PSY 101 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Final, Exams of Psychology

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PSY 101: GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Final

During the Stone Age individuals who were thought to have mental illness would be treated through the process known as trephination. What did this entail? - drilling a hole into their skull According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's argument on the state of human nature, he believed we were all born - innately good Joe believes that he can get his brother to clean his room every week by buying him a bag of candy after he does it. What historical perspective of psychology would Joe most agree with? - behaviorism A __________ psychologist would be most likely to research this question: What are the differences between people with high levels of the hormone oxytocin and those with low levels? - biological A __________ psychologist would be most likely to research this question: Does the new community exercise program have an effect on the average weight of individuals within that community? - health Jane hypothesized that her campus had much more school spirit than her friend's campus did. To test this she spent one hour at each campus' student union and counted everyone who was wearing some piece of clothing that had the school's name or logo on it and those that did not. As a result she found more students at her friend's university wore their university's clothing at than her own, and thus now believes they have more school spirit. What type of reasoning is Jane engaging in? - deductive Barry was collecting data for a study on adolescents with synesthesia, which is a rare phenomenon where an individual's sensory experiences overlap, such as perceiving colors to have different smells. For the study he found three people who experience this, then interviewed them and their parents,

recorded their interactions with others, and investigated drawing and writing that they had done. What approach to research was Barry taking? - case study For a class project Beth decided to conduct a study on people's preference for different types of coffee. She recruited twenty coffee drinkers to drink a sample of an unlabeled cup of coffee and then rank how much they enjoyed the taste of the coffee. Ten of them drank Starbucks brand coffee and ten of them drank Dunkin Donuts brand coffee. What design was Beth using for her study? - experimental Attrition is a weakness of which approach to empirical research? - longitudinal Which of the following is an Institutional Review Board going to be investigating? - determining whether participants are giving informed consent before becoming involved in the study Psychologists have investigated what gene causes a person to develop to be intelligent, but have found that it is not a single gene that affects intelligence but many of them. This is referred to as __________ inheritance. - polygenetic Nick has aggressive parents and has always been aggressive as well. He likes to watch a lot of violent movies and plays video games of the same style. When he makes friends he tends to do so with people who like to bully other kids and he usually gets into a lot of fights. Due to all of this he continues to become more aggressive. What do behavior geneticists refer to this idea as? - genotype-environmental correlation Extending out from the cell body is a portion of the neuron that receives signals from other neurons that may end up activating an electrical impulse. What is this part of the neuron referred to as? - dendrite

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will be - the same strength, speed, and duration The __________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. - parasympathetic The function of the __________ is to relay signals between the two hemispheres of the brain. - corpus callosum Mary is feeling very sad and angry about many things in her life. What portion of the brain this processing these feelings? - amygdala Dr. Van Nostrand wants to do a study investigating what parts of the brain are most active when a person is completing a crossword puzzle. What technique would best for him to include in his study? - positron emission tomography (PET) The __________ is a portion of the endocrine system that responds when we are feeling the pressure of needing to finish a project we haven't started before the deadline that is one hour from now. - adrenal glands Although I am aware of where my car is parked, I am not currently thinking about its location. This is an example of something being in my - preconscious To test whether or not someone has a sense of self, which the following methods is used? - using a mirror and makeup

Which of these explains dreams as a way for the brain to make sense of all of the neural firing that occur during the dreaming phase of sleep? - Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis During stage two of sleep which of the following are most likely to occur? - K-complexes An altered state of consciousness where the person will focus only on their own breath moving in and out of their body is referred to as - concentrative meditation There are two bags of flour that Joe picks up, but he believes they are the same weight even though one is 30 pounds and the other 32 pounds. He then picks up another two bags, one that is 30 pounds and another that is 33 pounds, and says the second one is heavier. This best illustrates what concept of perception? - just noticeable difference While driving you come up to an intersection and see a red sign that you react to by stopping at. Then you notice that it actually says "Go" in the middle of the sign. You processed this sign using __________ processing. - top-down The cells in the eye that respond to color light are called what? - cones Hyperopia is an eye condition that has what effect on the visual system? - light waves travel beyond where they should hit the fovea __________ Theory concludes that auditory information is processed by individual receptors only responding to a specific frequency. - place

When I think in my mind of what a tree is, the image that comes up is that of an oak tree. What cognitive term does this best refer to? - concept You are solving a crossword puzzle; which of these would represent doing it using the heuristic method?

• completing the ones you immediately know first, then moving onto more difficult ones, and finishing with the most difficult You were talking with your friends and one asks what car you think is driven most by reckless drivers. You respond you think it is sports cars because you always see them speeding down the highway. What reasoning error does this best illustrate? - availability heuristic You found out that your friend's girlfriend is secretly dating another one of your friends. They get mad at you when you stop hanging out with them, but you aren't bothered by this because you know they are unaware you know what is going on. What cognitive ability does this best illustrate? - theory of mind Breaking down the word "football" into "f", "oo", "t", "b", "a" and "ll" refers to what component of language? - phonolgy Which of the following best represents the nativist approach to language acquisition? - Individuals naturally pick up on language from those around them. When looking at research on how effective different programs are with teaching children to read, it has been found that - the phonics approach is most effective As I progressed through graduate school, I continually acquired more and more knowledge, what type of intelligence would this knowledge demonstrate? -

crystallized If I have an IQ of 48, I am considered to have a __________ level of intellectual disability. - moderate Giftedness defined by someone scoring at a certain level on intelligence test is using the __________ approach. - psychometric I encode someone explaining the meaning of vicissitude to me. What type of encoding is this? - semantic Often I remember a time that my sister was learning to play basketball and after she threw the ball up, it hit the rim of the basket then immediately bounced back smacking her in the face. What type of memory does this illustrate? - episodic George was recently in an accident and has since experienced memory loss. Although he can remember his friends' names and things about them, he is not able to learn things about new people that he meets. This refers to having __________ amnesia. - anterograde My mother is able to recall long stories about other people, but then has issues with where she got the information from. She will often tell us it came from one person, when we later find out it was someone else who told it to her. This illustrates what source of forgetting? - misattribution __________ interference is what occurs when you try to find your car and remember where you parked it the day before and not today. - proactive

Every time Marcia yawns she also claps very loudly and that causes her baby to clench her fists because she is surprised by the noise. After a while she realizes what she is doing and stops clapping whenever she yawns, yet she notices her baby still clenches her fists afterward. Which of these is the conditioned response? - clenching her fists Jamie recently got food poisoning after eating a ham sandwich at a restaurant and now is cautious about her meals. In some cases she responds by feeling sick even before eating. Which of the following is the best example of stimulus generalization for this scenario? - never going to that restaurant again Adam's son Barry has an issue with running out of the room if he is bored, no matter where they are. To change this behavior he decides that every time Barry does this he will go catch him, then point his finger and tell him how disappointed he is at what he did. Which form of operant conditioning is being used? - positive punishment Each of the following is a form of partial reinforcement. Which of them best illustrates fixed interval? - parents taking a well-behaved child out for ice cream, only on Mondays Which of the following were the results of the Bobo Doll Study? - If the children viewed adults hitting the doll, they were more aggressive when playing with it. Dr. Wohlsom thinks that it is important to focus on researching how the type of neighborhood we live in affects our development, instead of ignoring the effects of these differences. She would agree most with the argument of which of these approaches to development? - particularistic What was the major contribution of Erikson's theory to the field of developmental psychology? - including aspects of development beyond adolescence Ruthie has been trying on all her parents' hats recently, then one day she comes upon a small paper bag and proceeds to put it on her head. This illustrates what Piagetian principle? -

assimilation Jill recently started in a new math class where they use lots of symbols that don't represent a tangible thing. Even though she used to have trouble, now she has no problem at all solving them. What stage of development is Jill in according to Piaget? - formal operational Jorge is almost always on time to everything that he goes to and is very apologetic in the few cases where he is late. One of his friends asks him one day why he is so concerned with this, to which he responded that his parents yelled at him every time he was late and doesn't want anyone to be mad at him if he does it now that he is older. What level of moral reasoning is Jorge in according to Kohlberg? - preconventional Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period of prenatal development? - creation of the placenta Which of these is true regarding the nature of friendships during adulthood? - Quality of friendships becomes more important than quantity. Which of the following would be considered a primary sex characteristic that develops during puberty? - production of sperm among males During the strange situation, Jimmy clings to his mother and is distressed when she leaves. Once she comes back and picks him up, he pushes back on her while also clinging to her. What type of attachment style would he be classified as? - resistant Kacey had a friend get a flat tire and so she stayed out past her curfew helping him out. Once she got back home her dad woke up and came down to yell at her. She stopped him to explain what happened, and her father responded by saying that was a good thing to do but to make sure to call if something like that happened again in the future. What type of parenting style does Kacey's dad use? - authoritarian

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change? - set point Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the __________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. - esteem Which is the correct order of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle? - excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of which two factors?

• physiological and cognitive Which of the following is not considered a universal emotion? - shame According to Freud, which of the following is an unconscious drive pushing a person to engage in sex no matter the situation? - id The __________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. - collective unconscious Jim is a very angry person and that is the predominate thing that describes almost all of his personality. According to Gordon Allport what type of trait would angry be considered for Jim? - cardinal

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has - an internal locus of contro The __________ is an assessment of personality where a person is given an ambiguous picture that then must tell a story about what is going on in the picture. - thematic apperception test Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called - cognitive dissonance Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a - fundamental attribution error Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? - getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether Which approach to attitude change stated that it can happen in two ways, one that has more long term lasting effects and another that has more short-term influences? - elaboration likelihood model Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the __________ effect. - Asch

What is the implication from the results of the Milgram study? - Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. Angela is in a meeting at her work and one of her co-workers says they should first vote on each person's initial impression of going solution A or B, then discuss it further before a final vote. This is likely not a good idea because of the __________ effect. - group polarization Travis is really good at basketball, but seems to do better at shooting free-throws when it is during a game than when he is by himself practicing in his driveway at home. This is an example of - social facilitation Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called - empty Which of the following statements is correct regarding social exchange theory? - Social relationships that have more benefits than costs will likely be maintained. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress." - insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress" Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing __________ disorder. - posttraumatic stress

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) - dissociative fugue What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? "So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away." - disorganized thinking From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality? - antisocial personality disorder Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? - cognitive therapy Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "Everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this? - overgeneralization In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? - cognitive-behavorial therapy Which treatment modality involves five to ten people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician? -

group therapy describe what psychology is and the meaning of the word; - comes from the greek word psyche- meaning soul. and -ology meaning study of scientific study of the mind explain what empiricism is and its relationship to psychology; - An empirical method for acquiring knowledge is one based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities. We use empirical research in the field of psychology