Postmodern Approaches in Counseling and Therapy, Exams of Physiology

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EPS 601 Chapter 13 exam 2024/2025 fully

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1. In the postmodern view, all of the following notions about reality are true except a. reality is objectively defined. b. reality is based on the use of language. c. reality is socially constructed. d. each individual experiences their own unique reality. - ANSWER-a. reality is objectively defined. Reasoning: In the postmodern view, all of the above notions except the first one are true. See "Introduction to Social Constructionism."
2. Donna feels certain that no one will ever want to hire her because she has a timid personality. Her solution-oriented therapist would be most inclined to: a. explore her early childhood experiences with being rejected. b. consider her irrational belief to be indicative of psychopathology. c. ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of times when she was accepted by others.

d. prescribe medication for her anxiety issues. - ANSWER-c. ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of times when she was accepted by others. Reasoning: Donna's therapist would be most inclined to ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of times when she was accepted by others. See "Unique Focus of SFBT."

3. In the view of the postmodern therapist, the most essential element of therapy is: a. assessment. b. the collaborative therapeutic relationship. c. diagnosis. d. brief course of treatment. - ANSWER-b. the collaborative therapeutic relationship. Reasoning: In the view of the postmodern therapist, the most essential element of therapy is the collaborative therapeutic relationship. See "Introduction to Social Constructionism."
4. All of the following are techniques used in solution-focused therapy except for: a. using the reflecting team. b. scaling questions. c. the miracle question. d. formula first session task. - ANSWER-a. using the reflecting team. Reasoning: Scaling questions, the miracle question, and formula first session task are techniques used in solution-focused therapy. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."

5. All are qualities of solution-focused brief therapists except that they a. have little interest in a client exploring past problems. b. focus on the client's early childhood experiences. c. believe that the cause of a problem is not necessarily related to its solution. d. expect that two clients may have different solutions to the same problem. - ANSWER-b. focus on the client's early childhood experiences. Reasoning: Solution-focused brief therapists have little interest in a client exploring past problems, believe that the cause of a problem is not necessarily related to its solution, and expect that two clients may have different solutions to the same problem. See "Unique Focus of SFBT."
6. In the solution-oriented approach, which is not considered one of the three basic parts to the structure of summary feedback? a. Compliments b. A bridge c. Expressing concern d. Suggesting a task - ANSWER-c. Expressing concern Reasoning: The three basic parts to the structure of summary feedback in the solution- oriented approach are compliments, a bridge, and suggesting a task. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."
7. It is within the scope of SFBT practice to allow for some discussion of __________ to validate clients' experience. a. presenting problems b. behavioral issues in the past c. therapist personal issues

d. past issues - ANSWER-b. behavioral issues in the past Reasoning: It is within the scope of SFBT practice to allow for some discussion of behavioral issues in the past to validate clients' experience. See "Unique Focus of SFBT."

8. Narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective with diverse client populations for all of the following reasons except: a. it was founded in a sociocultural context. b. it allows clients to tell their unique stories from their perspective. c. it defines problems within a social, cultural, political, and relational context. d. it teaches diverse clients to replace their own narratives with ones that conform more closely to the ideals and values of mainstream culture. - ANSWER- d. it teaches diverse clients to replace their own narratives with ones that conform more closely to the ideals and values of mainstream culture. Reasoning: Narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective with diverse client populations for all of the above reasons except the last one. See "Strengths From a Diversity Perspective."
9. The role of the leader in solution-focused therapy groups is not: a. to set the tone of focusing on solutions. b. to provide clients with simple solutions to their problems. c. to create a setting where the client feels resourceful and capable. d. to skillfully ask questions to guide clients to finding solutions to their problems. - ANSWER-b. to provide clients with simple solutions to their problems. Reasoning: The roles of the leader in solution-focused therapy groups are to set the tone of focusing on solutions, create a setting where the client feels resourceful and

capable, and skillfully ask questions to guide clients to finding solutions to their problems. See "Application to Group Counseling."

10. Which of the following statements about creating alternative stories is not true? a. Constructing new stories goes hand in hand with deconstructing problem- saturated narratives. b. The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story. c. The therapist works with clients collaboratively by helping them construct more coherent and comprehensive stories that they live by. d. The development of alternative stories is an enactment of ultimate hope. - ANSWER-b. The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story. Reasoning: All of the statements about creating alternative stories except the second one are true. See "Key Concepts."
11. From a social constructionist, perspective, change begins with: a. deconstructing the power of cultural narratives. b. understanding the roots of a problem. c. the therapist's skill in using confrontational techniques. d. understanding and accepting objective reality. - ANSWER-a. deconstructing the power of cultural narratives. Reasoning: From a social constructionist perspective, change begins with deconstructing the power of cultural narratives. See "Summary."
12. Of the following, what is an interest that social constructionists tend to share? a. Helping clients better understand objective reality

b. Using paradoxical techniques c. Using a genogram to teach families about conflicts d. Generating new meaning in the lives of individuals - ANSWER-d. Generating new meaning in the lives of individuals Reasoning: An interest that social constructionists tend to share is generating new meaning in the lives of individuals. See "The Collaborative Language Systems Approach."

13. The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated primarily with: a. solution-oriented therapy. b. the linguistic approach. c. the narrative approach. d. the reflecting team. - ANSWER-c. the narrative approach Reasoning: The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated primarily with the narrative approach. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."
14. Narrative therapists attempt to do all of the following except: a. engage people in deconstructing problem-saturated stories. b. discover preferred directions and new possibilities. c. create new stories. d. encourage free association. - ANSWER-d. encourage free association. Reasoning: Narrative therapists attempt to engage people in deconstructing problem- saturated stories, discover preferred directions and new possibilities, and create new stories. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."`

15. Narrative therapists pay attention to "sparkling moments," such as a. moments when the client feels exhilarated. b. identifying instances when the problem did not completely dominate the client's life. c. times when significant others give the client unconditional love. d. events characterized by a striving to overcome barriers. - ANSWER-b. identifying instances when the problem did not completely dominate the client's life. Reasoning: Narrative therapists pay attention to "sparkling moments," such as identifying instances when the problem did not completely dominate the client's life. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."
16. The creation of the self, which dominated the modernist search for human essence and truth: a. is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives. b. is also a key concept of the postmodern approaches. c. is more relevant in the narrative approach than it is in solution-oriented therapy. d. has proven to be completely irrelevant to all counselors and therapists practicing today. - ANSWER-a. is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives. Reasoning: The creation of the self, which dominated the modernist search for human essence and truth, is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives. See "Introduction to Social Constructionism."
17. A limitation of the postmodern approaches is that a. therapists require extensive training in providing brief therapy.

b. inexperienced therapists may over rely on techniques and appear mechanistic. c. the use of open-ended questioning. d. its lack of applicability to group counseling. - ANSWER-b. inexperienced therapists may over rely on techniques and appear mechanistic. Reasoning: A limitation of the postmodern approaches is that inexperienced therapists may over rely on techniques and appear mechanistic. See "Strengths From a Diversity Perspective."

18. Narrative conversations do not follow the linear progression described here; it is better to think of these steps in terms of __________ progression. a. lateral b. cyclical c. parallel d. perpendicular - ANSWER-b. cyclical Reasoning: Narrative conversations do not follow the linear progression described here; it is better to think of these steps in terms of cyclical progression. See "Key Concepts."
19. If a client comes to therapy because someone else (a spouse, parent, teacher, or probation officer) thinks the client has a problem, it describes which solution- focused therapeutic relationship? a. Customer b. Complaint c. Visitor d. Shopper - ANSWER-c. Visitor

Reasoning: If a client comes to therapy because someone else thinks the client has a problem, it describes the visitor relationship. See "The Therapeutic Relationship."

20. During the solution-focused initial therapy session, it is common for solution- focused therapists to ask, "What have you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?" This describes: a. formula first session task. b. the miracle question. c. pretherapy change. d. exception questions. - ANSWER-c. pretherapy change. Reasoning: The question "What have you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?" describes pretherapy change. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."
21. Narrative therapists pay significant attention to a client's past as it helps them understand the origins of client's stories. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True For more information on this topic, see "The Therapeutic Relationship" in the text.
22. In solution-focused brief therapy, the role of the client is to create, explore, and co-author his or her evolving story. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True For more information on this topic, see "The Therapeutic Relationship" in the text

23. The linguistic approach stresses the expert role of the therapist in suggesting solutions to a family's problems. a. True b. False - ANSWER-False For more information on this topic, see "Historical Glimpse of Social Constructionalism" in the text
24. In social constructionism, the therapist assumes the role of expert, rather than adopting a collaborative or consultative stance. a. True b. False - ANSWER-False For more information on this topic, see "Summary" in the text
25. The narrative emphasis on creating an appreciative audience for new developments in an individual's life lends itself to group counseling. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True For more information on this topic, see "Application to Group Counseling" in the text
26. A solution-oriented therapist might ask her client, a compulsive shopper, which of the following questions? a. Who has the best shoe sale this week, Macy's or Nordstrom's? b. If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different? c. Who in your family is most affected when you go on a spending spree?

d. At what point in your life did you develop this fixation on shopping? - ANSWER-b. If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different? Page 378

27. Social constructionism explains how values are transmitted through language by the social milieu and suggests that individuals are constantly changing with the ebb and flow of the influences of all of the following except: a. family. b. culture. c. behavior. d. society. - ANSWER-c. behavior. See page 369
28. Which of the following is false as it applies to the practice of solution-focused brief therapy? a. Individuals who come to therapy have the capability of behaving effectively. b. There are advantages to a positive focus on solutions and on the future. c. Clients want to change, have the capacity to change, and are doing their best to make change happen. d. Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client's capacity to find his or her own way. - ANSWER-d. Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client's capacity to find his or her own way. See page 373
29. Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe times in their lives when they were able to solve their problem or when their problem was less severe? a. Pre-therapy change

b. The miracle question c. Exception questions d. Scaling - ANSWER-c. Exception questions See page 377

30. Solution-focused brief therapy has parallels with______________, which concentrates on what is right and what is working for people rather than dwelling on deficits, weaknesses, and problems. a. brief psychodynamic therapy b. positive psychology c. Adlerian therapy d. REBT - ANSWER-b. positive psychology See page 372
31. In regards to brief therapy, the average length of therapy is __________, with the most common length being only one session. a. one to two months of sessions b. two to three weeks c. one to three sessions d. three to eight sessions - ANSWER-d. three to eight sessions See page 373
32. The founder(s) of solution-focused brief therapy is (are): a. Michael White and David Epston. b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer.

c. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. d. Donald Meichenbaum. - ANSWER-b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer. See page 371

33. The founder(s) of narrative therapy is (are): a. Michael White and David Epston. b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer. c. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. d. Donald Meichenbaum. - ANSWER-a. Michael White and David Epston. See page 382
34. The solution-focused brief therapy therapeutic process rests on the foundation that clients are: a. in need of an expert. b. unable to make decisions. c. the experts on their own lives. d. passive participants in their journey. - ANSWER-c. the experts on their own lives. See page 374
35. Constructing counter stories goes hand in hand with: a. deconstruction. b. reconstruction. c. demolition.

d. rebuilding. - ANSWER-a. deconstruction. See page 389

36. One narrative technique for consolidating the gains a client makes involves a therapist writing letters to the person. This is: a. externalization and deconstruction. b. search for unique outcomes. c. alternative stories and reauthoring. d. documenting the evidence. - ANSWER-d. documenting the evidence. See page 389
37. A main task of the narrative therapist is to help clients construct a: a. negative story line. b. preferred story line. c. new façade. d. second personality. - ANSWER-b. preferred story line. See page 384
38. There are three kinds of solution-focused therapeutic relationships. The client comes to therapy because someone else (a spouse, parent, teacher, or probation officer) thinks the client has a problem describes which relationship? a. Customer b. Complaint c. Visitor d. Shopper - ANSWER-c. Visitor

See page 377

39. There are three kinds of solution-focused therapeutic relationships. The client describes a problem but is not able or willing to assume a role in constructing a solution, believing that a solution is dependent on someone else's actions describes which relationship? a. Customer b. Complaint c. Visitor d. Shopper - ANSWER-b. Complaint See page 376
40. From the very first solution-focused interview, the therapist is mindful of working toward: a. the miracle question. b. pretherapy change. c. formula first session task. d. termination. - ANSWER-d. termination. See page 379
41. SFBT is an optimistic, antideterministic, future-oriented approach based on the assumption that clients have the ability to change quickly and can create a problem-free language as they strive for a new reality. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 371
42. The use of techniques is fundamental in narrative therapy.

a. True b. False - ANSWER-False See page 386

43. A key theme of SFBT is, when you know what is working, do more of it. If something is not working, try something different. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 372
44. The solution-focused approach was originally designed as a brief model of psychotherapy. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 371
45. The main goal of brief therapy is to help clients efficiently resolve problems and to move forward as quickly as possible. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 373
46. Without the cultural conditions that accept the concept of depression, talking about a person as depressed would mean nothing. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True

See page 368

47. Solution-focused brief therapy differs from traditional therapies by eschewing the past in favor of both the present and the future. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 371
48. Assessment and therapy techniques are more important than empathy to a social constructionist. a. True b. False - ANSWER-False See page 368
49. In postmodern thinking, language and the use of language in stories create meaning. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 368
50. Narrative therapy is a strengths-based approach that emphasizes collaboration between client and therapist to help clients view themselves as empowered and living the way they want. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 382
51. Even science is not free from the influence of such processes of social construction.

a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 368

52. Solution-focused therapists often use scaling questions. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 378
53. Modernists believe in the ability to describe objective reality accurately and assume that it can be observed and systematically known through the scientific method. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 368
54. In solution-focused therapy, behavior change is viewed as the most effective approach to assisting people in enhancing their lives. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 371
55. In social constructionism, the therapist assumes the role of expert, rather than adopting a collaborative or consultative stance. a. True b. False - ANSWER-False

See page 396

56. Externalizing conversations counteract oppressive, problem-saturated stories and empower clients to feel competent to handle the problems they face. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 387
57. Solution-focused brief therapy is grounded on the optimistic assumption that people are healthy and competent and have the ability to construct solutions that can enhance their lives. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 372
58. Clients are never stuck in a pattern of living a problem-saturated story that does not work. a. True b. False - ANSWER-False See page 385
59. The narrative emphasis on creating an appreciative audience for new developments in an individual's life lends itself to group counseling. a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 390
60. All social constructionist theories emphasize listening to clients without judgment or blame, affirming and valuing them.

a. True b. False - ANSWER-True See page 382