Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231/BIOD 331 Module 5 Exam All Versions Latest, Exams of Nursing

Download Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231/BIOD 331 Module 5 Exam All Versions Latest and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! All Versions Of Exam 5 Categorized By Question Types 2024-2025 NURS 231/BIOD 231 Pathophysiology Portage Learning. Question Type Breakdown ➢ True and false: ➢ Matching, multiple choice and short answer: ➢ Clinical questions: Only questions are provided for clinical questions as examinees are strongly encouraged to answer them in their own words. All the Best! True and false: Nearly all pulmonary emboli are thrombi arising from deep vein thrombosis in the upper and lower extremities. True During expiration, air moves out of the lungs as the chest muscles relax and the chest cavity becomes smaller. True Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are able to bind with haemoglobin. True Hypoventilation is associated with decreased PCO2. false Asthma is considered reversible airway bronchoconstriction. true Asthma is considered non-reversible airway bronchoconstriction. false Intrathoracic pressure is always greater than intrapleural pressure. false Excess surface tension makes lung inflation harder. true The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration. true The FEV1/ FVC ratio is decreased in restrictive lung disorders. false Matching, multiple choice and short answer: A reduction in blood O2 levels is known as ______. hypoxemia _______ lowers the surface tension and makes lung inflation easier. pulmonary surfactant _____ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. ventilation Asthma is characterized by each of the following except: -Loss of elastic lung fibers -Airway obstruction -Bronchial hyperresponsiveness -Airway inflammation Loss of elastic lung fibers Each of the following are TRUE of emphysema except: -Alveoli have decreased elastic recoil -Hyperinflation and air trapping -Airways are hyperreactive -Alveolar walls are destroyed Airways are hyperreactive Histologically, chronic bronchitis would exhibit each of the following except: -Enlargement of the airspaces -Increase in goblet cells -Fibrosis of the bronchiolar wall -Hypertrophy of the submucosal glands Enlargement of the airspaces Each of the following disorders are correctly paired with related characteristics except: -Atelectasis- bronchial obstruction -Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)- hyaline membranes -Asthma- inflammation -Respiratory acidosis- hypocapnia Respiratory acidosis- hypocapnia The breathing rate is determined by input from ______ that monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood. chemoreceptors Lung _____ is the term used to describe the ease or difficulty with which the lungs can be inflated. compliance What is lung compliance? What factors affect it? Lung compliance is the ease with which lungs can be inflated. Elastin, collagen, elastic recoil, and surface tension can affect lung compliance. What is ventilation? Perfusion? Diffusion? Ventilation is the movement of gases into and out of the lungs. Perfusion is the process that allows blood flow to help facilitate gas exchange. Diffusion is the movement of gases across the alveolar- capillary membrane. What is oxyhemoglobin? Oxyhemoglobin is the term to describe when hemoglobin is bound with oxygen. What is affinity? The ability of the hemoglobin molecule to bind oxygen in the lungs and release it in the tissues depends on the affinity of the molecule. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? As dissolved carbon dioxide, attached to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate How is breathing controlled? The automatic regulation is controlled by both chemoreceptors and lung receptors. Chemoreceptors monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH and adjusts ventilation accordingly. Lung receptors monitor breathing patterns and lung function. What are the characteristics of COPD? The pathogenesis of COPD includes inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchial wall, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands and hypersecretion of mucus, and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue. This airflow obstruction causes a mismatch in ventilation and perfusion. Alveolar tissue destruction leads to a decreased surface area for gas exchange. What are the characteristics of asthma? Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and in some cases, airway remodelling. What is atopy? Atopy is the genetic tendency for developing IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in response to environmental allergens. It is one of the strongest predisposing factors for developing asthma. What is pneumothorax? Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the affected lung. What is atelectasis? Atelectasis is an incomplete expansion of a lung, or portion of lung, caused by airway obstruction or lung compression. What type of substance causes a pulmonary embolism? The embolism may be a thrombus, air accidentally injected into an intravenous infusion, fat from the bone marrow after a fracture or trauma, or amniotic fluid that enters the maternal circulation after rupture of membranes. A 30-year-old man is brought to the ER with a knife wound to the chest. On visual inspection, asymmetry of chest movement during inspiration, displacement of the trachea, and absence of breath sounds on the side of the wound are noted. His neck veins are distended, and his pulse is rapid and thready. What is your initial diagnosis? What type of emergent treatment is necessary? 1) tension pneumothorax 2) chest tube An 18-year-old woman is admitted to the ER with a suspected drug overdose. Her respiratory rate is slow (4-6 breaths/minute) and shallow. Arterial blood gases reveal a PCO2 of 80 mm Hg and a PO2 of 60 mm Hg. What is the cause of this women's high PCO2 and low PO2? Hypoventilation almost always causes an increase in PCO2. Explain. Respiratory acidosis; with a decreased respiratory rate, you are not exhaling enough carbon dioxide and it accumulates. Explain why the oxygen flow rate for people with COPD is normally titrated to maintain the arterial PO2 between 60 and 65 mm Hg. Their medullary respiratory center has adapted to the elevated CO2 levels and no longer responds to increases in PCO2. Therefore, a decrease in PO2 becomes the stimulus for respiration. If oxygen is given at too high of a rate, it suppresses the stimulus and the respiratory drive. 1.) ________ are the preferred method of determining the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) levels in the blood. 2.) Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is increased by _____. Name one factor: 1.) Arterial blood gases (ABGs) 2.) Any of the following - hemoglobin saturation, increased pH (alkalosis), decreased CO2, decreased body temperature A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a "cold," and now he doesn't get relief from his albuterol inhaler. Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms. Recruitment of inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the invading organisms and secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular level as well: Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveness and decreased airflow. Mast cells release histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent swelling leads to further airway obstruction. When is the risk for obstructive atelectasis the greatest? What are strategies to decrease the chance for developing atelectasis? The risk of obstructive atelectasis is increased following surgery. Anesthesia, pain and pain medications, and immobility promote retention of bronchial secretions. Patients are encouraged to frequently cough, deep breath, change positions, hydrate adequately, and ambulate early to prevent atelectasis. (shows picture of large clot inside blood vessel) 1.) Upon autopsy, what was this patient's cause of death? 2.) What risk factors predispose this patient to this outcome? 3.) What would have been an effective treatment for this patient? 1. pulmonary embolism 2. Venous stasis, venous endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability states: inherited hypercoagulability disorders that increase risk of thrombosis (e.g. antithrombin III deficiency, protein C and S deficiencies, factor V Leiden mutation). Venous stasis and venous endothelial injury can result from prolonged bed rest or immobility, trauma, surgery, childbirth, fractures of the hip and femur, MI and CHF, cancer, and spinal cord injury.