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Portage Pathophysiology Module 9 Exam: Questions and Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in pathophysiology, specifically focusing on endocrine disorders, diabetes mellitus, and related complications. It includes true/false questions, multiple-choice questions, and short-answer questions, offering a valuable resource for students to test their understanding and prepare for exams.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/05/2025

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Portage Pathophysiology Module 9 Exam

Questions and 100% Verified Solutions

What syndrome has an increased production of glucocorticoids? Cushing's The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT: hypoglycemia Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: hyperglycemia Addison's disease is due to which of the following: adrenal gland dysfunction T/F: An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ. true T/F: A paracrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an action on the cells that produced it. false T/F: Target cells must have receptors to recognize a hormone and translate the signal into a cellular response. true T/F: Hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to transport carriers only. false What is the source of the hormone that plays a major role in the maintenance of body metabolism and growth and development in children? thyroid The posterior pituitary releases which of the following hormones? Select all that apply. ADH, oxytocin Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: gradual, subtle onset

Each of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus except: myxedema T/F: Glycogenesis means glucose formation. false (glycogen formation) T/F: When the body is in starvation mode, it breaks down fat into ketones. true T/F: Most hormones are controlled through positive feedback. false (negative feedback) Type 2 diabetics can improve hyperglycemia with weight loss. true Diabetes can be diagnosed by a fasting blood sugar, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, or hemoglobin A1C. true A 45-year-old obese, sedentary male has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. What are 2 strategies to help him normalize his blood sugars? List 2 other macrovascular complications he is at risk for and how you would screen for them? (1) Diet, exercise, and weight loss (2) Hypertension and hyperlipidemia - checking blood pressure and screening with a serum lipid panel. Why are foot ulcers such a big problem with diabetics? vascular damage, decreased sensation from diabetic neuropathy, poor wound healing, increased risk of bacterial infections from hyperglycemia. If foot wounds are left untreated, they could become infected, gangrenous, necrotic, and eventually require amputation of toes, feet, the lower leg, or entire extremity. The following are each diagnostic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) EXCEPT: ketoacidosis Which drug therapy for diabetes does not cause hypoglycemia and has a side effect of weight loss, making it a popular oral antidiabetic treatment? biguanides (metformin) People with diabetes should be followed closely by their health care provider to monitor glycemic control and be screened regularly for complications. List 5 ways they should be screened: Your Answer: Checking weight, blood pressure, foot exam, dilated eye exams, and dental exam. Normal fasting blood sugars in people without diabetes are between _____. 70 - 100 mg/dL An early detection of diabetic nephropathy is through the ____ ____ test. urine microalbumin ____ ____ is the leading cause of blindness and vision loss in the US.

diabetic retinopathy ____ is an oral antidiabetic drug that does not cause hypoglycemia and has a side effect of weight loss. biguanides, metformin t/f: Hemoglobin A1C measures glucose control over the previous 6 months false (previous 3 months) A 40 y/o female presents with amenorrhea and weight loss despite increased appetite. The history and PE show exophthalmos, tachycardia, and warm, moist skin. Each of the following lab abnormalities are expected EXCEPT: increased TSH BLANK is defined as a blood glucose of < 60 mg/dL, with associated cognitive impairments hypoglycemia A BLANK test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity, should be administered annually on all diabetic patients monofilament BLANK is diagnosed by hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 500), hyperosmolarity, and dehydration, without ketoacidosis HHS (hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state) t/f: insulin promotes glycogenesis true What hormone affects nutrient metabolism, regulates blood glucose levels and has anti- inflammatory actions? cortisol t/f: The production and release of hormones by the hypothalamus requires stimulation by the pituitary gland false t/f: A paracrine hormone is a hormone that produces a biologic action on the cell that released them. false (that's autocrine) Primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) is most frequently caused by BLANK autoimmune destruction What hormone affects nutrient metabolism, regulates blood glucose levels, and has anti- inflammatory actions? cortisol

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: autoimmune orgin A diabetics risk of macrovascular diseases is 2-4 times higher and the leading cause of death among diabetics (50-75%) is from a macrovascular disease. Name 3 of the 4 complications listed: Peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, heart attack, and stroke Hypothyroidism is caused by each of the following EXCEPT: thyroid adenoma A 40-year-old woman presents with amenorrhea and weight loss despite increased appetite. The history and physical exam show exophthalmos, tachycardia, and warm, moist skin. Each of the following lab abnormalities are expected EXCEPT: increased TSH List and describe the 3 most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus? How would you screen for these complications?

  1. Retinopathy, which are microvascular changes in the retina that can lead to blindness;
  • nephropathy, which is kidney disease caused by damage to the small vessels that can lead to renal failure;
  • neuropathy, which is nerve damage that causes weakness, numbness, or pain, typically in the hands or feet.
  1. Retinopathy- annual dilated eye exams
  • Nephropathy- annual urine microalbumin test
  • Neuropathy- monofilament test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity, should be administered annually Peripheral vascular disease in diabetics is the leading cause of amputations (nontraumatic) What is diagnosed by hyperglycemia, low serum bicarbonate, and low pH, with ketonemia and moderate ketonuria? diabetic ketoacidosis Which drugs are contraindicated in heart failure patients due to exacerbation of CHF by fluid accumulation. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) If a patient is taking exogenous forms of corticosteroid hormones, what would their labs show? High levels of ACTH Low levels of ACTH Hyperkalemia None of the above Low levels of ACTH

Which of the following lab values would you expect to see in a patient who has Addison's disease? low NA, high K What hormone plays a major role in the maintenance of body metabolism and growth and development in children? thyroid Each of the following are true about metabolic syndrome EXCEPT: pear shaped obesity Of all the people with diabetes, approximately 70% have type 2 diabetes. false, 90% The following are each diagnostic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) EXCEPT: ketoacidosis A ______ test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity, should be administered annually on all diabetic patients. monofilament