PP of AT Ch 25 Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Marketing

Download PP of AT Ch 25 Questions With Complete Solutions and more Exams Marketing in PDF only on Docsity! PP of AT Ch 25 Questions With Complete Solutions laminae vs pedicle - flat bony processes occurring on each side of neural arch bony processes that project backward from the body of the vertebrae atlas allows for axis allows for - flexion/extension rotation greater mobility of c-spine is attributed to - flattened, oblique facing of spine's articular facets horizontal positioning of SP curves of spine - -Convex (anteriorly): cervical & lumbar curves -Concave (anteriorly): thoracic & pelvic curves fibrocartilaginous disk - annulus fibrosus: forms periphery of disk, composed of strong, fibrous nucleus pulposis: semifluidous, compressed by annulus fibrosis intervertebral articulations between? motions? - vertebral bodies and vertebral arches gliding, lateral gliding, compression and distraction anterior longitudinal ligs? posterior longitudinal - extends full length of anterior surface of vertebral bodies; restricts extension contained w/in vertebral canal; extends full length of posterior surface; limits flexion supraspinous lig interspinous? - attaches to each SP; called ligamentum nuchae in c-spine located between SP; limits flexion and rotation cervical flexors are - SC, scalenes cervical extensors are - upper trap, semispinalis captitis, splenius capitus, splenius cervicis lateral flexion of neck is - accomplished by all muscles on one side of neck contracting together rotators are (c-pine) - coordinated contraction on both sides of neck trunk flexors are - rectus abdominus, internal/external oblique, rectus femoris, iliopsoas, TFL, 75% of flexion occurs at lumbosacral junction (15-20% bt L4- L5) trunk extensors are - erector spinae, gluteus max trunk rotators are - external oblique on opposite side of rotation, internal oblique on same side of rotation lateral flexion of trunk - quadratus lumborum, obliques, latissimus dorsi, iliopsoas, rectus abdominus + implications - stretches posterior spinal ligs; PSISs on each side should move together + one PSIS moves further than other or one PSIS moves at different time PSIS motion restriction on side that moves most/first backward bending + implications - stretches anterior spinal ligs; places spine in hyperextended position restriction or pain disk problem or spondylosis side bending + implications - sidebend toward involved side + increased/decreased pain increased (lumbar lesion/SI dys) decreased (herniated disk) tenson/bowstring test + implications - flex hip to 90 and passively extend knee while palpating popliteal fossa + pt tender with duplicate of sx sciatic nerve irritation slump test + implications - slump forward, round shoulders, flex c-spine, actively extend knee actively FD ankle, repeat on opposite side + sciatic pain or reproduction of sx compression of dural lining, SC or nerve roots quadrant test + implications - extend spine as far as possible, side bend and rotate to affected side + reproduce sx dural irritation (radiating pain), facet irritation (local p!), SI dysfunction (SI pain) single leg stance/stork + implications - pt hyperextends trunk in single leg stance + pain in lumbar or SI region possible spondy scoliosis test + implications - pt bends forward and runs hands down each leg in front + asymmetrical hump along lateral thoracolumbar spine & ribcage scoliosis (function: disappears during flexion) rib compression test + implications - compress ribs anterior-posterior and medial- lateral + pain, palpable defect rib fx SI provacation + implications - pt prone, provide anterior glide on superior and inferior ends of sacrum + pain SI dys FADIR + implications - bring knee to opposite shoulder and provide overpressure ( FL, ADD, IR) + pain problem with hip/SI joint FABER/Patricks + implications - flexion, ABD, ER of hip + pain problem with hip/SI SI dysfunction check - FABER, Gaeslen's SI compression/distraction, long sit Spring test + implications - provide anteroposterior glide and feel for spring of vertebrae + vertebrae does not move; pain hypomobility of vertebrae; likely at facet joint or a sprain - pt tender and restricted motion, c-spine spasm, cerical pain and pain in chest/extremities, numbness in trunk/limbs, weakness/paralysis, loss of bladder/bowel control - extreme caution in moving athlete cervical dislocation etiology? s/sx? manage? - - more frequent than fx, most in diving accident, - pain, numbness, muscle weakness/paralysis - greater likelihood of causing damage to SC than fx; greater care when moving acute strain of neck/upper back etiology? s/sx? manage? - - sudden turn of head or forced flexion/EX/rotation, typically SCM, upper trap, scalenes, splenius capitis, cervicis - localized pain, pt tender, restricted motion, muscle guarding from pain - RICE, cervical collar, ROM, isometrics, progress to full range isotonics cervical sprain (whiplash) etiology? s/sx? manage? - -usually result from violent snapping motion, frequently muscle strains occur along with ligamentous sprains - signs of strained neck that persist, may be tender over TP/SP, pain from inflammation of injured tissue and protective muscle spasm - rule out fx, dislocation or disk injury; cervical collar, RICE, cryotherapy, heat/massage, mechanical traction Acute Torticollis (Wryneck) etiology? s/sx? manage? - - c/o pain on one side of neck upon waking up, usually occurs when small piece of syovial jt capsule is impinged/trapped w/in facet jt - palpable pt tender, muscle spasm, head motion restricted to side opposite irritation with marked muscle guarding - modalities to break pain-spasm-stasis; jt mobs, cervical collar, muscle guarding lasts 2-3 days laceration of cervical cord - usually produced by combined dislocation and fx hemorrhage of cervical cord - develops from all vertebral fx and most dislocations; also strains and sprains; hemmorhage within the cord may cause damage contusion of cervical cord - may result from sudden displacement of vertebra that compresses the cord and then returns to normal position cervical cord neuropraxia - transient paralysis followed by ability to move limbs freely and no other sx other than a sore neck, caused by cervical spine stenosis spinal cord shock - usually occurs with severe trauma to SC; immediate LOF below level of lesion, limbs are flaccid, total loss of deep tendon reflexes, with later development of hyperreflexia complete c-spine lesions at _____ result in - at or above C3= impair respiration and result in death below C4= allow for some return of nerve root function central cord syndrome - caused by hemorrhage or ischemia in central portion of cord, results in complete quadriplegia with nonspecific sensory loss, sexual & bowel-bladder dysfunction incomplete lesions can result in what 4 syndromes - central cord brown-sequard anterior cord posterior cord brown-sequard syndrome - caused by injury to one side of SC LOF, touch, vibration, and position on one side of body and loss of pain/temp sensation on other anterior cord syndrome - caused by injury to anterior 2/3 of cord results in loss of motor function and pain and temp sensation; normal sexual and bladder/bowel function posterior cord syndrome - caused by injury to posterior cord, rare, motor function is completely intact cervical stenosis etiology? s/sx? poster SI, pain increases with long periods of standing/moving from sitting/standing or coughing (quadratus lumborum) - stretching/strengthening of involved muscles, combo lumbar sprains etiology? s/sx? manage? - - most commonly face joint, occurs when bend forward and twist while lifting or moving some object - pain localized just lateral to SP, pain becomes sharper with certain movements, passive anteroposterior or rotational motion increase pain - RICE, jt mobs, abdominal/back extensors strengthening sciatica etiology? s/sx? manage? - - inflammatory condition of sciatic nerve commonly associated with nerve root compression, structural irregularities or tightness of piriformis - sharp shooting pain that follow posterior/medial thigh, tingling/numbness, may be extremely sensitive to palpation, SLR intensfies pain herniated lumbar disk etiology? s/sx? manage? - - forward bending and twisting that places strain on lumbar region - sharp centrally located pain that radiates unilaterally in dermatomal pattern to buttocks and down leg; sx worse in morning, axial loading, forward bending, increased pain with valsalva, SLR - pain reducing modalities, manual traction Stages of Herniated Disc - prolapse- nucleus moves completely through annulus extruded- nucleus moves into SC and comes into contact with nerve root sequestrated- material of nucleus separates from disk and begins to migrate spondyloslyis vs spondylolisthesis - - degeneration of vertebrae adn defect in pars interarticularis of articular processes of vertebrae, defect occurs as stress fx - begins unilaterally if extends bilaterally may get slippage - highest incidence in L5-S1 spondy s/s manage - - mild to mod aching or stiffness with increased pain after PA; c/o fatigue quickly in low back, feels weak when straightening from bending forward - bracing/bed rest to reduce pain, ex that stabilize hypermobile segment SI sprain etiology? s/sx? manage? - - twisting with both feet on ground, stumbling forward, falling backward, stepping too far down, downhill running - palpable pain and tenderness (inferior and medial PSIS), associated muscle guarding, radiating pain, pain increased with unilateral stance - pain reduction modalities, supportive bracing, correction of asymmetry, strengthening coccyx injuries etiology? s/sx? manage? - - primarily direct impact - x-ray and rectal exams, prolonged and chronic pain in coccygeal region - analgesics, ring seat, pain may last months