Portage Pathophysiology Module 5 Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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Portage Pathophysiology Module 5

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The respiratory system can be divided into what 2 structures? - Answer conducting airways and respiratory tissues What are the levels of branching? - Answer Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Where is the site of gas exchange? - Answer Alveoli What cells are in the alveolar epithelium? - Answer Type 1 and II alveolar cells, macrophages Describe what happens during inspiration and expiration: - Answer During inspiration, air is drawn into the lungs as the respiratory muscles expand the chest cavity. During expiration, air moves out of the lungs as the chest muscles relax and the chest cavity becomes smaller. What occurs with the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration - Answer The diaphragm is the main muscle of inspiration. When the diaphragm contracts (inspiration), the chest expands. Upon expiration, the chest cavity decreases and pressure inside increases. What is lung compliance? What factors affect it? - Answer Lung compliance is the ease with which lungs can be inflated. Elastin, collagen, elastic recoil, and surface tension can affect lung compliance. What is ventilation? Perfusion? Diffusion? - Answer Ventilation is the movement of gases into and out of the lungs. Perfusion is the process that allows blood flow to help facilitate gas exchange. Diffusion is the movement of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane. What is oxyhemoglobin? - Answer Oxyhemoglobin is the term to describe when hemoglobin is bound with oxygen. What is affinity? - Answer The ability of the hemoglobin molecule to bind oxygen in the lungs and release it in the tissues depends on the affinity of the molecule.

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? - Answer As dissolved carbon dioxide, attached to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate How is breathing controlled? - Answer The automatic regulation is controlled by both chemoreceptors and lung receptors. Chemoreceptors monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH and adjusts ventilation accordingly. Lung receptors monitor breathing patterns and lung function. What are the characteristics of COPD? - Answer The pathogenesis of COPD includes inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchial wall, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands and hypersecretion of mucus, and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue. This airflow obstruction causes a mismatch in ventilation and perfusion. Alveolar tissue destruction leads to a decreased surface area for gas exchange. What is the leading risk factor for COPD? - Answer Smoking What are the characteristics of asthma? - Answer Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and in some cases, airway remodeling. What is atopy? - Answer Atopy is the genetic tendency for developing IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in response to environmental allergens. It is one of the strongest predisposing factors for developing asthma. What is pneumothorax? - Answer Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the affected lung. What is atelectasis? - Answer Atelectasis is an incomplete expansion of a lung, or portion of lung, caused by airway obstruction or lung compression. What type of substance causes a pulmonary embolism? - Answer The embolism may be a thrombus, air accidentally injected into an intravenous infusion, fat from the bone marrow after a fracture or trauma, or amniotic fluid that enters the maternal circulation after rupture of membranes.