Principles and Approaches in Speech-Language Pathology, Exams of Advanced Education

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SLP-PRAXIS (5331) PREPARATION

Justin is a highly unintelligible 4-year-old boy. He has difficulties producing /w/, /t/, /d/, and /th/. If you were to treat him using a least phonological knowledge approach, your first target sound in therapy would be:________ - /th/ Patients who exhibit _________ have difficulty making nonspeech sounds, and cannot move the muscles of the throat, soft palate, and tongue for nonspeech purposes: - oral apraxia In ________ otitis media, the infection continues over a long period and the tympanic membrane is permanently ruptured. - chronic Examples of secondary stuttering include... - quivering of the nostrils hard blinking Danielle's father is concerned because her peers in preschool make fun of her speech. Danielle has normal receptive language and enjoys conversing with others. You share with her father that a 4-year-old child should be _____% intelligible - 90-100% When carcinoma affects the cricoid and trachea, the damage is.... - subglottic In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, the patient has more... - cognition problems

language problems A patient arrives at an acute care hospital in order to have open heart surgery. After the surgery he complains about change in vocal quality and the SLP is consulted. He presents with an excessively high-pitched voice. What is the most likely cause of his change in vocal quality? - Damage of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (part of Cranial Nerve 10) during surgery. Do normal adults aspirate during swallow? - Yes. Everyone aspirates without realizing it, a little each day. Social interactionist theorists believe that... - the structure of human language may have arisen from language's social communicative function in human relations Which of the following characteristics distinguish autism from Aperger's syndrome? - Lower IQ and lower language skills in autism; the reverse in Asperger's syndrome Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for innervating the larynx?

• Cranial Nerve X When we assess culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students, we need to remember that federal law specifically mandates which of the following treatment

guidelines? - Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient. A 65-year-old man with presbycusis comes to you complaining that when he is in social situations such as parties, people don't speak loudly enough. He says that the noise creates a problem for him in hearing what people are saying. With what does this client have difficulty? - signal-to-noise ratio In developing a test with 100 items, a test developer correlates responses to the first 50 items with responses to the last 50 items. What is this intended to evaluate? - Split-half reliability In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach? - The Inductive method A speech-language pathologist is holding a conference with the family of a 16-year-old girl with severe language-learning disabilities. The girl reads at a 3rd-grade level and has been in special education placements since 1st-grade. The speech-language pathologist tells the family, in a kind way, that their goal of their daughter attending medical school is unattainable. The family lashes out in anger against the speech- language pathologist, saying that he is wrong, pessimistic, and negative about their daughter and her abilities. In this situation, the family is utilizing which defense mechanism? - Displacement Which term describes a child's ability to mentally sort speech stimuli or remember what he or she has heard? - Auditory memory In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes which of the following? - Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling What is the procedure that uses a pulsing light to permit the optical illusion of slow- motion viewing of the vocal folds? - Stroboscopy True or False? Some forms of dementia are reversible, especially in their early stages. - True. True or False? In right hemisphere syndrome, language is more severely impaired than communication. - False. With a typically developing child who speaks English as a second language, approximately how long does it take for basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers? - 2 years Which one of the following is a homophonous pair? sheep--beep man--ban pan--fan honey--money list--gist - man--ban

It would be considered ethical for a speech-language pathologist to do which of the following? - Make a reasonable statement of prognosis when the husband of a woman with aphasia asks about his wife's potential for improvement The term coarticulation refers to which of the following? - The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds At what age should a typically developing child be able to understand agent-action relationships? - 3-4 years How do most professionals generally categorize cerebral palsy? - Ataxic, athetoid, and spastic types A child's speech analysis suggests the phonological process of consonant-cluster reduction. Which of the following is the word you would most likely put on a word list used for treatment? - stopped Brutten and Shoemaker hypothesized that stuttering, as they defined it, is... - is caused by classically conditioned negative emotion A 67-year-old man comes to you for an evaluation. He states that his voice has been getting "weaker" for the last 5 or 6 months. During oral peripheral examination, you find that he has fasciculations (tremors) of the tongue and some general facial weakness. What is the first thing you do? - Refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation A kindergarten teacher refers Tomiko to you for a speech-language screening. Tomiko's first language is Japanese, and she has been exposed to English for 8 months in school. The teacher is concerned because he thinks that Tomiko "has a speech problem." Which one of the following patterns (in English) would you not expect to find in a student who speaks Japanese? - Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key) What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the Eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing? - the Tensor palatini Functional communicative behaviors are... - behaviors that promote communication in natural settings Which of the following statements is false regarding Public Law 99-457? A. It increased federal support for services to children with disabilities 3 to 6 years of age and provided funding for infants and toddlers. B. It requires the development of individualized family service plans. C. It allows at-risk preschool children (not just those with documented disabilities) to be eligible for special education services. D. It requires states to report preschool children by disability category. E. It was intended to provide early intervention that would reduce the number of children requiring special education services in later years. - D. is false

Broad phonemic transcription involves which of the following? - The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g., /f/) Which of the following is an example of an entity + locative? - Juice [in] glass What are the cartilages that are cone-shaped and are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called? - Cuneiforms Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound in the larynx? - the internal thyroarytenoids (or the thyrovocalis) Nicole, a voice major, is having problems raising the pitch of her voice. Her speech- language pathologist recommends that she lengthen and tense her vocal folds to increase her pitch. Which muscle is involved in achieving this goal? - Cricothyroid Which cranial nerve innervates the larynx and the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles? - Cranial Nerve X, the vagus nerve Speech sounds are classified in various ways. Select the statement that is correct according to the classification mentioned in each answer. A. Voicing makes a distinction between vowels and consonants. B. The cognate pairs distinction is based on the place of articulation. C. Among others, speech sounds bilabials and labiodentals are based on the manner of articulation. D. Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of articulation. E. Among others, speech sounds glides and stops are based on the place of articulation. - D. is the correct statement. Select the two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission. - Mass and elasticity Sensitivity to sound of the normal ear of a young adult is limited to - 20 to 20,000 Hertz (Hz) Octave - An indication of the interval between two frequencies The ~ mark, when placed above a phoneme, indicates that the phoneme is usually... - non-nasal and has become nasalized A clinician is gathering a language sample from a child who says, "The book was read by the boy." This is an example of what type of sentence? - Passive Fast mapping - The ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it (JCQ)

According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age? - 1. Heuristic 2. imaginative 3. interactional

4. personal Approximately when is the past tense regular -ed mastered by typically developing children? - 24 to 26 months (about age of 2 y) In June, you are asked to assess the language skills of Tony, a boy with Down syndrome. He is 4 years 9 months old, and his parents tell you that they want him to begin kindergarten in September when he turns 5. You assess Tony's receptive and expressive language skills, and you find that he has an average mean length of utterance of 3.0. He has an expressive vocabulary of 300 words. He over-regularizes past tense inflections and sustains a topic of conversation approximately 20% of the time. What do you tell Tony's parents? - Tony's language skills are generally commensurate (equal to or proportional with) with those of a 2- to 3-year-old child, and starting kindergarten in September would be difficult for him. The concrete operations stage as delineated by Piaget states that the child - employs logical causality Those professionals who conduct language treatment according to the principles of the behavioral theory do what? A. Focus treatment sessions around Vygotsky's principles B. Assess cognitive precursors to language and facilitate the development of those precursors C. Focus treatment on auditory processing skills D. Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement E. Focus on increasing children's syntactic skills - D. Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement Which problems might you expect to be associated with children who come from homes containing neglect, abuse, or both? - Mothers' reluctance to engage/interact with their infants You are working in a public school, and a distraught parent calls you. She states that her son, who was prenatally exposed to drugs, has been denied special education services in the past, including speech-language intervention. Why may children who are prenatally exposed to drugs be denied services in public schools? - Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures. You have been referred an adolescent boy for language evaluation. The teacher is concerned that the boy's academic performance is suffering because of his limited language skills. Among other language features, you would be especially interested in assessing which of the following? A. The production of morphologic features B. The production of concrete but longer words C. Inappropriate turn taking D. Inability to initiate topics of conversation E. Production and comprehension of words with abstract

and multiple meanings - E. Production and comprehension of words with abstract and multiple meanings Which is not characteristic of standardized tests used with children who have potential language-learning disabilities? - Standardized tests must be used as a sole measure for making clinical judgments regarding the client. Which is/are a characteristic of standardized tests used with children who have potential language-learning disabilities? A. They yield quantitative measures such as language age, percentile, and standard deviation. B. All standardized tests sample subjects, but few sample all segments of the population. C. Standardized tests, even if they sample subjects adequately, tend to sample individual behaviors inadequately. D. Many standardized child language tests do not adequately sample and represent students from linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds. - All of the above are characteristics. Discrete trial procedure - Is the most researched procedure, and is useful in establishing target behaviors, but it may not promote generalization to natural settings. You have been asked to supervise a student clinician who has never worked in an early intervention setting before. The clinician has assessed many elementary-age children but has no experience assessing the language skills of infants and toddlers. As you instruct this student, which of the following would you not recommend to her in testing infants and toddlers? - I would not recommend: to avoid working with a multidisciplinary team because that may only confuse and distract the child. What would be the best task a clinician could use to assess a school-age child's morphological skills? - Evoke grammatical features by telling a story through relevant pictures, and then ask the child to use the pictures to retell the story. Laura, a 14-year-old girl, is referred to you by her teachers at the middle school. On the referral form, the teachers indicate that Laura seems to have "excellent grammar but has problems defining words and understanding idioms; also, Laura uses many words like thing and stuff; she has difficulty finding the exact word she needs." What kinds of skills would you target for assessment? - Semantic skills The therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish which of the following? - Production of a phoneme in isolation A speech-language pathologist's role in tongue thrust or oral myofunctional therapy currently may include which of the following? A. None; speech-language pathologists do not work with those clients. B. Working as a consultant to a dentist, orthodontist, and physician, but not being a part of the actual team that provides services. C. Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech. D. Recommending specific orthodontic treatment for children with dental problems related to tongue thrust. E. Helping orthodontists decide how long

children with tongue thrust-related speech problems should wear braces. - C. Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech. Which articulation therapy approach emphasizes both the syllable as the basic unit of speech and the concept of phonetic environment? - McDonald's sensory-motor approach Which of the following statements regarding dental deviations is false? A. Skeletal malocclusion involves deviations in the shape and dimensions of the mandible and maxilla. B. Dental malocclusion involves deviations in the positioning of individual teeth. C. In Class I malocclusion, the arches themselves are generally aligned properly; however, some individual teeth are misaligned. D. In Class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded. E. Overjet occurs when a child has a Class II malocclusion and the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. - D. Which of the following statements regarding treatment of children with articulatory or phonological disorders is false? A. The distinctive features approach is used to find a child's underlying patterns (e.g., problems with the feature of nasality) and to train one or several sounds in that pattern with the hope that generalization to other sounds in that pattern will occur. B. Hodson and Paden's cycles approach involves treating children with phonological disorders in cycles in which the child is trained to a criterion of mastery for error patterns such as final-consonant deletion and fronting. C. Irwin and Weston's paired stimuli approach uses key words to teach the production of sounds in other contexts. D. Some children benefit from phonological awareness treatment to increase their explicit awareness of the sound structure of language. E. McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach is based on the assumption - E. McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach is based on the assumption that the syllable, not the isolated phoneme, is the basic unit of speech production and thus therapy should begin at the syllable level. When two vowel sounds are combined (e.g., /ei/ in shake and lace), a continuous change in the shape of the vocal tract occurs. These sounds are called - diphthongs The phoneme /k/ sounds the same perceptually to the listener; however, it is produced in a slightly different manner in the words kitten, bucket, and cook. These variations of the /k/ phoneme are called - allophones A professor of phonetics explains to her undergraduate students that the /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/ phonemes are - stops (plosives) The /z/ in zoo is produced by severely constricting the oral cavity and then forcing the air through it, creating a hissing or friction-type of noise. When a person is using this manner of articulation, he/she is using - fricatives

A silent prolongation is - the same as an articulatory posture without voicing Select the statement that is true of the response cost method. A. A token is given for every fluent speech production. B. Twenty tokens are given for good speech at the beginning of the treatment session. C. A token is presented for each utterance that is produced at a reduced rate of speech. D. The fluent productions are counted during treatment, and the same number of tokens are given at the end of the session. E. A token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each dysfluency. - Answer: E. A token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each dysfluency. You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when the dysfluencies in speech reach - 5% of the words spoken In correctly administering the pause-and-talk (timeout) procedure to reduce stuttering, what would you do immediately following a stutter? - Give a signal to stop talking, avoid eye contact for 5 seconds, reestablish the eye contact, and then ask the client to continue. What have studies on the incidence and prevalence of stuttering shown? - Stuttering is evident in most (if not all) societies studied Distinguishing features of neurogenic stuttering include - dysfluencies on function words and in imitated speech, lack of adaptation, minimal or no effect of masking noise. There is not anxiety about speech or extreme avoidance of speaking situations. Variations in vocal frequency, or frequency perturbation, are known as - jitter When a person has vocal nodules, the vocal folds vibrate at a slower rate because of - increased mass The Blom-Singer prosthetic device is used by laryngectomees to - shunt/push the air from the trachea to the esophagus so that the patient can speak on pulmonary air that enters the esophagus A patient with a double voice, which is the perception of two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation, has - diplophonia Injecting botulinum toxin (Botox) directly into one or both vocal folds (thyroarytenoid muscles) has been used for which of the following voice conditions? - spasmodic dysphonia (SD) A specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round 21-25 mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against her patient's posterior pharyngeal wall. Next, the specialist maneuvers the mirror to view the laryngeal

structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing "eeee." This procedure is known as - indirect laryngoscopy A thrombus is a - stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood You are developing a treatment plan for a 30-year-old man who sustained traumatic brain injury in an auto accident. Premorbidly, this man had excellent language skills; he had a graduate degree in linguistics and was a college lecturer. Among several others, which set of goals and procedures would you select in treating this person? - I would give such signals as "listen carefully," "I am going to say something different now," and "pay attention to what I am about to say" to improve attention to communication. What is true about Broca's aphasia? - It is often, though not always, caused by damage to Brodman's areas 44 and 45. A 70-year-old man who recently had a single left hemisphere stroke has been referred to you. The referring neurologist suggested possible damage to Broca's area and the surrounding tissue. Your initial conversation reveals an impaired oral sensation and a general awareness of his problems. The patient spoke at a deliberately slow rate; he made many speech errors that were highly variable; his automatic speech was relatively unaffected; and he often substituted voiceless speech sounds for voiced ones. What would be your suspected diagnosis and assessment strategy for this patient? - Suspecting apraxia of speech, I would assess in detail speech production problems, including imitated, evoked, and repetitive productions of phonemes, syllables, shorter and longer words, phrases, and sentences, as well as automatic and spontaneous productions, and so forth. Because of improved treatment for HIV infection, patients are now living longer. However, as they live longer, some are prone to dementia due to that infection. Select the statement that is true of the AIDS dementia complex. - The onset is slow, but deterioration is rapid in the final stages; tremors, seizures, gait problems, facial nerve paralysis, incontinence, and confusion, depression, hallucinations, delusions, and mutism in the final stage characterize the AIDS dementia complex. Repetition skills are better preserved in - transcortical motor aphasia Select the statement that is true of conduction aphasia... - It is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation. A fourth-grade teacher refers José to you. José speaks Tagalog. He and his family have been living in the United States for 3 years, and José has been enrolled in U.S. schools for that whole time. However, he has been sick a great deal and has missed many days of school. The family is helpful, and José's parents do their best to do assignments with him at home. However, their conversational English is limited, and they do not read or write in English at all. When you talk to the teacher, she states that José has friends and gets along well in the classroom. However, he especially struggles in the area of

reading. The school team meets and decides to utilize an RtI (response to intervention) approach to discern whether José has a language and experiential difference or a language-learning disability. What is likely to happen in the RtI model? - José's teacher will use scientifically based instruction in the regular education setting to provide him with additional reading support. If this is insufficient to improve his performance, the special education team will evaluate him for special education services. You have been assigned to a school district where many of the children come from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. You have attended some workshops on culturally sensitive and valid assessment of the language skills of these students. What are you likely to remember from your workshops? - The development of formal tests has grown out of a framework that is Western, literate, and middle class You have received a report about Phuong, a Vietnamese child who has transferred from another school district. Among other things, one of the reports in his file states that his English manifests patterns of interference or transfer from Vietnamese. You remember that interference or transfer refers to... - an error in a student's second language that is directly produced by the influence of the first language Pablo is a Spanish-speaking third grader who is in the process of learning English. His parents came to the United States 1 year ago from Mexico. His classroom teacher refers him for a speech evaluation, saying that Pablo "sounds different—I think he may need speech therapy." When you evaluate Pablo's speech, you hear the following patterns. Which one of them would When you evaluate Pablo's speech, you hear the following patterns. Which one of them would not be typical for a Spanish-speaking student in terms of predictable productions based on Spanish influence? - ch/f substitutions (e.g., chan/fan) A teacher has referred a fifth-grade girl to you for a speech-language evaluation. She is from Laos; she and her family are refugees and have been in the United States for 8 months. Because the girl has lived in refugee camps most of her life, her schooling in Laos was limited. The teacher is concerned because the girl is "slow to catch on" in class. What would be the best combination of assessment techniques to use with this girl? - Dynamic assessment, language samples in Laotian, and observations of the girl's interactions with family members and peers A 73-year-old Cantonese-speaking gentleman, Mr. Fung, has had a stroke. You are seeing him for therapy in an outpatient rehabilitation setting. He is recovering both his Cantonese and English skills, but you are conducting therapy in English only. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on Mr. Fung's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Cantonese and not necessarily by his current neurological status? A. "He not have no most money in his pocket." B. "She coming over here now." C. "We don't no done got to have breakfast now." D. "It be fine with me." E. "I done axed them for help." - B.

You are working with a 7-year-old Spanish-speaking girl, Rosa, who is in the process of learning English as a second language. Which of the following would not be typical for her in terms of predictable productions based on Spanish influence? A. Insertion of schwa before word-initial /s/ clusters B. Devoicing of final consonants C. b/v substitutions D. v/f substitutions in medial position of words E. d/th substitutions (e.g., dis/this) - D. An infant with a cleft palate will most likely have hearing problems because of... - eustachian tube dysfunction Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are - the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented Popular forms of amplification today include hearing aids and cochlear implants. Which one of the following is not true about these devices? - Cochlear implants deliver amplified sound to the ear canal, whereas hearing aids deliver electrical impulses (converted from sound) directly to the auditory system. A father comes to you regarding his daughter, who is 8 months old. The daughter's hearing loss is bilateral, and she is profoundly deaf. The father states that he wishes for his daughter, as she grows older, to "fit in with children with normal hearing." He is interested in any possible amplification and says that he wants his daughter to lead a life that is "as normal as possible." Which training approach would best fit this father's wishes? - Aural/oral method You refer a patient to an audiologist because you suspect that the patient might have a hearing loss. You ask the audiologist to inform you about the patient's threshold of hearing for selected frequencies. In response to your request, the audiologist will... - tell you the intensity at which tones are faintly heard at least 50%-60% of the time in a spondee word test What is the purpose of screening? - It helps determine whether a client needs a more complete assessment. Select the statement that is true. A. To encourage clients to seek treatment, prognosis should always be stated in optimistic terms. B. Prognosis should be stated based on assessment data and available research and clinical data. C. Prognosis always refers to what happens if treatment is not offered. D. It is not necessary to offer prognostic statements to all clients. E. Cultural and religious factors are unimportant in making prognostic statements. - B. Select the statement that is true of speech-language sampling. A. Ask as many yes/no questions as possible. B. To avoid the influence of familiarity, ask parents not to bring stimuli from home. C. Ask multiple questions at the same time to see which questions are answered. D. Frequently repeat what the child says. E. Use pictures and objects with adults so that the procedure is standard across clients. - D.

Null hypothesis... - says that there is no relationship between two variables being studied A researcher who was developing a new test of language acquisition in children correlated the scores of children studied with the scores on an established test of known validity. What kind of validity is this? - Concurrent validity An investigator carries out a study to answer the question whether an increased rate of sibling speech causes an increase in the frequency of stuttering in children. After pretesting rates of stuttering in selected children and the speech rate of their siblings, the investigator tells the siblings in the control group to speak as they normally would at home. She tells the siblings in the experimental group to speak much more rapidly than they would at home. In this study, what is the dependent variable? - Rates of stuttering in the children in both the groups What would you call an experimental design involving one or a few subjects? - Single- subject experimental design Which of the following statements is not true about single-subject designs? A. The A phase is the treatment phase. B. These designs are experimental in nature. C. They are useful in establishing treatment efficacy. D. The multiple-baseline design avoids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. E. A disadvantage of single-subject designs is that they cannot efficiently predict the behavior of groups of individuals. - A. In Appleton City, a speech-language pathologist has a thriving private practice composed heavily of non-native speakers of English. This clinician, Jason, works to help his clients increase their intelligibility in English for business purposes. One way that Jason evaluates the success of the accent training he provides for these clients is to rate their overall intelligibility of speech before they start accent training and then again after 12 weeks of training. He finds that the clients appreciate these before-and- after measures of their progress. After serving a number of accent clients, Jason realizes that a potential problem with his before-and-after intelligibility ratings is that he has become accustomed to the clients' speech as he has gotten to know them; this could be affecting the "after" intelligibility rating. Jason goes to a local university and selects three speech-language pathology graduate students - There is low interjudge reliability. A type of research in which independent variables have occurred in the past and the investigator tries to find potential causes of the dependent variables is called - ex-post facto research What is one difficulty with cross-sectional studies? - The investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.

A measure of variability denoting the extent to which scores deviate from the mean or average score is called the - Standard deviation A clinician who is using a client-centered approach to counsel a client with a communicative disorder will... - respond with acceptance and empathic listening to both the content and the feeling of what the client is saying Public Law 94-142, the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975, was later reauthorized and retitled as - The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) What is the surgical method of cleft palate repair that involves raising two bipedicled flaps of mucoperiosteum, bringing them together, and attaching them to close the cleft?

• Von Langenbeck surgical method Which of the following is a condition in which the surface tissues of the soft or hard palate fuse but the underlying muscle or bone tissues do not? - Submucous clefts or occult cleft palate Although most swallowing disorders are assessed and managed by speech-language pathologists (SLPs), some disorders are not treated by SLPs. Among the following choices, which set of symptoms suggest that SLPs should not treat them? - Difficulty in passing the bolus through the cricopharyngeal muscle, formation of diverticulum (outward-growing pouches, like a hernia), backflow of food to larynx (laryngopharyngeal reflux or LPR) Different aphasia types share common features of communication impairments. Therefore, a clinician who is interested in making a typological diagnosis needs to fully understand the unique features of each type. Among the following statements, which correctly helps distinguish the two types contrasted? A. Auditory comprehension in patients with conduction aphasia is poor, whereas it is excellent in patients with transcortical sensory aphasia. B. Articulation skills are poor in Wernicke's aphasia patients and excellent in Broca's aphasia patients. C. Mixed transcortical is the most severe form of aphasia, whereas the global aphasia only affects word output. D. Grammatical structures are impaired in patients with Wernicke's aphasia, whereas they are intact in patients with Broca's aphasia. E. Transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aph - E. You have just assessed an 85-year-old man with a high school education, significant hearing loss, poor motor skills, and uncontrolled blood pressure. Your diagnosis is global aphasia. During your counseling at the end of assessment, his wife asks, "What is the prognosis for improvement in communication skills?" What would be an appropriate answer? A. Prognosis is good for significant improvement in communication, provided he receives 3 months of therapy. B. Prognosis is guarded (questionable/unsure), but I recommend a period of trial therapy, at the end of which I will have a better idea. C. Prognosis is excellent, as long as you help sustain

improvement gained in therapy. D. Prognosis is unfavorable, so we do not recommend therapy. E. Prognosis is very good if he regularly attends therapy. - B. With different types of dysarthria, a differential diagnosis may be challenging. The clinician needs to know the unique features of each type. Obviously, each type may be contrasted on more than one feature, but which of the following statements correctly contrast two types to help make a differential diagnosis? A. Excessive and even stress helps distinguish ataxic dysarthria from hyperkinetic dysarthria with its equal stress. B. Imprecise production of consonants helps distinguish hyperkinetic dysarthria from hypokinetic dysarthria, which is characterized by distorted vowels. C. Impression of drunken speech found in mixed dysarthria helps distinguish it from ataxic dysarthria, in which that characteristic is absent. D. Excess loudness variations of flaccid dysarthria distinguish it from the monoloudness of hyperkinetic dysarthria. E. Severe and widespread hypernasality of hypokinetic dysarthria distinguishes it from - A. You have been asked to evaluate a kindergartener, Tommy, who is 5 years old. He attends a public school. According to Tommy's teacher, Tommy "is real quiet; when he talks, he usually only says 2 or 3 words at a time. I don't know if he will outgrow this or whether he is just shy, or what." The teacher is concerned because it is April of Tommy's kindergarten year, and she is wondering if his oral language skills will be sufficient for first grade in the fall. You screen Tommy and also observe him in the classroom, on the playground at recess, and in the school cafeteria at lunchtime. You find that Tommy rarely interacts with his peers and eats and plays alone. He does not appear to have any friends. When you talk with Tommy's parents, they tell you that Tommy did not speak his first word until he was almost 2 years old and did not put words together until he was over 3 years old. Tommy's parents state that "he has alw - Fast mapping You have been asked to evaluate a kindergartener, Tommy, who is 5 years old. He attends a public school. According to Tommy's teacher, Tommy "is real quiet; when he talks, he usually only says 2 or 3 words at a time. I don't know if he will outgrow this or whether he is just shy, or what." The teacher is concerned because it is April of Tommy's kindergarten year, and she is wondering if his oral language skills will be sufficient for first grade in the fall. You screen Tommy and also observe him in the classroom, on the playground at recess, and in the school cafeteria at lunchtime. You find that Tommy rarely interacts with his peers and eats and plays alone. He does not appear to have any friends. When you talk with Tommy's parents, they tell you that Tommy did not speak his first word until he was almost 2 years old and did not put words together until he was over 3 years old. Tommy's parents state that "he has alw - 6 words, 8 morphemes You have been asked to evaluate a kindergartener, Tommy, who is 5 years old. He attends a public school. According to Tommy's teacher, Tommy "is real quiet; when he talks, he usually only says 2 or 3 words at a time. I don't know if he will outgrow this or whether he is just shy, or what." The teacher is concerned because it is April of Tommy's kindergarten year, and she is wondering if his oral language skills will be

sufficient for first grade in the fall. You screen Tommy and also observe him in the classroom, on the playground at recess, and in the school cafeteria at lunchtime. You find that Tommy rarely interacts with his peers and eats and plays alone. He does not appear to have any friends. When you talk with Tommy's parents, they tell you that Tommy did not speak his first word until he was almost 2 years old and did not put words together until he was over 3 years old. Tommy's parents state that "he has alw - Morphology, specifically difficulty with comparatives and superlatives Your evaluation shows that Tommy is very quiet in conversations; he often does not reply, answer questions, or make comments on other people's utterances. He has difficulty maintaining conversations with others in general. This shows difficulty with...? - Discourse skills When the clinician screens Tommy's language skills, she finds that he says things like "I went store Mom's car, bought apples." This utterance has __ words, ___ morphemes. - 7 words, 9 morphemes The clinician decides to conduct a thorough language assessment. She gathers a language sample and discovers that Tommy says things like "more big" instead of "bigger" and "most nice" instead of "nicest." This reflects difficulty in the area of... - morphology; specifically, difficulty with comparatives and superlatives As previously stated, Tommy has no friends and generally eats and plays alone. His teacher reports that she has seen other children approach Tommy and try to talk with him, but Tommy does not engage in conversation or respond appropriately to topics introduced by the other children. This reflects specific difficulty in the area of A. use of indirect speech acts B. morphosyntactic skills C. discourse skills D. use of semantic categories E. use of figurative language - C. discourse skills Suzanne is brought to you displaying the symptoms of hypotonia, imprecise articulation, and intellectual disability. Her mother shares that she eats excessively and she is worried because Suzanne is overweight and being teased by her peers. This child has:

• Prader-Willi Syndrome Vascular disease is the ____ most common cause of neurocognitive disease (NCD) - Second There is a higher number of people with stroke, hypertension, and obesity in the following populations:_____. This can cause cerebrovascular disease. - AA, NA, and Latino populations focal, multifocal, and diffuse - focal- occurs in a small, specific location multifocal- occurs in multiple, specific locations diffuse- occurs over a widespread area transient ischemic attack (TIA) - -a warning sign before an oncoming stroke.

What are some risk factors for a cardiovascular attack (CVA)? - -advancing age - hypertension -diabetes -smoking -obesity -high cholesterol -Hereditary: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalophy (very small pop.) hyperlipidemia - -abnormal levels of fats (lipids) in the blood-causes occlusion Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration is the _____ highest cause of dementia - third Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration is a syndrome of __________ dementia. - semantic dementia Semantic - general world knowledge meaning of things that you see The symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) overlap with ______________. - Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration If frontal lobe declines first in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, than there is a behavioral variant. If posterior lobe declines first, then there is a ___________ variant. - Language variant. __________ was frequently misdiagnosed as Parkinson's Disease. - Lewy body dementia Neurocognitive diseases with Lewy Bodies are usually diagnosed with a Parkinsonian Disorder or Parkinsonism (symptoms that look like Parkinson's). Lewy Bodies is primarily _______. - cortical Extrapyramidal movement disorder (connected with Lewy Bodies) - -Fluctuating cogn with pronounced variations in attention and alertness -Recurrent hallucinations that are well formed and detailed -Spontaneous features of parkinsonism w/ cogn decline confusional episodes - -not caused by drugs or alcohol -random bouts of confusion with acute onset You are working in a hospital with a boy named Luke whose medical chart indicates that he has a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are damaged. Which of the following muscles help in velopharyngeal closure? - Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe is located on the - precentral gyrus syncope - fainting

Describe Parkinson's disease - -pathology is primarily basal ganglia -motor symptoms are present before cognitive decline -more males > females -risks include exposure to pesticides and herbicides Which of the following statements is false? A. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to comprehending spoken language. B. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus. C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex. D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature. E. The pyramidal system consists of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. - D. An 8-year old girl, Tina, is referred to you because she reportedly has difficulty with the lingua-alveolar voiceless fricative. You can predict that in therapy you will address which sound? - /s/ What are the most commonly described suprasegmentals or prosodic features that affect speech production? - Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture A school speech-language pathologist is working with adult accent clients who speak English as a second language. She is teaching her clients the difference between stressed English as a second language. She is teaching her clients the difference between stressed and unstressed syllables. She teaches them that stressed syllables are ... - longer and higher in pitch Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similar- sounding words like "I scream" and "ice cream," she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called - juncture a TBI is... - an abrupt external force on the skull and the brain when -a moving object strikes the head -the moving head strikes an object (moving slower or stationary) -the brain is severely shaken through sudden acceleration of head *includes shaken baby syndrome whiplash >>excludes stroke, birth defects, neurologic disorders, metabolic disorders, and urologic conditions Recovery of TBI is based on ____ and ____. - Severity and neuroplasticity Posttraumatic amnesia - is a state of confusion that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which the injured person is disoriented and unable to remember events that occur after the injury. The person may be unable to state their name, where they are, and what time it is. A man has lost consciousness due to a TBI for over 24 hours. What does this signify? - Higher risk for cognitive decline

TBI risk factors - male > female age: babies fall, elderly fall substance abuse socioeconomic status personality type school adjustment and social history (bullying) history of TBI participation in high-risk sports At the moment of impact in a TBI, the brain... - 1. accelerates 2. rotates 3. compresses

4. expands coup and contrecoup - a coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit. grey matter is made up of _______ - dendrites white matter is made up of ______ - axons TBI results in the ___, ___, and ____ of the cerebral tissue. - compression tension shearing Describe open head injury or penetrating brain injuries - -often caused by missiles, projectiles, and falls -cranium is opened; meninges or brain tissue is exposed -skull is depressed or fractured -foreign substances usually enter the brain -Focal but can be Diffuse -body will try to heal itself around the object that penetrated the body. A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process - rarefaction You are conducting therapy with Jennifer, a teenager who has a language impairment. You are especially addressing her skills in the area of cohesion because her teachers and parents report that this is an area of difficulty for her. Cohesion is defined as - ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another Describe Closed Head injuries - -most common type of injury -non-penetrating - meninges remain intact -skull may be fractured -classified as Acceleration or Non- acceleration injuries -Diffuse damage The concrete operations stage of cognitive development, defined by Piaget, occurs at what ages? - Ages 7- According to Brown's stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical child? - Contractible auxiliary ex. Daddy's drinking juice. Maria's driving the car. --> use of 's and -ing Non-acceleration injuries occur when... - -something hits the head while the head was still/not moving -localized damage

Angular type of acceleration injuries - -these are more serious types of acceleration injuries -diffuse axonal injury comminuted injury - skull is broken into several pieces due to TBI What are some secondary consequences of TBI? - 1. increased intracranial pressure 2. cerebral edema 3. traumatic hydrocephalus (drowning in fluids) 4. hematomas 5. infections 6. cerebral ischemia 7. cerebral vasospasm 8. alterations in the blood-brain barrier hematomas - when blood collects in parts of the brain Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function? - Why doggy bark? -heuristic function: used to solve problems and make judgements quickly A clinician assesses an adolescent whose discourse skills are limited. The clinician's treatment goals would most likely involve which of the following? - Increased conversational skills over a wide range of topics while interacting with peers You have been asked to evaluate the language skills of a 6-year-old child who is having difficulty in her first-grade classroom. When you are evaluating her, you notice that she says things like "Her no eat candies." This utterance is an example of... - 4 words, 5 morphemes, personal pronoun + negative + verb + plural noun A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is fed up with his bossiness and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like "Take me to Chuck E. Cheese" or "Get me Mario Cart Wii." The father would like intervention to help his son say things like "I wonder if we could get Mario Cart Wii at the store?" instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy's facility with - indirect requests You are working with a 2-year-old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9-month-old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include - use of functional words in one-word utterances You work in early intervention with a child who uses holophrastic speech. This child - uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings

Differentiate between verbal paraphasias and neologistic paraphasias. - Verbal paraphasias are those in which another word is substituted for the target word. The substitution must be a real word. If it is not, the paraphasia is classified as neologistic. Flaccid dysarthria - result of injury to lower motor neurons (cranial nerves) Spastic dysarthria - A result of injury to the upper motor neurons Cranial nerves and Swallowing - oral phase and pharyngeal phase are controlled by cranial nerves neurocognitive deficits due to dementia - memory deficits EF deficits personality change muscle change movement deficits attention and perceptual deficits neurocognitive deficits due to TBI are - -coma -amnesia -wounds -gait and ambulation - hearing and visual disturbances -seizure activity -neuroimaging and neuropsychological reports Tests for Cognitive-linguistic functioning - Clinical Evaluation for Language Fundamentals (CELF) Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery Woodcock Johnson Test of Cognitive Abilities Comprehensive Assess. of Spoken Language (CASL) Test of Memory and Language (TOMAL) Test of Adolescent and Adult Language (TOAL) Arizona Battery of Communication Disorders of Dementia (ABCD) - the only assessment that tests the patient for mild dementia (not severe) Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) - A test to tell how your head is doing Comprehensive TBI Assessments - BTHI- Brief Test of Head Injury RIPA- Ross Information Processing Assessment SCATBI- The Scales of Cognitive Ability for Traumatic Brain Injury Poor prognostic indicators - -premorbid emotional and psychological instability -history of drug/alcohol abuse -poor work/school history -lack of motivation Types of prognosis - good, fair, poor or guarded Prognosis is based on... - age coma amnesia medical complications behavioral and psychosocial variables current cognitive-linguistic functioning environment/familial support ethnicity religion patient's motivation and communicative needs Direct v.s. indirect intervention - -you work with the patient directly vs -indirect is when you work with the patient's family, loved ones, and friends to help the patient. This is going to be the case when the patient has a severe neurocognitive disease, causing inability to be an active participant in therapy.

Could you give a Px with dementia both direct and indirect therapy? - "Yes. This is because communication is huge for the Px's family and the Px is still able to communicate for a while. Don't ""talk around"" patients with dementia. Even if they cannot talk, that does not mean that they are receptively unable to understand." For treatment/therapy, start with what is going to be the ____ to change for the patient. This is true for all ages and helps them feel a sense of accomplishment and feel encouraged. - easiest Rancho Los Amigos Scale has levels 0-8. Level 0 means... - Not conscious Rancho Los Amigos Scale levels 1-3 treatement - sensory stimulation to increase responsiveness to the environment and to facilitate the patient's return to consciousness (sounds, foods, smell, touch). Ammonia under the nose, etc. Rancho Los Amigos Scale levels 4 treatement - Patient is agitated and their responses may be inappropriate. Rancho Los Amigos Scale levels 5 and 6 treatement - A little more normal Improvising attention and memory facilitating organized thinking practicing organized use of knowledge Rancho Los Amigos Scale levels 7 treatement - Very close to normal. Therapy can be dismissed soon, depending on prognosis. Medication effects in Px's - contraindicative for therapy- makes you too sleepy to participate ototoxic- affects your hearing Group SLP therapy - This is not for everyone, but it some can find it helpful to see others improve and working on similar goals. A 3-year-old boy with autism comes to you for intervention. His parents would like for him to interact more successfully with his siblings and peers. He needs work in many areas, but the ability to establish joint reference is critical for him now. Which of these activities would you begin with? A. Labeling objects with one-word descriptors B. Using is + verb -ing in sentences C. Paying attention to the same object or activity as you when directed to do so D. Working on narrative skills E. Establishing presuppositional skills in conversations with three or more interlocutors - C. Which of the following is an element of the milieu teaching used in treating language disorders in children? A. Using picture cards and asking the child to imitate what he or she heard (e.g., "Say cats") B. Using routines such as peek-a-boo to establish interaction with the child C. Manding a response and adding modeling or prompts as found necessary D. Repeatedly modeling responses without asking the child to imitate them E. Expanding a child's incomplete utterances into complete utterances without asking the child to imitate them - C.

What is the naturalistic approach in therapy? - -includes milieu teaching -led by child - naturalistic settings with attractive materials to draw child's interest and motivate communication -Adult-child interactions are pragmatically functional -trials are interspersed -Child interest and engagement is key Between, off, and about are all examples of...? - Prepositions Explain Vygotsky's sociocultural theory (of human learning) - Describes learning as a social process and the origination of human intelligence in society or culture. The major theme of Vygotsky's theoretical framework is that social interaction (with parents, peers, society) plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. True or False? The brain stem is responsible for the regulation of breathing, blood pressure, heartbeats, swallowing, and consciousness. - True. True or False? The cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination. - True. True or False? The frontal lobe is responsible for speech, behavior, memory, hearing, and vision. - False. The temporal lobe is responsible for those things. Describe operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner - an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence Describe reinforcement and punishment (negative and positive) by B.F. Skinner. - Of the methods mentioned in the following choices, which one would you reject because of either lack of evidence or presence of negative evidence? A. The mand-model and delay procedures B. The whole language approach and facilitated communication C. The picture exchange communication system (PECS) D. The discrete trial procedure and modeling-imitation sequence E. The script therap - B. The whole language approach and facilitated communication You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would you use in this situation? - Sig symbols and PCS Classic To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you

• should repeat the language sample A 5-year-old child with specific language impairment may say something like "dog bark" instead of "the dog is barking." This is known as - telegraphic speech A 5-year-old child has been brought to the center where you work. His mother tells you that he manifests the following behaviors: stereotypic body movements, insistence on routine, disinterest in interaction with others, echolalia, and hypersensitivity to touch.

However, she proudly shares that in arithmetic he is at the top of his kindergarten class. What is the most likely diagnosis of this child's problems? - Autism A child is brought to you with the following symptoms: disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements, as well as some dysarthria. You suspect A. spastic cerebral palsy B. traumatic brain injury due to a gunshot wound C. ataxic cerebral palsy D. athetoid cerebral palsy E. autism - C. A child is brought for an evaluation because he is having difficulty producing /r/ and /l/. In your report, you state that he is having difficulty producing A. glides B. nasals C. affricates D. fricatives E. liquids - E. liquids /r/ and /l/ Linguavelars are produced by A. raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge B. the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate C. the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum D. the tongue making contact with the upper teeth E. keeping the vocal folds open and letting the air pass through them - C. When an infant or child uses adult-like syllables in CV sequesnces but uses a variety of consonants and vowels in single vocalizations, this is the __________ stage, one of Oller's stages. - reduplicated babbling In your job in a NICU, you find that many of the babies have feeding difficulties. Which one of the following statements is false regarding medically fragile babies with feeding difficulties? A. They have problems with oral-motor development B. They often need to be fed through nasogastric tubes. C. They can generally breastfeed easily. D. In order to be fed orally, they must be at least 35 weeks old. E. Caregivers can be encouraged to provide nonfeeding oral stimulation. - C. is False The therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish the production of a phoneme __ _______. - in isolation When a vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) is substituted for a syllabic consonant (e.g., a child may say "bado" instead of "bottle," or "noodoo" instead of "noodle"), it is called - Vocalization The Cognitive Theory of Learning Development by psychologist _________ placed acquisition of language within the context of a child's mental or cognitive development. He argued that a child has to understand a concept before s/he can acquire the particular language form which expresses that concept. It is made up of 4 stages. - Jean Piaget What are Jean Piaget's 4 steps of his theory of Cognitive Development? - Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational: ages 7 to 11 Formal operational: ages 12 and up

What ages are in Piaget's sensorimotor stage? - Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational: ages 7 to 11 Formal operational: ages 12 and up What ages are in Piaget's preoperational stage? - Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational: ages 7 to 11 Formal operational: ages 12 and up What ages are in Piaget's concrete operational stage? - Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational: ages 7 to 11 Formal operational: ages 12 and up What ages are in Piaget's formal operational stage? - Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational: ages 7 to 11 Formal operational: ages 12 and up Noam Chomsky believed in the idea that humans have something called the LAD, or ____ in our brains. - Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Chomsky founded the ____ theory which says that the LAD only operates during the critical period of birth to about age 8 or 9. Afterwards, language is much harder to learn.

• nativist theory What is theory of mind (TOM)? - """Theory of mind"" (ToM) has been described as the ability to attribute and understand other people's desires and intentions as distinct from one's own." The _____________ language theory is fostered by adults scaffolding with language. When adults talk with a child eventually the child will know how to respond. Children are social beings who acquire language for their needs to communicate. Early language is like any other biologically based attachment behavior (smiling, following the parent, crying if parent leaves, etc). - social interaction Describe Mclaughlin's information-processing theory - Information processing (IP) is a theory focusing on the mental processes in language learning, and most often compares the human brain to that of a computer. The theory began in the 1950s-60s as psychology began to realize that there was a cognitive aspect to language learning that behaviorism did not address. Give an example of sensory input. - Sensory input is what you see, hear, taste, touch, and smell. You sense it with your body and process that information. What is the interactionist theory of language acquisition? - Language is a product of genetics and environment.

What is the systems/ecological approach to language acquisition? - This states the following: You observe the following substitution errors in the speech of a 6-year-old client: w/l (e.g., waemp/laemp), j/l (e.g., jait/lait), or w/r (e.g., wabbit/rabbit). You explain to the child's mother that these are examples of - gliding When a child repeats a pattern (e.g., wawa/water), it is referred to as A. regressive assimilation B. progressive assimilation C. voicing assimilation D. reduplication E. accommodation - D. reduplication Stuttering is more likely on words that begin with _____. - Consonants Stuttering in preschool children tends to occur somewhat more frequently on A. function words than on content words B. content words than on function words C. words that begin with /s/ and /k/ than on words that begin with other sounds D. second or third syllables in multisyllable words E. the fourth word in a sentence - A. You are working with an adult who stutters. As part of therapy, you are teaching the client to use normal prosodic features of speech, which is a treatment target in which method? - C. Fluency shaping method Evidence that suggests potential laryngeal dysfunction in persons who stutter includes A. slightly delayed voice onset time B. hemispheric language processing problems C. cerebral blood flow deviations D. abnormal electroencephalographic tracings E. central auditory dysfunction - A. Some studies have shown that A. central auditory function is clinically and significantly abnormal in all persons who stutter B. people who stutter have a significant auditory feedback defect C. language is always represented in the right hemisphere of people who stutter D. both normal and abnormal brain waves may be found in people who stutter - D. Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is _____________. - changed by its consequences A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into the patient's peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called A. indirect laryngoscopy B. direct laryngoscopy C. endoscopy D. electroglottography E. electromyography - E. An opera singer complains that she is unable to maintain adequate breath support to produce her optimal voice. You want to measure the singer's lung volume to check for adequate breath support for optimal voice. You will need to measure ___________,