Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final exam. A & P 2 study guide for final, Exams of Nursing

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Identify the parts of the neuron shown in the diagram below a. dendrite b. cell body c. nucleus List the four parts of the human brain The human brain is made up of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. List and describe the 3 meninges of the human brain.

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The leathery dura mater is the double-layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space.

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The inner pia mater meninx is composed of connective tissue and is tightly attached to the brain. Answer the following three questions: What blood cell contains hemoglobin? Red blood cells The P wave represents what? Atrial depolarization (systole)

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Define Systole. the heart is contracting and ejecting blood into circulation List 3 functions of the female reproductive system.

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The female reproductive system has the following functions: eggs and estrogen production as well as serving as the site for the development of a baby after fertilization of an egg occurs. Name the three types of ligaments associated with the ovaries and the function of each. The ovaries are held in place by the suspensory, ovarian, and broad ligaments. The suspensory ligaments attach the ovaries to the pelvis wall. The ovarian ligaments attach the ovaries to the uterus. The broad ligaments hold the ovaries in place in the pelvis. Tell whether each of the following describes mitosis or meiosis: Occurs only to produce new offspring meiosis Two division cycles meiosis No crossing-over occurs mitosis Four daughter cells are produced meiosis

Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final

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Produces cells which are not genetically identical to the parent meiosis Each tRNA anticodon codes for one type of :

Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final

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C

a. protein b. ribosome c. amino acid d. enzyme Does transcription or translation occur primarily at the ribosome? Translation Which requires RNA polymerase, transcription or translation? Transcription Are amino acids bonded together during translation or transcription? Translation If a codon reads: GAC, what is the correct anticodon? CUG Describe the shape, size and weight of a human adult kidney. The adult kidney is bean shaped, about the size of a can of soup and weighs about 5 ounces. Describe the structure and function of the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis is the centermost section of the kidney and is a funnel-shaped tube that connects to the ureter.

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Extensions of the pelvis called calyces collect urine which drains into the renal pelvis and then into the ureter. You are treating a patient in the hospital who was admitted with signs of orthostatic hypotension (decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, lightheaded) secondary to having severe diarrhea

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and dehydration. Which of the following would you expect to be their GFR (glomerular filtration rate) given their symptoms? Explain your answer. a. 85 ml/min. b. 120 ml/min. c. 142 ml/min a. 85 ml/min. Dehydration decreases glomerular filtration rate. Explain, in detail, how the cardiovascular baroceptors work to maintain blood pressure. The cardiovascular baroceptors monitor and regulate blood volume (which is influenced directly by Na+ ion concentration) to maintain blood pressure. If blood volume (and consequently blood pressure) rises, the baroceptors signal the kidney causing a dramatic increase in the filtration rate, increasing the output of water and Na+ which reduces blood volume to quickly normalize the pressure. Explain, in detail, how the kidneys act to regulate pH by the excretion or reabsorption of bicarbonate. The major kidney acid-base regulating process is by way of excreting or reabsorbing bicarbonate ion. Examination of the equilibrium equation sequence below will demonstrate that loss of a bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion from the body amounts to the gain of H+ since the reactions will shift to the right. Conversely, gain of a bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion amounts to the loss of H+ since the reactions will shift to the right. Thus, renal excretion of bicarbonate results in retention of H+, while reabsorbing bicarbonate will result in excretion of H+. Which nervous system contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? D a. Central nervous system b. Peripheral nervous system c. Somatic nervous system d. Autonomic nervous system e. Sympathetic nervous system f. Parasympathetic nervous system

Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final

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If you were hiking in the woods and came across a mountain lion, which division of your nervous system would have increased activity? Explain your answer. The sympathetic nervous system would have increased activity as it is responsible for preparing our bodies to respond to stressful situations.

Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final

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This type of neuroglial cell allows fluid exchange between brain, spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. A a. Ependymal cell b. Oligodendrocyte c. Astrocyte d. Microglial cell This type of neuron transmits impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. F a. Multipolar neuron b. Bipolar neuron c. Unipolar neuron d. Sensory neuron e. Motor neuron f. Interneuron True or False: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of EXTREME pain. This means that the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. False – there is no variation in the strength of action potentials. There is variation in the number of neurons firing.

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Describe what is occurring at the axon cell membrane during the phase described in section 4 of the diagram. The potassium gates that open during repolarization are slow to close and there is generally an afterpolarization undershoot of the potential. he Glossopharyngeal nerve is one of the cranial nerves. What type of nerve is it and what does it control? The Glossopharyngeal nerve is a motor and sensory nerve which controls swallowing and taste. The femoral nerve is one of spinal nerves. What is its function?

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The femoral nerve supplies motor fibers to the hip flexors and knee extensors. List the 3 parts of the diencephalon The diencephalon is made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

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Describe the functions of the 4 lobes of the brain. The frontal lobe controls motor functions. The parietal lobe receives information from receptors located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain. The occipital lobe interprets visual input. The temporal lobe has sensory areas for hearing and smelling. Explain in detail the taste process. Food or drink sits on surface of the tongue activating taste buds. Chemical molecules are dissolved into saliva. Taste receptors are stimulated by gustatory hairs. Sensory information is sent to the brain along facial and glossopharyngeal nerves and impulses are sent to the thalamus and parietal lobe. Describe in detail the olfactory system. Olfactory hairs form a thin layer mucous which covers the surface of the epithelium and airborne chemical substances dissolve for detection. One of your patients has suffered a stroke. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke? Explain your answer. The cerebellum was most like affected since it is responsible for coordinating body movements and motor activities If someone sustains an injury to the anterior spinal cord, would you be more likely to see muscular weakness/paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer.

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You would be more likely to see muscular weakness because motor neurons exit the spinal cord anteriorly.

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Using the terms given below, put each of the following vessels and structures in the order in which the blood travels through them from a capillary in the finger to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to a capillary in the finger. Terms: right ventricle, artery, vein, left ventricle, venule, right atrium, arteriole, left atrium, vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, aortic valve, pulmonic valve Start Capillary in finger 1 venule 2 vein 3 vena cava 4 right atrium 5 tricuspid valve 6 right ventricle 7 pulmonic valve 8 pulmonary artery Oxygenation Lungs 9 pulmonary vein

Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final

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10 left atrium 11 mitral valve

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12 left ventrical 13 aortic valve 14 aorta 15 artery 16 arteriole Finish Capillary in finger Which vessels actually feed the heart itself? c A. aorta B. cardiac vessels C. coronary arteries D. vena cava The electrical impulse that controls cardiac muscle contraction physically originates in: Α A. R atrium B. L ventricle C. Both ventricles D. The septum Which vessel should have the strongest pulse? d A. Artery in the finger B. superior vena cava C. vein in the leg D. Artery in the neck Three functions of the lymphatic system include:

Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final

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take extra tissue fluid and returns it to the bloodstream absorb fat and transport it to the bloodstream defends against disease

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What cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart? pericardial cavity

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Portage LearningBIOD 152A & P 2 study guide for final

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A patient is suspected to have pulmonary edema due to heart failure. Which side of the heart would be in failure? Explain your answer. The left side of the heart would be in failure. When the left side of the heart can't pump blood out into body tissue, blood and fluid will build up and flow back into the lungs. A patient has a diagnosis of right sided heart failure. Which of the following signs/symptoms would they most likely present with? a. Shortness of breath at rest

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b. Swollen ankles c. All of the above b

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Explain the difference between plasma and serum. serum lacks the clotting proteins that plasma contains Which one of the following statements about blood vessel structure and function is false? d A. Veins are more compliant than arteries B. The aorta and other large arteries serve as a “pump” for the circulatory system C. Arterioles are small vessels whose resistance to blood flow can be varied D. Arterioles, capillaries, and veins all have valves that allow only one-way flow of blood Which WBC cell stains dark blue/purple? basophils A patient is experiencing pooling of blood in their lower legs due to venous insufficiency (a.k.a. bad valves.) What is a physical exercise that they could do to help assist in increasing the blood flow back to the heart? Explain your answer. Ankle pumps, walking, or calf raises would be sufficient in order to use calf muscles to push blood upward preventing back flow. List the four major heart valves. mitral tricuspid aortic pulomnary What is a sphygmomanometer used to measure? blood pressure The T wave represents what? ventricular repolarization and diastole Explain in detail why it may take longer for you to fight off the flu virus the first time this season than it would if you caught the same strain a second time. Once you have had the flu, your immune system will create memory B cells and produce the antibodies to fight against the strain the next time you are exposed. Which type of immune cell continues to produce a small amount of antibody after the infection is

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over: a. Killer T cells b. memory T cells c. memory B cells d. cytokines c

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