Understanding Emotions, Communication, and Cultural Differences: A Comprehensive Guide - P, Study notes of Communication

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Relational conflict – conflict that’s specific to a particular relationship Value conflict – arguing about morals and immorals Emotion – an individual’s feelings Primary and secondary emotions o Primary – base emotions and require ZERO knowledge to experience the emotion (every emotion that’s primary can also be secondary)  Infants – show happiness, crying, sadness, fear, anger  2 year old Kate – hitting snake with stick, fear was a secondary emotion because she had no knowledge o Secondary – have to have knowledge of the emotion  When a child learns about what dying is, sadness can be secondary Social exchange – rewards – cost = outcome Conville's model, -

1. Security -
2. Disintergrate – “what the hell” stage
3. Alienation – when you begin to realize theres a problem
4. Resynthesis Knapp's staircase, Relational dialectics – a relationship is constantly moving, desiring two opposing things at once (see-saw) Perception (4 stages)
5. Selecting and attending
6. Organizating
7. Interpreting
8. Retreiving Reasons why nonverbal communication is powerful, Proxemics – the study of how people use and idenfify their personal space Physical appearance – people prefer to be around attractive people a. As you get to know someone, rating of PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS changes dramatically. Can either increase or decrease b. BABY FACES are rated to be friendlier, more nurturing and more approachable c. CLOTHING can determine how much someone cares about their physical appearance d. DECEIVING (skinny person may have trouble gaining weight) e. PERSONAL ARTIFACTS (piercings, jewelry, tattoos, etc.) o ASSUMPTIONS are made by their appearance Attribution theory - why we assign the reasons to people’s behavior Ethnocentrism - a belief that your culture is the correct and superior to other cultures Low-high context cultures o HC: environmental, age, status, non-verbal communication, extensive networks (rely on more subtle forms of communication; non-verbal) o People do not like saying “no”; EVERYTHING has meaning

o Have to understand culture o Asian cultures are high context o LC: explicit, on the surface, compartmentalize; things are “spelled out” for someone; (most important thing is the language and what is said) o U.S. is LC- we have neighborhood friendships, work friendships, etc.; not how something is said, but what is said Power distance - the degree to which a culture accepts an unequal distribution of power o High PD: accepts and welcomes unequal power; legit hierarchy; dictatorships; does not challenge authority o Low PD: does not accept and welcome unequal power; flattened hierarchy; U.S. is more toward the middle; challenges authority  Fine to question teacher or CEO for example Uncertainty avoidance - how comfortable a culture feels threatened by ambiguous situations o High UA: a country that is intolerant and discouraging of new ideas; they are very concerned with security; there are many rules and regulations; ex: Japan, France, Greece (Things remain the same) o Low UA: very tolerant of new ideas/people; the rules are not necessarily meant to be followed; not very concerned with security; ex: U.S. (because of history of being tolerant with different people/ideas), Great Britain (comfortable with change) Stereotyping - when we think someone belongs to a particular group, they take on all the characteristics associated with the group Self fulfilling prophecy – prediction or expectation about our future behavior that is likely to come true because we believe it will Self concept - is a relatively stable set of perceptions that you hold about yourself. (Physical, emotional, likes, dislikes, talents) Self esteem - the feeling of self worth associated with our self-concept (who we perceive ourselves to be) Reflected appraisial - how we perceive other people to judge us Social comparision - when we use reference groups to help define ourselves Linguistic determinism - language determines our thoughts Linguistic relativity - language INFLUENCES our thoughts Euphamisms - When we substitute less direct language that is too blunt or too direct. (Instead of saying you’re fired, saying your being let go). We use these very often in the English vocabulary. Lots of time when we use these we are trying to push the blame aside. Polarization - the tendencies to define something by what it is not. A huge problem is you’re focusing on what is absent instead of what is there (if you say they’re not smart you mean their dumb). We are missing the middle areas here, the shades of grey. No two people have the same frame of references (sum or our experiences, actions etc.) Johari window,

1. Open – what you and others know
2. Blind – what others know and you dont
3. Hidden – what you know but others don’t
4. Unknown – what there is to be discovered Self disclusion - information about the self, shared intentionally, that would otherwise have trouble finding out without being told Social penetration – how much and what kind of information you reveal in relationships (“onion model”; breadth or depth)