Primary Health Care Exam 1 questions well answered to pass, Exams of Nursing

Download Primary Health Care Exam 1 questions well answered to pass and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Primary Health Care Exam 1 questions

well answered to pass

WHO origin and responsibilities - correct answer ✔✔o An agency of the United Nations founded in 1948 -Identify global health research priorities -Monitor epidemics -Compile health statistics -Evidence based practice Define PACES - correct answer ✔✔Population Action Cooperation Equity Security Population (PACES) - correct answer ✔✔Focus on the exposures and diseases that cause the greatest public health burden and affect large numbers of people in diverse geographic regions cardiovascular disease, drinking water Action (PACES) - correct answer ✔✔Focus on effective, low-cost interventions that prevent illness and injury, diagnose and treat diseases, and alleviate suffering Hunger, HIV medication Cooperation (PACES) - correct answer ✔✔Focus on health concerns that must be addressed through worldwide efforts to share knowledge, tools, and resources air pollution, drug resistant infections

Equity (PACES) - correct answer ✔✔Focus on helping the global poor and addressing social, environmental, and health inequalities mental health, neglected tropical disease/ parasitic disease Security (PACES) - correct answer ✔✔Focus on addressing the health issues most likely to contribute to political and economic instability and conflict violence, emerging infectious diseases Primary intervention - correct answer ✔✔people without disease, preventing disease from occurring vaccinating children, giving vitamin A to prevent blindness Secondary intervention - correct answer ✔✔person with early or non-symptomatic disease, reduce the severity of disease to prevent disability and death checking blood pressure, mammogram Tertiary intervention - correct answer ✔✔person with symptomatic disease, reduce impairment and minimize suffering Physical therapy, extracting teeth with severe decay to alleviate pain Define Health Promotion - correct answer ✔✔Modifying behavior of individuals to improve society at large in order to decrease risk of illness and improve health Define Public Health and its core disciplines - correct answer ✔✔Public Health: promotes health and preventing illness, injury, and early deaths at the population level

-epidemiology -biostatistics -medicine -environmental health -health promotion environmental health (public health core discipline) - correct answer ✔✔the study of the connections between human health and environmental exposures such as air quality, water quality, pathogen transmitting insects, radiation, solid and hazardous waste, etc Epidemiology (public health core discipline) - correct answer ✔✔The study of the distribution of health problems in populations, the risk factors for developing those conditions, and the effectiveness of interventions to address these concerns Biostatistics (public health core discipline) - correct answer ✔✔The science of analyzing health data and interpreting the results so that they can be applied to solving public health problems Health promotion (public health core discipline) - correct answer ✔✔An applied social science that encourages individuals and communities to take steps to improve their own health Medicine (public health core discipline) - correct answer ✔✔focuses on preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problems in individuals and families Alma Ata - correct answer ✔✔Call for the global health community to focus on health of all people of the world/ the importance of providing access and care to underserved populations human rights - correct answer ✔✔entitlements that are due to every person simply because that person is human human needs - correct answer ✔✔having enough food, water, and air to support physiological processes and having sufficient shelter and clothing to protect the body from external exposures

standard of health - correct answer ✔✔the targets that governments set for improving the health of the populations they govern personal health expenses - correct answer ✔✔expenses related to the health of one individual or family paid out of pocket, through private companies/ insurance Examples: paying for a midwife, buying antibiotics/ prescriptions, buying test strips for self-monitoring BG levels public health expenses - correct answer ✔✔expenses related to shared activities that protect a community, nation, or global population Examples: investigating and containing outbreaks, developing evidence-based guidelines for screening chronic diseases, using insecticides in outdoor areas to kill mosquitoes define primary care - correct answer ✔✔first contact and maintenance care services. Assumes responsibility for referral to testing services in response the clients need and cultural values Examples: intramuscular injection of measles vaccine, MD writing a prescription for medication, referring patients to other specialists primary health care - correct answer ✔✔essential healthcare made universally accessible through full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford Examples: community education on vaccines, billboard about a medication and how to access it, policies that require cancer warning labels on cigarettes primary care vs primary healthcare - correct answer ✔✔Primary Care -Clients are individuals and families -Providers are MD, PA, NP, internal medicine, family practice, etc -Roles is diagnosis and treatment of acute/chronic conditions, referrals to specialists, disease prevention, health maintenance, patient education

Primary Health Care -Clients are society/ the population -Providers are nurses, community health workers, people beyond the health care sector, social welfare, housing, education, sanitation workers -Goal is to focus on the well-being of all people/ centered on communities rather than individuals and families essentiality (principle of primary health care) - correct answer ✔✔essential as a population cant do without for a healthy life Primary care · For profit, limited preventative services, service limited by individual resources Primary health care · Publicly driven, universally available to all basic human right, focuses on preventative care community participation (principle of primary health care) - correct answer ✔✔shared group identify and pursue needs Primary care · Provider directed, experts, team leaders Primary health care · Community directed, facilitator, resource, consultant Intersectoral collaboration (principle of primary health care) - correct answer ✔✔Primary care · Exists only within the health care team Primary health care

· Is a key component. Collaborates within and outside the health care team/ disciplines access (principle of primary health care) - correct answer ✔✔available and affordable where people live and work Primary care · Limited by finances and insurance Primary health care · Universally available empowerment (principal of the primary health care) - correct answer ✔✔empowerment of people control their own lives Primary care · Based on an individual's own ability for self-care Primary health care · Based on collective action/ collaboration Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - correct answer ✔✔based off of economics/ targeted socioeconomic development which had direct links to health. when you improve poverty you improve health main goal was to halve extreme poverty by 2015, and was achieved by 2012 · Eradicate poverty and hunger · Achieve universal primary education · Promote gender equality and empower women · Reduce child mortality · Improve maternal health

· Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other disease · Ensure environmental sustainability · Develop a global partnership for development; ensuring fair trade Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - correct answer ✔✔came after the MDGs and the main goals were to end poverty, protect the planet, and promote peace and posterity · No poverty · Zero hunger · Good health and well-being (direct goal that is health focused unlike how MDGs were economically focused) · Quality education · Gender equality · Clean water and sanitation · Affordable and clean energy; stable energy supply · Decent work and economic growth · Industry, innovation, and infrastructure · Reduced inequalities · Sustainable cities and communities (society is becoming more urbanized) · Responsible consumption and production (want to do more and better with less) · Climate action (only one covid-19 helped) · Life below water · Life and land · Peace, justice, and strong institutions · Partnerships for the goals aging index - correct answer ✔✔number of people 65+ years for every 100 children younger than 15 years old

The higher the aging index the more aged the population and the greater the demands for older adult care. Wealthier countries tend to have a higher aging index geronotology - correct answer ✔✔scientific study of the elderly/ old age, the process of aging, and the problems of older adults and the application of this knowledge to policies and programs geriatrics - correct answer ✔✔branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and treatment of disease in older people Age-friendly environments (focus ares of the UN Decade of Healthy Aging) - correct answer ✔✔Realizing not only genes but also the environment impact our physical lives. These environments foster health and well-being and the participation of people as they age combating ageism (focus ares of the UN Decade of Healthy Aging) - correct answer ✔✔Working to improve how we think, feel, and act towards others and ourselves based on age. WHO has created a campaign that aims to change the narrative around age and aging to help create a world for all ages integrated care (focus ares of the UN Decade of Healthy Aging) - correct answer ✔✔Curative, rehabilitative, palliative and end of life care long term care (focus ares of the UN Decade of Healthy Aging) - correct answer ✔✔WHO is establishing foundations for provision of long term care as part of universal health coverage, ensuring quality long term care, and building a maintaining a sustainable trained workforce and supporting unpaid caregivers. Long term care helps reduce inappropriate use of acute healthcare services, help families and caregivers avoid catastrophic care expenditures, allow caregivers to have broader social roles why are older adults considered a vulnerable population - correct answer ✔✔- At risk for poverty due to expensive medical care from failing health and decreased income due to retirement -At risk for neglect and physical, emotional, and financial abuse

gross national income - correct answer ✔✔total income from selling goods and services. Small increases in gross national income and other economic indicators are associated with significant improvements in health status social determinants of health - correct answer ✔✔personal factors and community conditions that enable or hinder access to health examples of social determinants of health/ PROGRESS- Plus Framework - correct answer ✔✔P: Place of residence R: race, ethnicity, culture, and language O: occupation and employment status G: gender and sex R: religion E: education S: socioeconomic status/ position S: social capital (neighborhood, family and social support, community, etc) Plus: age, disability, sexual orientation why might marginalized people/ status lead to poorer health outcomes - correct answer ✔✔o Marginalized people are groups and communities that experience discrimination and exclusion socially, politically, and economically because of unequal power relationships o Might experience poorer health outcomes because they are excluded from mainstream social, economic, educational, and or cultural life human trafficking - correct answer ✔✔the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain labor or commercial sex act who can be a trafficker - correct answer ✔✔Anyone can be a trafficker; family, friends, women, men. Not always driven by socioeconomic disparities

what social determinants facilitate trafficking - correct answer ✔✔poverty, being a female, migration, conflict, lack of policy or lack or enforcement of policy Healthcare system - correct answer ✔✔includes all people, facilities, products, resources and organizational structures that deliver health services to the population Universal health coverage - correct answer ✔✔everyone in a country has access to high-quality health services (including preventative care, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation) Health insurance - correct answer ✔✔Risk management strategy to protect insured people against major financial costs from treatment of a health condition U.S healthcare system vs other high income countries - correct answer ✔✔No universal healthcare coverage leading to private facilities leading to high healthcare spending No government sponsored healthcare system that's paid for through general tax revenue, mandatory payments into a government-run social security, or other types of compulsory contributions Premium - correct answer ✔✔A monthly fee, in order to pay for health insurance Deductible - correct answer ✔✔the amount that an insured person has to pay out of pocket on health care each year in addition to premiums before the insurance company begins paying Copay - correct answer ✔✔A fixed fee, that's paid out of pocket by an insured patient when receiving routine health services co-inusrance - correct answer ✔✔a percentage of the costs of care that's paid out of pocket by an insured patient Medicare - correct answer ✔✔65+ years and those with serious permanent disabilities

Medicaid - correct answer ✔✔Low income citizens Goals of the Affordable Care Act - correct answer ✔✔-make health insurance more affordable and accessible -expand Medicaid to cover all adults with income below 138% of federal poverty line -support innovative medical delivery systems designed to lower costs Goals and reason for HIPPA - correct answer ✔✔Goal: to protect individuals medical records and personal health information and set limits on uses and disclosures of personal health information without a patients permission it gives patients rights over their health information Globalization - correct answer ✔✔The process of countries becoming more integrated and interdependent across economic, political, and cultural domains What are the pros and cons of globalization? - correct answer ✔✔o Pros

• promotes global economic growth
• Potential improvement in employment/job growth
• Learning more about cultures -Increased speed of travel and communication o Cons -Job loss due to movement of companies -Fear/threat to U.S workers -Social injustice for workers (labor trafficking and child labor) -Environmental impacts -Technology being copied or stolen

Health transition - correct answer ✔✔a shift in the health status of a population that usually occurs in conjunction with socioeconomic development Examples of pre-transition vs post-transition - correct answer ✔✔-pre-transition Typical women gives birth to several children, underweight, high maternal mortality rate, environment exposures like unsafe drinking water and polluted air leading to disease, infectious disease is a dominant health concern, low aging index -post-transition Typical women gives birth to one or two children, obesity, low maternal mortality rates, lifestyle factors like smoking and drinking leading to disease, chronic disease are dominant health concerns, high aging index Impact of globalization on healthcare workforce and differences between country income status - correct answer ✔✔o Leads to -medical tourism: traveling for healthcare services in hopes to find a cheaper price for organ transplants, cardiac surgery, etc. The risk of this is post-operative complications, exposure to blood borne pathogens, inconsistent quality measures and care -Brain drain: migration of healthcare professionals train in low/middle income countries to higher paying jobs in high income countries -Unequal distribution of patients per provider; in higher income there are less patients per provider vs low income Western medicine - correct answer ✔✔Also known as biomedicine and focuses on evidenced based treatment, focuses on curing illness. What's practiced in the U.S Non-western medicine - correct answer ✔✔Chinese medicine, India Ayureda, Japanese medicine all normally holistic and focus on preventive care Global nutrition targets - correct answer ✔✔o Reduce stunting, anemia, low birth weights, overweight, and increase only breastfeeding for the first 6 months Stunting - correct answer ✔✔impaired growth and development of children related to poor nutrition and repeated infections, more than 2 Std dev below height for their age

What is the progress in healthy diets - correct answer ✔✔Suboptimal; it differs across wealth and urban vs rural areas What policies are being enacted to improve nutrition - correct answer ✔✔Fortifying foods, improving diets by implementing taxes on sugar, multi-sector action in cities, multi-level community based interventions, growth in data collection What 5 critical steps can improve nutrition worldwide - correct answer ✔✔o Break down silos between malnutrition in all its forms o Priorities and invest in the data needed to use it o Scale up and diversify financing for nutrition o Focus on healthy diets; government need to implement food systems that are healthy, affordable, and accessible o Make and deliver better commitments to end malnutrition in all its forms World food bank - correct answer ✔✔Meeting the demand for food/ a catalyst brining together hundreds of agencies and organizations working toward ending world hunger