PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4 Exam., Exams of Nursing

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PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

Question 1^ 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

Which of the following increases the chance of clotting? Select all that apply. Vitamin K deficiency Von Willebrand factor deficiency Correct! Protein C deficiency Thrombocytopenia

Question 3 2.5 / 2.5 pts

Question 2^ 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

A deficiency in which of the following would lead to a hypercoagulable state? Select all that apply. Correct! Protein C Correct! Protein S Factor II Factor VII Factor IX Factor X Correct! Antithrombin III

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

Which of the following is NOT a hypercoagulable state? Select all that apply. Oral contraceptive use Mutation of prothrombin gene Correct! Hemophilia A Correct! Hemophilia B Immobility

Question 5 2.5 / 2.5 pts

Well-known causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) include each of the following conditions except: Retained dead fetus Carcinoma

Question 4^0 / 2.5^ pts

Which of the following are TRUE of hemophilia A? Select all that apply. Correct! Spontaneous joint bleeding can occur ou Answered The platelet count is decreased Aspirin and NSAIDS are the mainstay of treatment orrect Answer The PTT is increased Gram-negative sepsis Correct! Heparin administration

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

Question 7 2.5 / 2.5 pts

Question 6^ 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

Which of the following does NOT affect the heart’s ability to increase its output? Preload Afterload Cardiac contractility Correct! Cardiac reserve Heart rate

Which of the following is true of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the kidneys Angiotensin II is a potent vasodilator Angiotensin II increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney by stimulating the secretion of aldosterone Correct! The PVR is decreased

Question 8^ 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

Which of the following terms refers to the pressure the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta? Correct! Afterload Inotrope Preload Ejection fraction

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

Question 9 0 / 2.5 pts

Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT associated with iron deficiency anemia? orrect Answer Normocytic Hypochromic ou Answered Decreased MCV Low hemoglobin

Question 10 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

Multiple Choice What are the two most common causes of macrocytic anemia? Iron deficiency anemia, Thalassemias Folate deficiency, Sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease, Vitamin B12 deficiency Correct! Vitamin B12 deficiency and Folate deficiency

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231

Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4

Exam

Question 12 0 / 2.5 pts

Question 11^ 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

Multiple Choice Which of the following is FALSE regarding sickle cell disease? Abnormality of HbS gene Blood vessel occlusion is a complication Correct! Average red cell lifespan is 60 days Can lead to encapsulated infections

Question 13 0 / 2.5 pts

A child with homozygous sickle cell disease arrives at the ER. Lab tests indicate pneumococcal sepsis, a bacterial infection. Imaging called spleen scintigraphy measures IV administered radiopharmaceutical tracers present in the tissue, and is used to assess the size, shape, position, and health of the organ. While the physician could palpate the patient's spleen, it could not be visualized by the scintigraphy. What is the likely complication this patient is experiencing? Hemolytic anemia Acute chest syndrome orrect Answer Functional asplenia ou Answered Splenomegaly Hypersplenism

Multiple Choice: Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT true of thalassemias? orrect Answer Hypochromic, macrocytic anemia Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are common Iron overload is a common side effect ou Answered Regular blood transfusions are necessary

Question 15 2.5 / 2.5 pts

Question 14^ 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

Multiple Choice: Each of the following are risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia except? Obesity Diabetes mellitus High cholesterol diet Correct! Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor

Multiple Choice: Risk factors for coronary heart disease include each of the following except: Correct! HDL > 60 Smoking Hypertension Family history of heart disease

Cigarette smoking

Question 17 0 / 10 pts

Question 16^ 2.5^ / 2.5^ pts

Multiple Choice: Risk factors for atherosclerosis include each of the followingexcept: Increasing age Correct! Female gender (pre-menopause) Elevated CRP levels

Multiple Choice:

1. The three major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand(MVO2) include each of the following except: a. Diastolic pressure b. Heart rate c. Left ventricular contractility d. Systolic pressure

Fill in the Blank:

2. ______ is the most important factor in myocardial oxygen demand.As this increases, myocardial oxygen consumption or demand also increases. Multiple Choice:
3. What is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock? a. Heart failure b. Cardiomyopathy c. Myocardial infarction d. Hypertension Multiple Choice:
4. Which does NOT occur during cardiogenic shock? a. Decreased cardiac output b. Hypotension c. Hypoperfusion d. Decreased systemic vascular resistance Your Answer:

Multiple Choice:

Question 18 10 / 10 pts

1 - left ventricular contrctility 2 - blood 3 cardiomyopathy 4 - decrease cardiac output **1. A

2. Heart rate
3. C
4. D**

Explain the differences in the pathophysiology, symptoms, and whether nitroglycerin and/or rest will relieve symptoms in stable angina, unstable angina , and myocardial infarction. Your Answer:

artherscloes disease cornary vessel become norrow and the blood supply to the diminish, with extertion vessel cant vasodilate, therefore PT feels pain in the chest and short breath , that is what stable angina is. stable angina the heart is at rest but cant keep up the demand extertion. stable angina typically >70% stenosis cornary artries, it can be relieve with rest or nitroglyclcerin unstable agina is with increase occlusion cornary vessel demand with heart at rest may become to great.when the PT experience angina without extertion that is unstable angina. unstable angiona means one more cornary arties are nearly or totaly occluded res is unsufficeint but nitrogycycerin can releive myocardial infraction is cause by when plaque repture cornary thrombosis can cause complete occlosusion.if the collrate flow is not the tissue supplied vessel become ischemd with oxygen and portion of the heart muscle can die that is the couse of MI. the symptoms of the heart attack are pain in the jow lefts side pain that can raidiate to the left hand nusea/vomating , shortness ofbreath crushin pain in the chest, women can feel fatigue, weekness, also GI complain, it canot be relieve with nitrglyclerin With atherosclerotic disease, the coronary vessel lumens are narrowed and blood supply to the heart is diminished. With exertion, the vessels cannot adequately vasodilate. This can manifest as chest pain or tightness and/or shortness of breath. Stable angina - The heart is stable at rest but cannot keep up with the demand of exertion. Stable angina typically has a

70% stenosis of the coronary arteries. It is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin (vasodilator).

Question 19 5 / 10 pts

Unstable angina - With increasing occlusion of the coronary vessel(s), the demands of the resting heart may become too great. When the patient experiences angina without exertion, or when the level of exertion necessary to cause anginal symptoms decreases, this is called unstable angina. It can be relieved by nitroglycerin, but not rest. Unstable angina means one or more coronary vessels is nearly totally occluded. Myocardial infarction - If a plaque ruptures, coronary thrombosis can cause complete occlusion. If collateral flow is inadequate, the tissue supplied becomes ischemic. Without oxygen, a portion of the muscle can die. MI can present as chest pain unrelieved by rest, sometimes radiating down the left ram or into the jaw or neck, dyspnea, nausea/vomiting, sweating, and/or other signs of distress. Other symptoms include a crushing pain or like “something is sitting on my chest.” Women may present with weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, or GI complaints. Symptoms are not relieved by nitroglycerin.

Question 20 2.5 / 2.5 pts

Your Answer:

1. Name 2 biomarkers that elevate during a myocardial infarction:
2. Besides chest pain, name 2 other symptoms a person may experience during a myocardial infarction: 1 - eleveted CRP &heart rate 2 - GI complain vomiting nusea weekenss jow pain shortness of breath **1. Troponin and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
3. Pain radiating down the left ram or into the jaw or neck, dyspnea (shortness of breath), nausea/vomiting, sweating, weakness, fatigue, or GI complaints.**

Question 21 2.5 / 2.5 pts

Multiple Choice: The most common cause of death immediately after the onset of acute myocardial infarction is: Correct! Arrhythmia Left ventricular rupture Congestive heart failure Shock Pulmonary edema

Question 22 2.5 / 2.5 pts

Multiple Choice: Upon autopsy, this patient’s heart revealed which disease process? Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy Correct! Dilated cardiomyopathy Inflammatory cardiomyopathy