Europe's Expansion: Spain, Portugal, and the Founding of American Colonies - Prof. P. Pask, Exams of World History

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Why Europe Went West I. Background to European Expansion a. Three important influences on European life b. Italy’s Mediterranean monopoly and Portugal’s explorations c. Spain and Columbus, Admiral of the Ocean Sea d. When Europe began to expand, it went East first (“Lavant;” Middle East and China) i. Traded exotic spices and textiles ii. Navies battled with one another and battled with pirates— strong navies led to safe waters iii. Italian city-states got very rich—monopolized China and India, etc. iv. What they were selling was stimulated by:

1. Travels of Marco Polo—made them salivate at exotic goods
2. Crusades—stimulated European appetite for goods imported from Asia v. Italians were sure they had the only route to the east—Spain couldn’t compete because the Italian navies wouldn’t let them navigate the waters vi. They began to look for an alternative—if you can’t sail due East then you have to sail around Africa
3. This was not yet known in the 13th^ century
4. Began pushing further and further south to try and find an end to Arica and sail around it vii. Columbus
5. Born in Genoa, Italy
6. Proposed to the Portuguese royal house: rather than having to sail East, he could sail east (in his mind, a shorter, quicker route) and go directly there
7. Cartographer told him it would be about 2,000 miles and would take him about 100 days
8. The Portuguese weren’t having any of it a. They could afford to send him to the East, but they couldn’t afford Columbus’s ridiculous ideas of sailing West b. Columbus tries his hand with the only monarchs desperate enough to give him the time of day, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain (their most Catholic majesties) i. The two of them oversaw the re-conquest of Spain from the Moors (Muslims) ii. However, they were broke iii. Columbus asked him for a fleet of a few ships (between 5 and 10), a priest to bless

whatever they find in the name of church and the name of Spain iv. There was no way they could provide him with a full fleet—they provided for him three ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria) viii. Columbus got the promise of being named admiral of the ocean sea, provided he made a discovery by sailing West ix. In October of 1492, after a very perilous voyage, they find land x. Columbus names the land San Salvador xi. Columbus announces he has reached the outer islands of China xii. The cartographer he spoke with didn’t know about North America xiii. Later thought he had discovered the lost island of Atlantis and thought he could sail around it but never did xiv. This discovery stimulated the imagination of the Portuguese xv. Discovered that they weren’t the outer islands of Asia, but the outer islands of a new world xvi. Caffa/Plague

1. Island of Caffa contracted the black plague
2. A ship left Caffa to go back to Italy to get help to remove the people from the colonies there and save them
3. The entire ship carried the plague but didn’t know until after a week of sailing
4. The ship asks for permission to dock in Sicily a. The harbor master denies them and sends out the alarm that this ship is a plague ship b. Several crew members jumped ship and swim across the harbor to the dock c. Those who jumped ship spread the plague to Sicily d. Took no time at all for the plague to jump across to mainland Italy
5. The ship arrives in Marseille, he also denies the ship docking privileges a. Everyone aboard who can move, jumps ship and swims ashore to Marseille and spread the plague through France b. Through 1350, the Plague spreads all across Europe (London, Scandinavia, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal) c. In about 3 years, the Plague reduces Europe by 1/3 or ½ d. Because it reaches the densest populations, reduces the wealthy people (city-dwellers), the literate people (tended to live in population

centers), the clergy (monks who served as scribes) e. The Plague only destroyed life, it didn’t destroy property i. Therefore, more wealth because families became smaller and had to distribute wealth between less people

6. Children rhyme: ring around the rosie a. Translated death into terms they could understand b. Posies would overcome the stench of death c. Ashes to ashes, dust to dust
7. Because of all the death, people wanted to indulge themselves a. They go one a consumption binge xvii. Basically, Columbus finds virtually nothing of value except for the New World xviii. In his wake, came the conquistadors II. Spain in the New World a. Explorers and conquistadors i. Cortez ii. Cuizarro iii. The Horse was not native to the Western hemisphere iv. It came with the Conquistadors v. Carried germs they were immune to, but the people indigenous to America were not, obviously vi. Their weaponry (the conquistadors) was superior vii. The Aztecs and Incas were perfectly prepared to share their parts with the Conquistadors viii. The Aztecs and Incas had wealthy beyond measure—they had mountains and piles of gold and silver ix. The Conquistadors wanted it all x. The priests told them that by conquering these people, they were doing God’s holy work xi. Wealth is taken by force and transported back to Spain xii. Traveled in treasure galleons xiii. Gold and silver are far heavier than stones so it balanced itself —they could take an enormous amount back to Spain xiv. Spain had been all but bankrupt, and almost overnight becomes the wealthiest place on earth xv. Spain gets a limitless appetite for the finest thing, but more importantly, they build a navy because they start to attract the attention of pirates and other nations so they need to protect their ships xvi. The become the most powerful Navy in the world

xvii. Still not an industrial superpower, though, because they are not building the weapons and ships xviii. They are paying other shipyards in Europe, paying for clothing, paying for food, etc. xix. Spanish manufactory actually declines during this period xx. Why make it when you have the wealth to buy it? b. Incan and Aztec gold to Spain and from there throughout Europe c. The “price revolution” of the 16th^ century i. Hyper-inflation ii. Average price increase 6-fold (%600) iii. The cost of living goes up even though wages stay somewhat stable iv. The standard of living drops d. Started referring to the New World as “New Spain” i. Land is secured by Spain ii. France, Sweden, and England all began to look for opportunities to colonize those parts of the Americas e. Principles of Mercantilism i. Maintain a positive balance of trade and payments to increase kingdom’s wealth ii. Acquire colonies, which exist to benefit the imperial country iii. Possess and project international power through strong army and navy iv. Circularity of Mercantilism

1. Project power  acquire colonies  obtain wealth  wealthy obtains more power
2. During the era there was almost continuous warfare f. France, Spain, and Holland mercantilism III. Why England came to North America a. England’s interests are different than France (they settled in present- day Canada) b. Comes of course for colonies, power, and wealth c. Beggar thy Neighbor i. Make a beggar of your neighbor ii. If you get richer, your neighbor has to get poorer iii. If France acquires colonies in NA, it’s depriving wealthy of Spain and England and so on and so forth iv. The wealth of the world is finite because it’s all through commerce
3. If you get a larger piece of the pie, it means someone else has to get a smaller slice v. However England also has practical reasons for coming to NA d. For gold, wood, iron, and glass i. England needed wood—they had essentially deforested themselves

ii. By the close of the 16th^ century, England must import wood (a particular type—mast trees)

1. These trees are by Royal decree, the King’s trees. They are protected by Royal edict
2. It is a crime, even on your own property, to cut down one of these trees
3. Reserved by three axe cuts
4. England is importing these from Russia, Scandinavia, etc. all of which are potential enemies
5. These trees are used to make masts for ships iii. Reduction in temperatures across Europe: The “Little Ice Age”
6. It had been the custom for the entire household to all sleep communally in a great hall with a fire-pit in the middle (smoke went up through a hole in the roof—no chimneys)
7. Mixes the classes because everyone is sleeping together
8. Limitations of architecture
9. The climate is mild enough to allow people to stay warm by huddling together
10. The temperature suddenly reduce and this becomes an unsustainable way of living
11. The chimney is invented so there is no longer a hole in the roof—you can also divide up the hall into rooms so the classes don’t mix and people have their own dwellings
12. Demand for better insulated houses
13. Stone is a better insulator than wood a. Chimneys and hearths allow any room to be made warm, even in the coldest winter
14. It’s also possible to bring sunlight into the room as long as you could seal it off (bring in the light, but not the weather)—need for glass
15. England must import their glass a. Need silica from sand iv. Elizabeth Shrewsbury’s Hardwick Hall, 1590
16. Built of stone and glass
17. Example of architecture at the time
18. Became rich because she was a widow three time to three wealthy men
19. She sets a trend v. Joint-stock colony funds the first English colony in Virginia, called Jamestown e. Jamestown, Virginia in 1607: settlement as enterprise i. Named after the King who gave them the charter ii. Begins to produce glass, then later iron iii. Begins to send back mast trees

Colonial America in the 17th^ Century I. Settlements to colonies: an overview a. Chesapeake i. Jamestown

1. First English colony to survive and thrive
2. However, not the first attempt a. Roanoke is the failed attempt with the mystery word carved into a tree
3. Every colonist is male because what they needed to do was not “women’s work”
4. Most of these young men were the youngest sons of the noble families or aristocratic families a. Primogeniture law states that first born male child receives the entire estate of the father b. Law of entail prohibited the father from splitting it c. Land was considered to be the basis of wealth in England d. 2 nd^ born son gets the Army e. 3 rd^ born gets the navy i. They get to become officers in these f. 4 th^ born serves the Church of England g. 5 th^ born son doesn’t get anything i. Embarrasses the family 1. Makes a spectacle of himself because he has nothing else to do ii. Instead, they go to the colonies
5. They believe the propaganda of the Virginia company
6. Even in the late 16th^ century, salesmen (like Humphrey and Gilbert and Hakluyt) would tell people of all the riches a. All that glitters in England may not be gold, but that which glitters in America certainly is
7. The gain was so plentiful that perfectly healthy deer practically laid down at the feet of the hunter iii. The young brother wants to show his family what he’s made of it
8. Instead, Jamestown showed him what he was made of and what he was made of wasn’t strong enough

h. Jamestown was not initially a success until re- supply and the leadership of John Smith i. John Smith

1. Those who do not work shall not eat i. Jamestown star fort i. The shape of the colony ii. An attack could end up in a crossfire from the other side iii. A type of defense j. Pocahontas and Virginia of England i. Pocahontas was an Indian princess ii. She marries John Rolfe and becomes an English Lady iii. Prior, she saves John Smith because she begs her father not to kill him iv. John Rolfe experimented with tobacco and brought wealth to Jamestown
2. Advertised as a product that will help with respiration, colds, flu
3. King James prohibits the use within the court because he finds it obnoxious
4. It becomes the fashion anyway a. It is the cocaine of its day b. The status drug c. Had to burn it, so you were burning money, meant you had the money to burn
5. Highly addictive so it continued to sell
6. Physicians even prescribed it
7. Prior, Jamestown was nothing but disease
8. Slavery a. Would “rent” people (mainly prisoners or those in debt) as slaves b. By 1676, more than half of all Englishmen in Virginia were either indentured servants, former indentured servants, or the children of indentured servants c. African-Americans i. English take them from Africa and begin selling them ii. Unlike the English and Indians, Africans have no where to go or escape to

iii. No limitations in law for slaves iv. African slavery becomes the preferred method v. Takes root because the scale of production of tobacco expands

1. So great is the demand that small plots farmed by individuals do not have the chance of meeting that demand
2. Needed mass labor d. Climate, Land, and Slaves
3. Become the 2nd^ greatest source of wealth for the English Empire a. Primary source are the islands (Jamaica, Bermuda) because they grow sugar i. Sugar sometimes referred to as “white gold” ii. Also used slave labor here ii. Fall Line
4. Line of small waterfalls
5. The land east of the fall line is most valuable because the river becomes non-navigable to the west a. Can’t transport the tobacco if you can’t navigate the river
6. By about 1675, almost all of the best land in the Chesapeake has already been taken up b. New England i. Establish Plymouth Plantation
7. Plantation defined as a settlement planted/established on virgin territory
8. Would not have survived it’s first winter without the generosity of the Indian tribes that lived in the area
9. “Thanksgiving” actually occurred at the end of September a. The pilgrims and Indians shared food and established friendships and the Pilgrims thanked God for his Mercy
10. Leader = William Bradford ii. In 1630, ten years later, Puritans arrive in Boston
11. Name it after the town of Boston in England
12. Leader = John Winthrop a. Wanted to establish a place where the Church of England could not interfere
13. Massachusetts succeeds a. Becomes second most populist colony after Virginia

b. Massachusetts eventually consists of all free- born people (no slavery) c. Tobacco in Connecticut (one of the main- producing colonies at one time) uses slavery but later becomes non-profitable and frees their slaves iii. In the 17th^ century, England and Holland will fight 3 major wars

1. Second war…Holland cedes New Amsterdam and New Netherlands a. New Netherlands becomes New York and New Amsterdam becomes NYC
2. England will also later get Delaware and New Jersey c. New York, Pennsylvania Carolina d. Types of Colonies i. Corporate (Merchant)
3. Virginia (Jamestown), 1607 ii. Corporate (religious)
4. Plymouth, 1620 a. Organized themselves along a joint-stock company, but their purpose was religion and not mercantilism b. They did not come to practice religious tolerance c. They came to North America because they thought it was the one place where they could begin again i. They would be beholden to no one except God ii. “A New Jerusalem” d. When the Virginia company learned the Pilgrims were negotiating with sea captains and merchants to bring them just North of Virginia, they were not pleased i. They did not want a group of troublemakers ii. The pilgrims were already “rebels” because they would not take the oath to the King e. The only other English speaking colony in North America at that time, was 500 miles away f. All of the other territory belonged to Indians and the Dutch, French, or Scandinavians g. The area they settled in was the only option i. Wanted nothing to do with French because they were Catholic ii. Scared of Indians

h. They were very isolated i. They believed they were bringing God’s message to the New World i. They were obnoxious

2. Massachusetts Bay, 1629 a. Puritans b. Capital in Boston (not that far from Plymouth) c. Goal to make a commercial success i. They could serve both God and man ii. Could be holy and still make money iii. They could make money for their shareholders/sponsors back in England
3. Connecticut, 1635
4. Rhode Island, 1636 iii. Proprietary
5. Joint-stock company makes even more money from these a. Does also spread the risk around b. Much riskier venture for the proprietor than the joint/shareholder c. Didn’t become common until corporate colonies proved they could survive and stabilize (latter half of the century) d. Virtually every colony at the end of the 17th century is a proprietorship
6. Maryland, 1634 a. Earliest example of a proprietary colony b. In the 17th^ century religion is politics c. The thought of the Church of England was that the Catholics who had not converted would be the ones to start the colonies to escape oppression i. They could win over Catholic France and Spain ii. Becomes a contest with France and Spain d. Lord Baltimore requests a charter to settle North of Virginia i. English willingly say yes, as long as it’s not only for Catholics
7. North Carolina, 1663
8. Delaware, 1664
9. New Jersey, 1664
10. New York, 1664
11. Pennsylvania, 1681 a. Two Quaker brothers

i. The Quakers refused to take the oath to the King ii. Non-conforming sects were allowed to own property but could not send their children to University iii. Could not join Royal Navy or Army iv. Some other professions were also closed to them b. William Penn sought refuge c. English were only too happy to grant them a proprietorship to get them out of England (England thought that non-conformists were security risk) d. Originally called Penn’s woods i. Translated into Latin become Pennsylvania e. English would not have granted Penn and his brother that section of land unless it was of interest to the crown i. They gave it to them because the Western boundary of Pennsylvania is as far as the English can settle ii. The Ohio River Valley is the most strategic valley in that area iii. It is the fault line between two large, powerful tectonic plates

1. To the North is France
2. They are rubbing up against each other
3. Brings a series of colonial wars (they want to secure this valley)
4. George Washington will make one of the stupidest mistakes in Military History a. Kicks off the French and Indian war iv. Pennsylvania fills in the gap between NY to the north and Maryland to the South v.
5. South Carolina, 1691 iv. Trustees
6. Georgia, 1732 v. Royal
7. New Hampshire, 1739 II. Reasons for going to America a. Economic

b. Religious c. Reasons of state III. Lay of the Land a. Geography b. Encounters: New England, Pennsylvania, and Virginia c. Population increase, prosperity, and insecurity IV. The English Colonies under the Old Empire, 1607- a. The Old Empire i. Implies there is a new empire that follows, and there is.

1. The reason for this is because the character and purpose of the colonies changes ii. Objectives of mercantilist policy
2. Old empire dedicated to the purpose of trade
3. Had to do with raising money to administer the empire
4. For the most part, the old empire ends around 1763
5. Principles of Mercantilism a. Maintain a positive balance of trade and payments to increase kingdom’s wealth i. Specie—precious metal (gold and silver) fined into currency ii. Make sure your income exceeds your cost iii. Exported specie to pay armies, support colonies in other places, etc. b. Acquire colonies, which exist to benefit the imperial country i. The sole purpose of colonies is to benefit the Imperial country
6. Things such as religion are just “side reasons” a. What better way than to send your most expendable citizens (religious zealots against the church of England and those released from debtors prison)? If they survive, great, if they don’t, oh well, we’ll send someone else ii. Spaniards and French merchants are not allowed to sell their goods directly to colonies in America—they have to go through Britain first c. Circularity of Mercantilism i. WealthPowerColonies(continues in a circle)

ii. Think of it as an engine that drives the empire d. Possess and project international power through strong army and navy iii. Acts of Navigation and Trade

1. Navigation Acts of the Old Empire and their primary purposes a. 1650: restrict Dutch shipping b. 1651: restrict Dutch shipping again c. 1660: restrict Dutch shipping; enumerated articles d. 1162: restrict Dutch Shipping, again e. 1663: restrict Dutch Shipping, yet again i. Fight the Dutch in 3 wars ii. Beggar thy neighbor
2. Your neighbor must grow poorer for you to grow richer
3. This idea has the potential for a lot of war—17th^ and 18th^ centuries are some of the bloodies centuries on record f. 1673: restrict ALL foreign shipping g. 1696: restrict all foreign shipping and colonial violators h. 1699: limit Irish and colonial woolen production i. 1705: more enumerated articles; naval stores j. 1709-74: encourage naval stores production i. Naval stores: products needed for ships: hemp, turpentine, pitch ii. Necessary to seal wooden hulls of merchant ships iii. Hemp used for rope iv. An era when ships moved solely by wind (oil and coal not necessary) v. Wood needed to be straight-grained, hard, tall, and plentiful k. 1721: more enumerated articles l. 1732: protect English hat makers from colonial competition i. “The Hat Act” ii. Purpose is to provide commercial protection from hat-makers in England from rising colonial competition iii. Hat-making was a major industry in every European country, with England leading

iv. Hat makers in the colonies (major cities) were producing enough hats to supply the American market—men who otherwise would have bought hats imported from England, are buying them for cheaper prices right at home v. The Hat Act prohibits/severely restricted hat-making in England m. 1733: competition in sugar from foreign West Indies i. “Europe and the colonies are acquiring a sweet tooth” ii. Rum is well on it’s way to becoming the preferred drink (made from sugar and molasses) iii. Sailors are being given a Rum ration iv. Rum distillers in the Northern English colonies (notably Mass and NY) were supposed to buy sugar and molasses from the British West Indies colonies, but they charged more. They began to buy foreign west Indian sugar and molasses and began to smuggle it v. Parliament attempts to outlaw the illicit trade between the foreign West Indies n. 1748-63: encourage indigo (dye) production for woolen industry o. 1750 and 1757: protect English iron and steel makers from colonial competition i. In 1750, the first “Iron Act” is passed ii. Prior, They didn’t even care where it came from because they needed it so bad (they need cannons, musket barrels, etc.) iii. In 1750 the iron-makers in Britain pressure Parliament to put restrictions on the rapidly growing iron industry in America iv. England was under the impression that Pennsylvania was where the illicit iron- making was going on, and this is where they mostly went to inspect the colonies were conforming to the Iron Act v. Rolling mills: where they used two rollers to flatten iron to a sheet

1. Progressive technology of the day iv. Trade, wars, and power in the Atlantic Basin

1. 7 years war a. Begins in Virginia back country/Ohio b. Leads way to French and Indian War i. Begins when King George II declares war on France ii. France has lost everything—Canada becomes British
2. Loses all hope of controlling Ohio River Valley and Valley of Mississippi
3. What France loses, Britain gains (so the American colonials SHOULD gain, but don’t) b. Colonial Wars to 1750 i. Pequot War, 1637 ii. 2 nd^ Anglo-Dutch War, 1664 iii. 3 rd^ Anglo-Dutch War, 1672 iv. King Philip’s War, 1675-
4. Puritans v. Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 vi. King Willaim’s War (aka War of the League of Augsburg), 188- 94
5. International war vii. Queen Anne’s War (aka War of the Spanish Succession), 1702- 13
6. International war viii. Yamassee War, 1715-
7. Strictly a war between English colonies and the Indians they are attempting to displace ix. War of Jenkins’ Ear, 1739-
8. English Captain Jenkins was captured by Spanish forces in GA
9. Spanish claim he trespassed into Spanish FL
10. Capture him and hold him ransom a. How would the English know it was actually Captain Jenkins? b. The most distinctive thing on a person in that century is the Ear (everyone’s ear is different) c. They cut off his ear and put in a little coffin and send it by courier to Savannah
11. War mainly fought in GA x. King George’s War, 1740- xi. The time from the 17th^ century in the first half of the 18th century is almost un-relenting warfare c. Societies, planned and unplanned i. Planned: Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

1. They called it the “commonwealth” a. The wealth of the colony will be held in common, and divided among the colony equitably b. Fell apart almost immediately (not all land is created equal) ii. Planned: Pennsylvania and Georgia
2. Penn set up as a refuge for the Quakers
3. GA founded as refuge for the “unfortunate” a. The persecuted poor b. Had been incarcerated in English debtor’s prisons c. They borrowed on the future with the expectation would at least hold study, if not increase d. Instead, prices fall and they are indebted
4. James Oglethorpe a. Wealthy b. Establishes a colonization company c. The initial capital they raise goes to paying back the money of these debtors i. Indebted due to economic conditions that had nothing to do with their own behavior ii. These people are considered worthy (shoemakers, tanners, seamstresses, etc.) to be removed from debtors prison and sent to the New World with their families (given 50 acre homestead [could not sell or give away, would be passed down through family] and farming tools)
5. All they had to do was make the perilous voyage across the Atlantic and settle in land never settled before with a thriving SC to the north, hostile Indians to the west, etc.
6. Prison is SO bad that they take this dangerous deal d. Oglethorpe goes with them and becomes the Governor/General e. Had only a few rules i. Regulate economic activity as well as social activity ii. Outlawed slavery and slave trade iii. Decree that the following products were to be produced

1. Olives (olive oil)
2. Silk—had a rapidly increasing population of silk worms
3. Grapeswine
4. Indigodye
5. Indigo was the only crop that was economically practical
6. Found they could make more money growing cotton and rice but they needed a labor force a. South Carolina was fabulously lucrative because of these crops— they had tons of slaves
7. Slavery in Georgia became illicit trade f. Oglethorpe promised the king that the distraction of Georgia would save Virginia and South Carolina from war i. The war of Jenkin’s ear proved this to be true ii. High point of the GA colony iii. After this, Oglethorpe got tired of the colony (he was disgusted with the thriving illicit slave trade) iv. The colonists had no interest in grapes, olives, or silk g. Not only was there an illicit market in slaves, but there was also an illicit market with land (they weren’t supposed to sell it or anything)
8. Cartesian worldview a. Way of planning/mapping towns b. Wide streets i. Two major concerns
9. Fire
10. Epidemic disease
11. Put houses far apart to keep these from spreading iii. Unplanned: Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas d. The British Empire in 1756 i. Administration by “benign or salutary neglect” ii. An empire of trade and satisfaction iii. The end e. Arminian Heresy f. George Washington V. The Seven Years’ War and the rise of the New Empire

a. The Old Empire at its zenith, 1756 i. An empire of commerce: success through neglect

1. It is thriving, the pride of Europe
2. Most powerful navy, potentially most powerful army, most efficient merchant Marines
3. Success through neglect: “benign or salutary neglect” a. Had all of the policies through the Navigation Acts, but didn’t really implement them b. By NOT trying to force and micromanage the economy, the kingdom and its trade were flourishing
4. Sir Robert Walpole: architect of a non-policy a. Born 1676 b. Died 1745 c. Prime Minister from 1715 to 1717 and 1721 to 1742 d. His thinking was that an economic system was much too complex to be micromanaged ii. The Great Awakening in America, ca. 1730-
5. Jonathan Edwards a. He is the first to begin preaching b. Was President of Princeton at one time i. Princeton was a Presbyterian college at the time, most ivy league schools were a religious place to train ministers at that time c. Went from being Puritan to a Presbyterian d. Preached that the in the eyes of God, all me and women were sinners i. Conceived in sin, born in sin, lived in sin, and died in sin ii. The only thing saving them was God’s graceful hands saving them from eternal damnation e. He was very charismatic f. One of his congregants was so upset by the fact that he was not going to be saved (or know he would be saved), and could not stand the torment, that he went home and slit his own throat g. When Edwards was asked if he felt responsibility for frightening this poor soul he said, “I simply speak the revealed truth, the word of God. I take no responsibility for what someone else does with it.”
6. George Whitefield

a. People would go into a clearing into the woods, set up tents and common fires, and would listen to a preacher preach the word of God b. “Sort of like a mosh pit of faith” c. Most of the people going here were young people d. Formalized the contact between young men and young women e. The Great Awakening was not universally received in North America i. The religious groups in North American began splitting

1. Old Lights a. If you didn’t enjoy God’s gifts, you wouldn’t be saved
2. New Lights a. They want the direct experience b. Believed in salvation by works ii. Towns and even families split because of this iii. Set the stage for challenging not only religious authority but political authority
3. There have been about 4 awakenings, this is the first a. 2 nd^ is thought to have occurred in the very last years of the 18th^ century b. 3 rd^ toward the end of the 19thcentury/ beginning of the 20th^ century c. the 4th^ began sometime in the late 1960s iii. His Majesty’s loyal subjects in America: proud of the Empire b. The Seven Years War, 1756- i. Small beginnings in Pennsylvania, 1754 and 1755 ii. The American phrase: “French and Indian War” iii. The larger war and its consequences iv. Most of the Eastern Indian nations are wiped out by the end of the war v. The war bankrupts France vi. Great Britain, although victorious, was also bankrupt vii. Fort Duquesne, 1755
4. Star fort design on only half
5. The other half is blocked by the Ohio and Manogga hill river (can’t stage an attack from either way, makes a perpendicular angle) viii. Lt. Governor Robert Dinwiddie ix. Colonel George Washington
6. About 21 at this point

2. Washington had come into money by inheriting the plantation by an older brother and would soon marry the wealthiest widow in all of Virginia, Martha Custuss
3. Still in “unfinished” gentleman
4. Undertaken a meticulous study of what makes a young man a gentleman a. Unflinching moral and physical courage b. Washington knew nothing about military matters i. He was a ferocious reader ii. Read manuals on the matter c. He was upset because he knew he would never rise above Colonel because he was American born d. Little did he know…
5. Tell the French at fort Duquense that his majesty expects, and requests, they vacate the fort
6. To make sure he has a place to retreat to, Washington oversees the construction of his own fort, Fort Necessity, from the Southwest, the direction of initial French approach
7. Washington is supposed to negotiate with the French and convince them to vacate and go back North of the Ohio
8. On May 28, 1754 , Washington and his troops ambushed a smaller French colony 50 miles from Fort Duquene
9. An overeager trooper fired his musket too early, and the French noble emissary is killed a. “If you’re going to shoot birds, it’s best not to kill doves.”
10. They retreat to Fort Necessity and the French, of course, attack
11. On July 4, 1754 Washington surrenders his force and is marched to Fort Duquene with his men
12. There, he is interrogated a. Washington speaks NO French, and the French officers don’t speak very good English b. The translator was ill and could not be in the room c. Washington unwittingly admits to an assassination because no one can interpret accurately what the Bill of Charges says, yet he signs it anyway d. For the rest of his life, he insists he did not understand what he had signed. He thought he ONLY signed a surrender

e. So great was Frances mercy, he granted Washington and his men “parole” i. They gave their word that they would no longer take up arms against France and they would be allowed to return home x. General Edward Braddock

1. Britain expels the Acadians from the North (upstate NY, Canada) into the 13 colonies and beyond (aka Louisiana)
2. The British wanted Canada
3. On July 9, 1755, Edward Braddock leads a column of British soldiers and several hundred Virginia troops (commanded by Colonel George Washington, despite giving his word to France) cut a road through the dense forest of Pennsylvania a. Wearing their scarlet red coats, beating their cadence b. Washington is horrified by this c. Washington and his Virginians are the only ones with experience with back country fighting d. Washington tries to gently nudge Braddock in the direction of caution such as not using noise and not wearing bright scarlet coats e. It was a formula for ambush along the dense woods f. Braddock told him he was talking nonsense
4. Braddock’s defeat by the French and their Indian allies a. The woods on both sides of the road erupts in fire b. Poor musket fire onto the British c. The road becomes clogged with dead, wounded, and dying men d. One of the first killed is General Braddock e. As British officers drop (French thinking was kill the officers first), the remaining officers begin to make a trail (led by George Washington, who was outwardly fearless), and the British become calm seeing him. He begins giving commands to officers even higher than him f. He was grazed by musket balls but didn’t receive a scratch g. He gives them the command to retrieve General Braddock’s body because he needs a proper, Christian burial

i. As Braddock’s body is being lowered into the trench, Washington calmly reads the burial service (fighting is still going on) ii. He then orders the entire army to go over the grave, not out of disrespect, but so that the French will not find it, exhume the body, and mutilate it. iii. This is what makes Washington’s reputation h. Almost every British soldier was either killed or wounded (877) i. After this, George II realizes this will not be settled peacefully and formally declares war on France. xi. General Montcalm, French Commander

1. He has utter contempt for the troops he leads
2. Young men who had ANY other choice in life, did not become a common solider/enlisted man if you had any other prospects
3. Montcalm had the aristocratic disclaim for the common army
4. Being in command of French Canada, he oversaw Quebec and Montreal, but especially Quebec because it is presumed to be the more vulnerable of the two a. It lies on a plateau at the edge of which is palisade going 100 feet or more into the St. Lawrence valley xii. William Pitt, the Elder
5. George II entrusts the war to his new Prime minister, William Pitt
6. Pitt is a no-nonsense manager
7. He thinks the structure of the military needs new blood and thinking—out with the old, in with the new
8. Pitt reaches over the senior officers heads, and starts cherry picking talent from the younger ranks
9. General Wolfe, English commander a. 30 years old when he is given command of English forces in charge of Quebec b. He is given simple orders, “you will take Quebec, and then Montreal” c. Doesn’t happen because he is killed by the French at 32 d. Proves himself through valor and intelligence e. He lead from the front instead of the back

i. Ascends cliffs leading to Plains of Abraham (St. Lawrence valley) on September 13, 1759 f. His army finds a goat path used by French laundry women g. Montreal finally fell h. France left Canada and ends the 7 years war. France abandons it’s part of North American to Britain i. Hyper-inflation happens in the colony i. Economic crisis lasts for 15 years ii. Nobody actually expected France to collapse so quickly and completely j. Making things worse, King George II had died i. He chose William Pitt as his war master

1. He had a knack for spotting talent and preferred young talent ii. George dies just as Britain is about to take victory over France
2. His brother, George III, takes the throne
3. William Pitt hates George III, and George fires him first thing k. Pitt had also been financing the war i. He knew it was going to be larger, longer, and more expensive ii. The British government raised money for it’s war by selling bonds
4. The problem was, it was almost impossible to make sense of this huge amount of financial arrangement
5. Pitt encouraged a new type of governmental security called “consolidate” iii. Consolidate, consols for short
6. Raises taxes on the British people iv. War ends in 1763
7. What had been “New France” is not Briti0sh Canada
8. No longer does France threaten the Ohio Valley
9. Britain almost has total, non- challenged control of America

4. France is bankrupt, they have also resorted to high taxation and bond issues v. Never have the colonies been taxed directly, until now
5. This came without their agreement and without even consulting them
6. American taxation a. Taxation based on actual representation b. Taxation based on virtual representation c. Actual taxation is to virtual taxation is what reality is to virtual reality d. No American can run for parliament or vote for a member of parliament i. There is no ACTUAL representation for the Americans, there is only virtual representation e. The Royal treasury is broke i. Consols won’t buy bonds because they don’t trust to be paid back ii. Won’t tax the Irish iii. Decide to tax the Americans
7. Stamp Act c. The New Empire’s early years, 1763-65 i. A new mode of policy: from trade to administration ii. Revenue measures: Sugar Act and Stamp Act iii. Colonial responses: beginnings of a serious misunderstanding VI. The Mortality of Empire: Parliament and the American Question, 1763-1775 a. A matter of necessity and principle, 1763-67 i. From trade to administration: money and authority ii. Sugar Act of 1764 and Stamp Act of 1765
8. Stamp Act a. Start stamping paper, taxable paper i. Every transaction has to be on stamped (embossed with the Crown’s stamp) paper ii. Marriage licenses, wills, baptisms etc.
9. A child’s birth, not recorded on stamped paper, is considered bastardry, any other act is considered not binding b. The British tax payer has been staying a stamp tax throughout the war c. 3 different colonies send lobbyists to Parliament/the House of Commons to try and

persuade them not to enact the Stamp Act (the Sugar Act, they understand) d. One of these lobbyists is Benjamin Franklin, he is considered to be charming and convincing, also one of the great intellects of his time e. He is ignored by the King’s party (Tories), Whigs agree with him i. What divides the Whigs and the Tories is how much government should be involved ii. Tories believe economic activity should be regulated to favor the Royal Treasury iii. Whigs believe in free trade f. Ben Franklin asks to be an agent to sell stamped paper

2. Tarring and Feathering a. Good thing Franklin didn’t get the agent job because people would kidnap them, strip them, brush him with hot, semi-molten tar, they would throw feather on him
3. Stamp Act protests quickly become riots
4. By 1766, colonial merchants in North America began the first of the 2 non-importation agreements
5. Non-importation agreement of 1766 a. American will stop importing goods of British origin until Britain appeals the Stamp and Sugar Acts b. Britain appeals the Stamp Act c. This is considered to be a great victory for the Americans i. The Stamp Act, though widely despised in NA, it brought in some money for the government ii. How do you make up for that lost revenue? iii. Americans respond, Parliament reacts, 1765-67 b. The focus shifts to enforcement, 1767-70 i. Townshend Acts, 1767
6. Charles Townshend, 1725-67, Chancellor of the Exchequer
7. Tax on window glass, silk, paint, lead, spices, dyes, etc. a. Products that are mainly marketed to and consumed by the wealthier members of the colonies