell body environment.

What is the location and function of Satellite cells?

Question 11 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^3 pts

No; Only peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is in the central nervous system.

Your Answer:

Yes it would be expected to regrow axons in the spinal cord. If a peripheral nerve axon is severed, the schwann cells grow ahead of the axon which allows the path for the axon to follow as it grows.

A patient’s spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?

Question 12 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^3 pts

Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.

Question 13 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^10 pts

Your Answer: Afterpolarization. During afterpolaraization, voltage drops below - 70mV and then returns to - 70mV when the resting state begins again.

Afterpolarization (Hyperpolarization) Potassium gates are slow to close and there is an undershoot of the potential. The charge drops below - 70mV and then returns to - 70mV once at resting state again.

At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:

Correct! (^) - 70 mV

Question 14^3 /^3 pts

(polarized)

+40 mV

Hyperpolarized

Depolarized

Correct!

The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane.

It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state.

For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in.

It maintains the resting phase of an axon.

Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?

Question 15 3 /^3 pts

True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This means that the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual. Explain your reasoning.

Question 16 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^4 pts

Your Answer:^12 False. The intensity of a sensation is determined by the number of neurons stimulated. An action potential is always " all or nothing".

False There is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing response). There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing.

Correct!

The NMJ does not have a synapse.

The NMJ terminates on a presynaptic motor neuron.

The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber.

The NMJ terminates on neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction?

Question 17 2.5^ /^ 2.5^ pts

How is a message sent from one neuron to another?

Your Answer:

Question 18 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^ 2.5^ pts

Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal vesicles then^13 omitted across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron.

There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.

Dopamine

Your Answer: Dopamine

What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone?

Question 19 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^ 2.5^ pts

True or False: Action potentials travel in one direction within the same neuron.

Correct! (^) True

Question 20 2.5^ /^ 2.5^ pts

False

Correct! (^) False

True

True or False: Reflexes occur slower than a conscious decision to move from the brain.

Question 21 3 /^3 pts

sensory (afferent)

Your Answer: sensory

Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system.

Question 22 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^3 pts

This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses.

Question 23 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^4 pts

Your Answer:^15 A reflex arc

Integration center

Correct!

Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary.

Reflexes cannot be tested because they are internal.

Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex.

Reflexes only involve the brainstem or higher levels of processing.

Which of the following statements is true about reflexes?

Question 24 3 /^3 pts

What is true about the stretch reflex?

Stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle.

The patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella.

Correct! (^) The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.

The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle.

Question 25 3 /^3 pts

Answer the following essay questions:

Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.

Your Answer: The sensory neuron detects the tap on the patellar tendon, then sends signal through the ganglion in the dorsal root to the spinal cord. Then the sensory neruon synapses in the gray matter of the spinal cord onto a motor neuron in the anterior horn. The motor neuron sends signal through the ventral root and synapses back on the patellar tendon.

Correct! (^) F. B&C

E. A&D

D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles

C. It involves inhibitory interneurons.

B. It involves excitatory interneurons.

A. It does not involve interneurons.

What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?

Question 26 4 /^4 pts

Question 27 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^10 pts

Question 28 Not yet graded / 10 pts

Answer the following essay questions:

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs. Explain why this would occur.

Your Answer:

The myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber around the axon which increses the speed of nerve impulses. Patients with multiple sclerosis would experience difficulty using their muscles because the nerve impulse transmission would struggle to jump the gaps in the myelin sheath.

Myelin increases nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for protection.

Stretch reflex: Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon) Muscle spindle detects stretch Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG Spinal cord Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent) No interneuron Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)