Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology latest 2025 updated & verified Module 8 Exam/100, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology latest 2025 updated & verified Module 8 Exam/100 and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology latest 2025 updated & verified Module 8 Exam/100% pass Due No due date Points 5 Questions 36 Time Limit None Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 15,574 minutes 5 out of 5 Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5 This attempt took 15 minutes. The hilus is a concave cleft, and it is at this point where the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves enter the kidney. Your Answer: the hilus is a concave clef of the kidney, and it is the point where the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves enter the kidney Describe the location of the hilus and its significance. 0 / 0 pts Question 1 Describe the functions of the nephron. Your Answer: the function of the nephron is to control the concentration of the water and the soluble materials by filtering the blood, reabsorbing needed materials and excreting waste products as urine, the nephron hereby eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume, PH and pressure , and controls the levels of electrolytes The function of the nephron is to control the concentration of water and soluble materials by filtering the blood, reabsorbing needed materials and excreting waste products as urine. The nephron thereby eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume, pH and pressure, and controls the levels of electrolytes. 0 / 0 pts Question 2 up the remaining 15% of all nephrons. they originated deeper in the cortex, and their loops of Henle are thinner and extend into the medulla entirely Cortical nephrons make up 85% of all nephrons. They originate superficially in the cortex and have shorter loops of Henle that extend only a short distance into the medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons make up the remaining 15% of all nephrons. They originate deeper in the cortex, and their loops of Henle are thinner and extend into the medulla entirely. Question 6 0 / 0 pts Explain the differences in the two systems providing the blood supply to the nephron. How does their structure determine their role? Your Answer: nephrons receive their blood supply from two system know as the glomerulus and the Peritubular capillary network. the glomerulus is unique system in that it is located between two arterioles, afferent and efferent. arterioles are high resistance vessels resulting in an extremely high pressure system which can easily force fluid and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capillary along its entire light. the peritubular capillaries are low pressure vessels better suited for reabsorption as opposed to filtration. theses capillaries surround the tubules in the their entirety allowing rapid movement of solutes and water. Nephrons receive their blood supply from 2 systems known as the glomerulus and peritubular capillary network. The glomerulus is a unique system in that it is located between 2 arterioles, afferent and efferent. Arterioles are high resistance vessels resulting in an extremely high-pressure system which can easily force fluid and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capillary along its entire length. The peritubular capillaries are low-pressure vessels better suited for reabsorption as opposed to filtration. These capillaries surround the tubules in their entirety allowing rapid movement of solutes and water. Fenestrations and podocytes Your Answer: 1- Podocytes 2- Fenestrations Name two specialized structures of the glomerular capillaries that contribute to the filtration of blood. 0 / 0 pts Question 7 List the 4 segments of the nephron tubule. Your Answer: 1- the proximal convoluted tubule, drains Bowman capsule 2- The loop of Henle The distal convoluted tubule The collecting tubule 0 / 0 pts Question 8 Question 12 0 / 0 pts List 3 ways that the kidney acts as an endocrine organ. Your Answer: through the renin angiotensin aldosterone system RAA-2 through the regulation of red blood cell production through the formation of erythropoietin, and through calcium metabolism by the activation of vitamin D (1) through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) (2) through the regulation of red blood cell production through the formation of erythropoietin, and (3) through calcium metabolism by the activation of vitamin D. Be familiar with the RAA system and Figure 8.4 Be familiar with the process of tubular reabsorption and Figures 8.5 and 8.6 Question 13 0 / 0 pts Describe the action of ADH. Your Answer: ADH acts on the collection tubule to increase water absorption.ADH inhibits urine output by increasing the number of water channels in the cell membrane of the collecting ducts ADH acts on the collecting tubule to increase water absorption. ADH inhibits urine output by increasing the number of water channels in the cell membrane of the collecting ducts. Describe the action of Aldosterone. Your Answer: Aldosterone increase sodium reabsorption and excretes hydrogen ions. Aldosterone increase potassium secretion, also it is the main action is to increase blood volume and blood pressure. 0 / 0 pts Question 14 Define hypokalemia using blood values. Your Answer: Hypokalamia occurs when plasma K+levels fall below 3.5 mEq/L Hypokalemia occurs when plasma K+ levels fall below 3.5 mEq/L. Be familiar with hypokalemia pathology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Hyperkalemia occurs when plasma K+ levels rise above 5 mEq/L. Your Answer: Hyperkalemia occurs when plasma K+ levels rise above 5 mEq/L Define hyperkalemia using blood values. 0 / 0 pts Question 18 Be familiar with hyperkalemia pathology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Hypocalcemia is the result of Ca2+ levels falling below 8.5 mg/dL. Your Answer: Hypocalcemia is the result of Ca2+ levels falling below 8.5 mg/dL Define hypocalcemia using blood values. 0 / 0 pts Question 19 Be familiar with hypocalcemia pathology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Define hypercalcemia using blood values. 0 / 0 pts Question 20 Your Answer: Hypercalcemia occurs when plasma Ca2+levels are greater than 10.5 mg/dL Hypercalcemia occurs when plasma Ca2+ levels are greater than 10.5 mg/dL. Be familiar with hypercalcemia pathology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Hypomagnesemia occurs when plasma Mg2+ concentration is less than 1.8 mg/dL. Your Answer: Hypomagnesemia occurs when plasma Mg2+ concentration is less than 1.8 mg/dL Define hypomagnesemia using blood values. 0 / 0 pts Question 21 Question 25 0 / 0 pts Discuss risk factors for the formation of renal calculi. Your Answer: the levels of the stone components in the blood and the urine, anatomical changes of the urinary tract structures , metabolic, and endocrine function, dietary , intestinal absorption ,past history UTIs, and supersaturated urine. The levels of stone components in the blood and urine, anatomical changes of the urinary tract structures, metabolic and endocrine function, dietary and intestinal absorption, past history of UTIs, and supersaturated urine. Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis occurs as the result of another infection including streptococcus and staphylococcus bacterial infections, viral infections such as hepatitis, and even parasitic infections. Be able to list and describe the 4 types of kidney stones. 0 / 0 pts Question 26 Your Answer: calcium stone are a result of increased concentration of calcium in the blood and urine.this occur secondary to increased bone resorption, typically associated with immobility , bone disease, or hyperparathyroidism magnesium ammonium phosphate stones form in urine that is alkaline PH>7. this increase in PH is the result of UTI caused by bacteria possessing an enzyme called Urease. Urease will break Urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide . the ammonia will form an ammonium ion which increases the PH of the urine .the resulting stones increase in size as levels of bacteria rise. theses types of stones account for approximately 15% of all kidney stones. Uric acid stones typically coincide with gout. theses stones form when PH of urine os more acidic. Unlike calcium stones, Uric acids stones are visible on X ray films. they account for approximately 7% of all kidney stones. Cytine stones are rare, making up approximately 1-3% of all kidney stones. However, they are are most common causes of stones among children . they are a result cystinuria . cystinuria occurs when there is a decrease in tubular absorption of cystine , a result of a genetic defect in renal transport. Calcium stones are a result of increased concentrations of calcium in the blood and urine. This can occur secondary to increased bone resorption, typically associated with immobility, bone disease, or hyperparathyroidism. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones form in urine that is alkaline (pH>7.) This increase in pH is the result of a UTI caused by bacteria possessing an enzyme called urease. Urease will break urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia will form an ammonium ion which increases the pH of the urine. The resulting stones increase in size as the levels of bacteria rise. These types of stones account for approximately 15% of all kidney stones. Uric acid stones typically coincide with gout. These stones form when the pH of urine is more acidic. Unlike calcium stones, uric acid stones are not visible on x-ray films. They account for approximately 7% of kidney stones. Cystine stones are rare, making up approximately 1-3% of all kidney stones. However, they are the most common cause of stones among children. They are a result of cystinuria. Cystinuria occurs when there is a decrease in tubular absorption of cystine, a result of a genetic defect in renal transport. Describe the differences between renal-colic pain and non-colicky pain. Your Answer: 0 / 0 pts Question 27 What are the 2 types of ATN? Your Answer: ischemic acute tubular necrosis and Nephrotoxic ATN Ischemic and Nephrotoxic Initiating, maintenance, and recovery Your Answer: initiating, Maintenance , and recovery What are the 3 phases of ATN? 0 / 0 pts Question 31 What blood values are closely monitored in renal failure? Your Answer: BUN and creatinine levels 0 / 0 pts Question 32 BUN and creatinine levels Be familiar with the stages of kidney failure and table 8.2. Describe the process of Hemodialysis. Your Answer: 0 / 0 pts Question 33 Hemodialysis utilizes an artificial kidney or hemodialysis system to filter the blood. it is composed of three parts . 1- a blood delivery system 2- a dialyzer 3- dialysis fluid delivery system. blood circulating though the hollow dialyzer composed of bundles of capillary tubes. Dialysate dialysis fluid moves on the outside of the tubes. the walls of the theses capillary tubes are composed of semipermeable material which allow all molecules except blood cells and plasma proteins to move in both directions from the blood into the dialysate and from the dialysate into the blood. waste product will diffuse into the dialysate. during dialysis treatment blood will flow from the patient's artery through the blood chamber in the dialysis machine where it is filtered and back into the patient's body through a vein. vascular access is achieved via a shunt implantation of tubing into an artery and vein or more commonly through an arteriovenous fistula anastomosis of an artery to a vein. patient's are put on blood thinner such as heparin to prevent blood clotting during treatment. common symptoms that accompany dialysis treatment include nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, headache, chest pain, and vertigo. treatment are usually done three times each week and last three to four hours.