Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology latest 2025 updated & verified Module 6 Exam, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology latest 2025 updated & verified Module 6 Exam and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! List the 2 major divisions of the nervous system and the structures found in each. Your Answer: CNS which contains the brain and the spinal cord peripheral nervous system which contains spinal nerves, cranial nerves and ganglia that are the outside of the peripheral nervous. 1 / 1 Question 1 Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology latest 2025 updated & verified Module 6 Exam Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5 Total Questions: 33 Question 2 1 / 1 pts Describe the meninges and their function. Your Answer: the meninges are connective tissue sheets that are surround the brain and the spinal cord. the Pia mater is the innermost layer of the most meninges. it is thin and delicate and contains surface level blood vessel that perfuse the brain and the spinal cord, the second layer of the meninges is the arachnid layer. it encases the entire CNS and it delicate nonvascular and waterproof. cerebrospinal fluid circulate in Andrea just below the arachnoid layer called the subarachnoid space. the third layer of the meninges is know as the dura mater. the dura mater is the a strong continues connective tissue sheath that provides the brain and the spinal cord with most of its protection. The 2 divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia that are outside of the PNS. Be familiar with each division of the nervous system and their function. Refer to Figure 6.4 CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the ependymal cells. PNS: satellite cells and Schwann cells Your Answer: CNS -Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the ependymal cells PNS- satellite, cells, and Schwann cells List the neuroglial cells of the CNS and PNS. 1 / 1 Question 5 Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain while efferent neurons carry motor output from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery. Question 6 1 / 1 pts Describe each phase of an action potential. Your Answer: phase 1- resting potential, during the resting phase , both sodium and potassium gates are closed phase 2- depolarization, the sodium gates are opener open and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of action potential. voltage travels to zero and then up to +40mV phase 3- repolarization, the sodium gates close, and potassium gates open allowing to rush out of the axon. this returns a negative voltage to the inside of the axon phase 4 - after -polarization also know as hyperpolarization. potassium gates are slow to close ,and there is an undershoot of the potential. the voltage drops below -70mV and then returns to -70mV as the resting state is re- stablished. Describe 3 ways in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft. Your Answer: A neurotransmitter can be broken down by enzymatic activity into inactivity substance. A neurotransmitters can be down back into the presynaptic neuron by a process know a as reuptake A neurotransmitter can be diffuse into the intercellular fluid until its concentration is too low to elicit a postsynaptic response. 1 / 1 Question 7 Phase 1: Resting Potential: During the resting phase, both sodium and potassium gates are closed. Phase 2: Depolarization: The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then up to +40 mV. Phase 3: Repolarization: The sodium gates close, and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative voltage to the inside of the axon. Phase 4: After-polarization, also called hyperpolarization. Potassium gates are slow to close, and there is an undershoot of the potential. The voltage drops below -70mV and then returns to -70mV as the resting state is re-established. Question 11 1 / 1 rem sleep accounts for 20-25%of total sleep it is characterized by rapid eye movement , decrease muscular tone and cream . during this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked, the brain simply cannot process it. however, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in ones mind. in contrast to NERM sleep, vital sings such as heart rate blood pressure and respiratory increase, and the brain activity is high. studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleeps necessary for normal physiology and psychologic function during periods of wakefulness. REM deprivation has been associated with anxiety, decrease concentration, and behavior changes. breathing pattern changes with stages of sleep. in stage 1 and 2 NERM sleep as well as in REM sleep, breathing is irregular ,and brief periods of apnea often observe around 5-15 seconds. during stages 3 and 4 of deep sleep, breathing become regular. dreams and their purpose are not fully understood. studies have suggested that dreams play a vital role in memory processing as well as learning. while dreams occur in all stages of sleep, most of the dreams occur in stage 1 and 2, when one is first falling asleep, and in REM sleep. Dreams that occur in REM sleep tend to be emotionally driven and carry associations with ones life. Nightmares typically occur in the deeper of stage 3 and 4 During NREM sleep, muscle tone is moderate; vital signs and brain activity are decreased. During REM sleep, muscle tone decreases; vital signs and brain activity increase. Late or Severe Alzheimer’s Your Answer: sever Alzheimer's A patient with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease has no awareness of their surroundings and is completely dependent for all ADLs. What stage of Alzheimer’s disease are they in? 1 / 1 Question 12 1 / 1 Question 13 A patient with diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is able to function independently at home, but their family reports that they have trouble planning and executing everyday tasks that used to come easy to them e.g. paying their bills. What stage of Alzheimer’s disease are they in? Your Answer: Mild Alzheimer's Early or Mild Alzheimer’s What is the main difference between focal and generalized seizures? Your Answer: 1 / 1 Question 14 List 3 non-medicinal interventions that can be used to address sleep changes in someone with Alzheimer’s disease. Your Answer: 1-keep a regular routine during the day 2-avoid caffeine intake altogether if possible but certainly in the afternoon and evening 3-discourage watching television right before bed Any of the following are correct: Keep a regular routine during the day Encourage daily exercise that is earlier in the day and not close to bedtime Avoid caffeine intake altogether if possible but certainly in the afternoon and evening Discourage watching television right before bed Make sure the room environment is familiar and comfortable for the individual Provide the person with any security object that is a source of comfort to them Levadopa will cross the blood brain barrier while dopamine does not. Your Answer: Levodopa which can cross the blood brain barrier while domain does not Why is Levadopa given to treat Parkinson’s disease as opposed to dopamine? 1 / 1 Question 19 What are the 3 hallmark signs of Parkinson’s disease? Your Answer: TRAP 1-tremor 2- rigidity bradykinesia posture Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia Question 20 1 / 1 pts What are the 2 types of strokes? Describe the difference between them. Your Answer: 1- ischemic stroke - a disruption in blood flow to brain because a vessel is blocked 2- hemorrhoid spoke a dilution in blood flow to brain because blood vessel is ruptured Ischemic strokes are a disruption in blood flow to the brain as a result of a blocked blood vessel. Hemorrhagic strokes are a disruption in blood flow to the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel. Be familiar with risk factors for CVA/stroke Refer to Table 6.3 What is a TIA and why are they important? 1 / 1 Question 21 Depression with catatonic features Your Answer: depression with catatonic features A “nervous tick” is associated with what specific type of depression? 1 / 1 Question 25 Hypersomnia is associated with what specific type of depression? Your Answer: atypical depression 1 / 1 Question 26 Any of the following are correct answer: Inherited/familiar link Chemical imbalance Hormonal imbalance/change Stress/Trauma leading to an altered HPA axis Your Answer: difficult initiating sleep difficult maintaining sleep waking up too early chronic non restorative or poor sleep One is considered to have insomnia if they experience 3 of the following: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep List the 4 diagnostic characteristics of insomnia. 1 / 1 Question 27 Atypical depression Question 28 1 / 1 pts What is sleep hygiene? Your Answer: sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns ,sleeping as long as one needs to sleep to feel refresh during the day, creating a comfortable sleeping environment, optimal room temperature avoiding of screen and excessive lights right before bed and avoiding of stimulants severs hours prior to normal bedtime. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. Describe a treatment option for moderate OSA. Your Answer: mild to moderate OSA can be treated with a custom dental appliance that portion the tongue forward and protrudes the mandible 1 / 1 Question 32 male gender advance age obesity Any of the following are correct answers: Male gender advanced age family history alcohol and drug abuse obesity large neck girth (>40 cm.) Your Answer: yes As a reminder, the questions in this review quiz are a requirement of the course and the best way to prepare for the module exam. Did you complete all questions in their entirety? 5 / 5 pts Question 33 Quiz Score: 5 out of 5 A custom dental appliance that positions the tongue forward and protrudes the mandible can be used to maintain an open airway. nasal/naso-oral continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) can be utilized during sleep. A mask is placed over the nose/nose and mouth which is connected to a machine that produces positive pressure which prevents the airway from collapse.