Portage Learning Module 2.pdf, Exams of Anatomy

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PORTAGE LEARNING MODULE 2

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Organism An individual living creature Characteristics of a living thing (1) Order (2) Evolutionary Adaptation (3) Regulation (4)Energy Processing (5)Growth and Development (6) Response to Environment (7)Reproduction Cell Basic unit of life order is the taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms Example: Sun Flower- Seeds and Leaves evolutionary adaptation Is smaller genetic changes that allow for better survival. (Cold Climate- Animal grows more Fur)

regulation Where optimal levels must be maintained to achieve homeostasis. When levels are not optimal the organism needs a regulatory process. ( Shivering when cold- Shivering creates heat) Energy Processing Biochemical reactions that produce energy. The sum of those biochemical reactions are metabolism. Living organisms need energy= ATP. Plant traps light for photosynthesis Metabolism The sum of biochemical reactions Growth and Development All living things experience growth or change over their lifetime. (Grows, matures, ages, Dies) Response to Environment Living things respond to their environment through adaptation. What is adaptation a change or process that allows a organism to become better suited for their environment.

What is stimulus? Is anything that causes an organism to respond What is Behavioral Adaptation? A squirrel hibernating What is Physical adaptation? A crab shell becoming hard Reproduction Living thing must have a way of reproducing new and thriving generations Sexual reproduction Fusion of two gametes to make new offspring.(One gamete from each parent.) asexual reproduction A single organism creates off-spring. spore formation an asexual reproductive process in which an organism forms a special cell called a spore. ( Bacteria, Plants, Fungi)

binary fission A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size. ( Prokaryotes and some Eukaryotic protOZOA.) Vegetable reproduction a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant. ( Strawberry plants) Budding Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism ( Fungi, bacteria , Cnidaria organism) Fragmentation (Star fish, Segmented worms) Levels of Biological Organization biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, macromolucules , molecules, atom Biosphere Earth and the atmosphere- All capable of sustaining living organisms- Broadest Level Ecosystem System of living and non-living things in a region. Example: Grasslands, tundras, Forests.

Communities All collective organism living within a Biological system. Example: all living organism, plants, grass, fungi, animals, bacteria Populations group of one species living within a community. Several populations make a community. ( Several populations make a community) Organisms are individual living membranes of the population. ( Organisms are made up of organ systems Organ Systems Group of organs classified as a unit because of shared functions. (Urinary system-Kidneys, Ureathra, Urinary bladder Organs Structure composed of two or more tissues ( Example: Brain, Heart-) Organs are made up of tissues Tissues Group of similar cells and the environment around them Tissues are composed of cells Cells

Are living structures within organelles, that function at the microscopic level Chemical Level Smallest level; Atoms to Molecules and macromolecules - Connected by chemical bonds and interactions Example of Atom? Oxygen (o) Example of Molecule O Example of Macromolecules Phospholipid Example of Cell Clara Cell Example of Tissue epithelial tissue Example of Organ Lung

Example of Organ System Respiratory System Example of organism Lion Example of Population Pride of lions Example of Community lions and zebras example of ecosystem Lions and zebras and the environment Example of the Biosphere Earth Who developed the Hierarchical system of classification Carolus Linnaeus

Taxon Unit or level of classification (species) Taxonomic levels Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Phylogeny Strategy used to trace evolutionary history and diversification of a group of species Phylogenic Tree Show the relationship of different levels in the taxon. (Visual Representation) What is 16S rRNA? Barcode Gene sister taxa (sister group) Are branches that come from a point (Represents different branches) Rooted tree Node or "root" between the leaves of a tree to show evolutionary link,

Unrooted Tree Shows the levels of relatedness W/O making a hypothesis about ancestry. What are the three domains? Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya Archaea Single celled, microscopic organisms with a prokaryotic cell structure that reproduce through Binary Fusion Plasmids Prokaryotic cell with a nucleotide region with single, circular DNA structures Robosomal RNA (rRNA) Molecules that help create Amino Acids (Found in Archaea-) Description of Archaea These cell walls and have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to a glycerol. This linkage is call pseudopeptidoglycan How do Archaea cell move?

The cells move by flagella or pili. What Environment is Archaea found in? They are found in most normal environments. What ware Archaea`s found in extreme environments? Extremophiles ( Example: Volcano) What are thermophillies? Found in volcanoes (High Temps) What are Halophiles Found in extreme saline environments ( Example: Dead Sea) Psychrophiles Thrive in Arctic Temps ( Tundra of Antartica) What kind of Cell bacteria is Eubacteria? Eubacteria is single celled Description of a Eubacteria cell? Cell structure is prokaryotic

Reproduce by: Binary Fusion DNA is found plasmids Move with flagella or PILI Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and may have a sticky outer capsule Eubacteria are composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol via ester linkages. Bacteria has its own rRNA. What are the three types of bacteria? pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal What is Commensal Bacteria? Are apart of the human Flora and do not benefit or harm the host. (Mouth Bacteria or - Gi Bacteria) What is Pathogenic Bacteria? Cause illness through the production of exotoxins and endotoxins What are Exotoxins? Proteins that are secreted by the bacterial cell.

Ex:Vibrio Cholera secretes exotoxins that causes the intestinal cells to release chorideions, leading to dehydrating diarrhea. What are endotoxins? Toxins released upon the death of a cell. (When cell walls begin to decompose) They are present in the cell or lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane or some Bacteria cells. (Gam-Negative) Example: Salmonella poisoning humans What helps maintain the Biosphere? Prokaryotes, both Bacteria and extremophiles help. Decomposers Some prokaryotes break down dead and dying organisms to release vital elements back into the environment Single cell organisms can also convert organic materials into energy forms. autotrophic prokaryotes Release oxygen into the atmosphere and release/fix nitrogen into useable form. Prokaryotes can increase or decrease nutrient availability for plants. Symbiotic relationship

Long term relationship between two organisms. One or both organism Benefit. Types: Mutualistic, Communalistic, or Parasitic. Which or organism is Symbiont? Each organism is Symbiont Mutualism (Relationship between host) mutual benefit to both organisms. Ex: E.coli in the intestinal track of humans. E.coli eats the pathogenic bacteria that would make us sick. (Humans not sick/ E.coli get nutrients) Commensalism (Relationship between host) Only one symbionts benefits while the other is unharmed. Ex: Bacteria on human skin. Bacteria= benefit, humans are not hurt but also do not benefit. Parasitism (Relationship between host) When the symbiont harms the host while benefiting. (Strep throat)