PSY 101 STRAIGHTERLINE EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK WITH A STUDY GUIDE 2024 | ACCURATE, Exams of Nursing

Download PSY 101 STRAIGHTERLINE EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK WITH A STUDY GUIDE 2024 | ACCURATE and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! PSY 101 STRAIGHTERLINE EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK WITH A STUDY GUIDE 2024 | ACCURATE 300 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS | EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS Emotional expressiveness, dependence, and nurturance are traditional feminine - CORRECT ANSWER gender roles In the bloodstream, an increase in epinephrine causes a(n) - CORRECT ANSWER increase in heart rate Your doctor has given you some awful-tasting pills. To minimize the aversive taste, where should you place the pill on your tongue? - CORRECT ANSWER middle As many as ______ % of amputees experience phantom limb pain. - CORRECT ANSWER 70 For a formal experiment to yield valid results, all alternative explanations for the findings must be ruled out by a process of - CORRECT ANSWER experimental control Damage to the left hemisphere of the brain may result in an impaired ability to use or understand language, a condition called - CORRECT ANSWER aphasia Which brain area is most directly linked to the functions of the autonomic nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWER hypothalamus When there is a positive correlation between two variables, this means that - CORRECT ANSWER the value of one variable increases as the value of another variable increases Humanists believe that conscious processes are - CORRECT ANSWER important The sense of smell is called ______ and the sense of taste is called ______. - CORRECT ANSWER olfaction; gustation Dizygotic twins are as genetically alike as - CORRECT ANSWER other siblings What is the current enrollment pattern for men and women interested in graduate education in psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER Women outnumber men Looking at a quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at a quarter across the room, yet we know that the quarter is the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as - CORRECT ANSWER size constancy If the brain used serial processing, which of the following would be true? - CORRECT ANSWER Information would be processed in one brain area at a time The beginning of psychology as a science began in the discipline of - CORRECT ANSWER philosophy Cultures that emphasize the well-being of the family and the larger culture are considered to be - CORRECT ANSWER collectivistic Through multiple studies with genes and female mice, what is the current conclusion from this research? - CORRECT ANSWER Genes influence aggression in female mice Cultures that emphasize the importance of individual rights, goals, and accomplishments are considered to be - CORRECT ANSWER individualistic By definition, gender identity is a matter of - CORRECT ANSWER one's personal opinion about oneself The process of receiving, translating, and transmitting messages from the outside world to the brain is called - CORRECT ANSWER sensation The idea that in some circumstances the brain can renew itself by growing new neurons is known as - CORRECT ANSWER neurogenesis The two halves of the cerebral cortex are called cerebral - CORRECT ANSWER hemispheres Sociocultural psychologists suggest that differences between cultural groups - CORRECT ANSWER are smaller than differences between individuals within a given group If you are a participant in a blind experiment, - CORRECT ANSWER the experimenter does not know the experimental condition you are in Visual stimuli that are close together are usually seen as belonging together; this is called - CORRECT ANSWER proximity Which of the following is true regarding inheritance and behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Humans do not inherit specific patterns of behavior Although related, school psychologists ________ and educational psychologists ______. - CORRECT ANSWER consult about behavioral problems and test; study the ways children learn Evidence gathered from publicly observable behavior is known as ______ evidence. - CORRECT ANSWER empirical When deception is used in a psychological study, do participants need to be told about the deception? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes, before the end of the study Which research technique allows fairly confident conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships? - CORRECT ANSWER formal experiment Early in the history of psychology a memory researcher (ebbinghaus) used himself as the only research participant in his study. Given this information, what might cause you to be skeptical about his results?? The sample was probably not representative.. In the area of cognitive ability and achievement, the largest difference in cognitive performance between men and women is seen in the area of Spatial and mechanical reasoning.. A psychologists wishes to study the effect of background music in test taking . A classroom of students is divided in two; half take a test in a quiet room and the other half take the test where music is playing. The group in the quiet room is know as the________group Control Persons born into different cultures Have exactly the same values and beliefs as any other culture One of the reasons that sensory adaptation occurs is because Receptor cells become fatigued A researcher using the correlation method is interesting in determining if there is ____________relationship between two variables.. Statistical Which of the following appears to be true about people who have androgynous gender roles?? They tend to adapt better to life’s changing demands The neuropeptides involved in slow-pain transmission is Substance p The difference between a single blind study and a double blind study is that in a double blind study Neither experimenter nor participant know of the particular conditions in the study. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! The beginning of psychology as a science began in the discipline of Philosophy If you want your study to be sensitive to gender differences, what should you have? Equal numbers of males and females A recent study reports that there is a positive correlation between the number of hours a student studies each week and the students's grade point average(gpa). This findings mean that As studying increases, gpa tends to increase. In psychological research, the idea of informed consent is that participants Need to be aware of the risks and benefits of participating in research. How do endocrine glands exert their action on body organs? They release hormones. A person can only be understood by studying the beliefs and the values of the community in which the person has lived. This statement best exemplifies the Sociocultural approach Which of the following is one of the nucleotides in dna? Guanine Which theorist would most likely accuse you of accidentally wrecking you dad's car because( though you were not aware of this) you wanted to hurt your dad Sigmund freud In neuron functioning, the role of the synaptic vesicle is to Store neurotransmitters in the synaptic knob Technically speaking, light is a form of Energy An ethnic group refers to _______ but an ethnic identity refers to ____ People who descended from a particular area; a sense of belonging and sharing of group beliefs Hertz is a method of measuring the frequency of sound waves as the nuber of cycles per Second What is the major difference between psychologist and psychiatrist?? Psychiatrist are medical doctors When culture expects a person to behave based on their sex, this is a gender. Role The receptors for vision are located in the Retina. When the molecules in the air become less dense (as in the process of hearing),_______ has occurred.. Your friend asks you to help move some boxes. You look at the boxes and without even trying to move them you say, "These boxes are too heavy." Seeing the boxes as heavy is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER perception Synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER Genes are responsible for the ______ of specific proteins in our cells in a normal and realistic setting. - CORRECT ANSWER One advantage of naturalistic observation is that the researcher can examine behavior prediction - CORRECT ANSWER Theory is to explanation as hypothesis is to corpus callosum. - CORRECT ANSWER Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the structure; introspection - CORRECT ANSWER If you were a psychologist who was labeled a structuralist, you would be interested in the _______ of the mind, using ______ as you primary research method psyche - CORRECT ANSWER When referring to the essence of life, Aristotle used the term ______ translated from the Greek, meaning mind. proximity - CORRECT ANSWER Visual stimuli that are close together are usually seen as belonging together; this is called theory - CORRECT ANSWER A/n ______ is a tentative explanation of the facts, findings, and relationship in any of the sciences. He demonstrated that carefully controlled experimentation can be conducted. - CORRECT ANSWER What was the main contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to psychology remember approximately the same number of syllables at 10 hours and 24 hours. - CORRECT ANSWER You have learned a list of 20 nonsense syllables. You are tested at 20 minutes, 1 hour, 10 hours, and 24 hours. If you fit Hermann Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve you will understand what is said; speaking - CORRECT ANSWER A person diagnosed with expressive aphasia can _____ but have difficulty ______. guanine - CORRECT ANSWER Which of the following is one of the nucleotides in DNA? neuron - CORRECT ANSWER Which of the following is the most important individual nerve cell in the brain? hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain - CORRECT ANSWER A common way of classifying the brain is to divide it into three major parts. What are they? Females showed activity in both hemispheres - CORRECT ANSWER In the study that examined brain activity during a rhyming task, what sex difference was found? It speeds the message - CORRECT ANSWER How does myelin influence the transmission of pain signals? think and observe. - CORRECT ANSWER Aristotle is important to psychology, because he believed that to achieve full understanding of anything we must retina - CORRECT ANSWER The receptors for vision are located in the behavior and mental processes - CORRECT ANSWER Differences in polymorphic genes can help explain differences in sociocultural - CORRECT ANSWER The ______ perspective had its greatest influences from social anthropology. sensory adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER You can't feel the waistband of your underwear (though you know it is there). This is mostly the result of monocular cue is to binocular cue. - CORRECT ANSWER Accommodation is to retinal disparity as separate but equal. - CORRECT ANSWER In the U. S. Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education, segregated school systems could no longer be considered neurogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER The idea that in some circumstances the brain can renew itself by growing new neurons is known as trichromatic theory - CORRECT ANSWER Which theory of color vision most accurately describes the process of color vision at the level of the retina? The results may not generalize to non-college populations. - CORRECT ANSWER Many research studies use college student volunteers as subjects. What concern does this practice raise? There is a numerical relationship between the two variables. - CORRECT ANSWER Several lab groups found a strong positive correlation between number of hours spent on campus and grades. What can you conclude from this information? can allow conclusions about cause and effect - CORRECT ANSWER One advantage of formal experiments as compared to correlational studies is that formal experiments memory formation. - CORRECT ANSWER Damage to the hippocampus would most likely impair modal - CORRECT ANSWER If the most frequently occurring age in your classroom belongs to 19-year-olds, then 19 is the ______ age of the class. Stimulus control refers to when responses are more likely to occur due to the presence, rather than the absence, of the discriminative stimulus. What does Discrete Trial Training consist of? Break down skills into smaller teachable parts Teach each skill component until mastery Intensive teaching sessions Use of and fading of prompts when necessary Increase skills through reinforcement strategies Instructor-lead In the 3-term contingency, what makes a good Antecedent? Performed by instructor clear, concise, consistent In the 3-term contingency, describe "Behavior". Performed by consumer Can either be correct or incorrect In the 3-term contingency, what does the "Consequence" consist of? Performed by the instructor,the Consequence involves either the reinforcement or correction of the behavior Discrete Trial is also known as? Learn Unit (LU) Inter-trial interval refers to? The time between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next Describe Natural Environment Training (NET). Consumer-lead Capture and contrive moments to teach them skills in their natural environment. What is key in Fluency-Based Training? The fluid combination of accuracy and speed to reflect skill competency are important in this concept. Give two examples of Fluency-based training. SAFMEDS (Say all fast minute each day shuffle) Tacts What are several ways to conduct a Preference Assessment? Ask the person what they prefer Ask the caregivers what the person prefers Watch them during leisure time Trial-based preference assessments Describe Preference Assessment. Used to identify potential reinforcers that can be used to motivate behavior; and it should be conducted daily/everyday because known motivators may not always work What is a 'Prompt'? Prompts are an antecedent stimulus used to occasion a correct response What is the idea of Most-to-Least Prompting? Intervention style beginning with the most intrusive-physical prompt and transition to the least intrusive prompt What is the Time-Delay prompt? A method of intervention in which, over-time, the time between the instruction and prompt is lengthened What is Errorless learning? Typically used when learning a new skill, this method of intervention ensures a correct response by providing the prompt immediately after instruction How is the Backward Chaining procedure in a task-analysis conducted? The instructor completes all of the steps except the last, where then the consumer will themself will complete How is the Forward Chaining procedure in a task-analysis conducted? The consumer performs the first step, the the instructor completes the rest. How is the Total-task Chaining procedure in a task-analysis conducted? Consumer has the opportunity to complete all steps independently, instructor prompts as needed What is Shaping? Reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior (in other words, reinforcing responses that are similar/approximate to the desired-terminal behavior) Describe Alternative & Augmentative Communication? Alternative: any communication that replaces verbal speech Augmentative: any communication that supplements verbal speech What form of communication is used to get the consumers' needs met? Functional Communication What are the Four Verbal Operants/ behaviors? Tact Intraverbal Mand Echoic Which verbal operant is the most complex to teach? Intraverbal What is another term for the verbal operant "tact"? Label Does the verbal operant "Tact" only refer/apply to tangible objects? No Not only can a tact define an object, but it may also describe the quality of such (e.g. pretty, odorous, hot/cold). What verbal operant is being alluded to these descriptions: - evoked by an auditory verbal discriminative stimulus - has point-to-point correspondance Echoic What is point to point correspondence? the response has identical beginning+middle+end as the stimulus What verbal operant is being alluded to by these descriptions: - evoked by a motivating operant - followed by a specific reinforcement - also known as a request Mand Curriculum Modification refers/means... It allows us to ensure date is taken accurately Inter-observer Agreement refers too... two or more observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events OSHA" stands for... Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA's duty Prevent occupational injury and illness Respond to Emergencies Contact 911 Inform Parents/ Supervisor(s) Do we talk about our clients and use their real names to anyone outside of the office? No When can talking about our clients and using their real names to parties outside of the office be permissible? Authorization from a two-way release form HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) Protects health information Mandated reporting of suspected and/or known abuse extends to: Client Siblings and family members Dual Relationships Autism is a: A. Neurodevelopment Disorder B. Mood Disorder C. Metabolic Disorder A ASD is characterized by: A. "Difficulties with reading, writing and math" B. "Difficulties in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors" C. "Difficulties with communication, acting out and academics" D. "Difficulties with following instructions and self harming" B ABA is the cure for autism A. TRUE B. FALSE B The three term contingency is A. Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence B. Lions-Tigers-Bears C. Environmental Event-Behavior-Consequence D. Antecedent-Behavior-Reward A Behavior must: A. Occur outside of the person B. Be observable by another person C. Be defined as good or bad D. A and B D We seek to understand how ________ influence the occurrence of behavior A. Everything B. Private Events C. Environmental events D. Rewards C Which is not an area we would work on with our clients? A. Hitting classmates B. Communication C. Feeling Angry D. Difficulties with social interaction C Frequency is: A. The length of time it takes to START a behavior after the instruction is given B. Assigning numbers to different prompt levels C. The number of times the behavior occurs D. The length of time that a behavior occurs C ABC Data A. "Records the antecedent, behavior and consequence of problem behaviors" B. Is when target behaviors occur C. The length of time a behavior occurs D. The ratio of number of times a behavior occurs per unit of time A Whole-Interval Time Sampling A. "Records the antecedent, behavior and consequence of problem behaviors" B. The target behavior is recorded as a (+) if occurs throughout the entire interval C. The length of time a behavior occurs D. The length of time it takes to START a behavior B Rate A. The behavior is recorded as a (+) if occurs at least once at any point during the interval B. The number of times the behavior occurs C. Assigns numbers to different prompt levels D. The ratio of number of times a behavior occurs per unit of time D Percent A. Count of Behavior/number of opportunities X 100 B. The ratio of number of times a behavior occurs per unit of time C. The number of times the behavior occurs D. The length of time that a behavior occurs A Scatterplot A. The length of time a behavior occurs A. TRUE B. FALSE B Negative reinforcement is the same thing as punishment A. True B. False B Scratching a bug bite is an example of negative reinforcement A. True B. False B Yelling "no talking" to a group of noisy students is an example of negative reinforcement. A. True B. False B You should use intermittent reinforcement when teaching a new skill. A. True B. False B Pressing 'start' on the microwave and the microwave beginning is on what type of schedule of reinforcement? A. continuous reinforcement B. intermittent reinforcement A A schedule of reinforcement tells you: A. When to deliver a reinforcement B. What reinforcer to deliver A What produces a post-reinforcement pause? A. FI B. VI C. FR D. VR A & C Delivery of reinforcement after every 5 baskets made during a game is an example of what type of schedule of reinforcement? A. FI B. VI C. FR D. VR C Checking your email throughout the day is maintained by what schedule of reinforcement? A. FI B. VI C. FR D. VR B Variable schedules of reinforcement produce steady rates of responding A. TRUE B. FALSE A Tokens can be exchanged for: A. candy B. toys C. breaks D. all of the above D Tokens should be delivered immediately after the desired behavior A. TRUE B. FALSE A Providing tokens for the first correct response after 12 minutes is on what schedule of reinforcement? A. FI 12 B. VI 12 C. FR 12 D. VR 12 A During extinction, a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer, and the behavior____________ in the future. A. decreases B. increases C. stays the same A During an extinction burst, the behavior may temporarily increase in ____________, ______________, or _____________. A. frequency, duration or intensity B. "rate, length, force" C. "frequency, rate, duration" D. all the above A _______________ is when a previously extinguished behavior occurs again in the future. A. Impromptu recovery B. Voluntary recovery C. Spontaneous recovery D. Impulsive recovery C A behavior will decrease more quickly after continuous reinforcement rather than intermittent reinforcement A. TRUE B. FALSE A In extinction of a positively reinforced behavior, the ______________ is no longer delivered after the behavior. C. Response control D. Response analysis B When Julie sees her friend Carlos, she says "Carlos!" and Carlos looks at Julie and says "Hi, Julie!" When Julie sees her friend Tina, she says "Carlos!" and Tina does not look at Julie or say hi. These consequences will eventually lead to Julie only saying "Carlos" when Carlos is present, meaning her response of saying "Carlos" is now under stimulus control. A. TRUE B. FALSE A Which of the following factors is NOT involved in discrimination training? A. Client Response B. Punishment C. Reinforcement D. Discriminative Stimulus B During discrimination training, the RBT provides reinforcement when: A. "The picture of the car is present when the client says "car"" B. "The picture of the bike is present when the client says "car"" C. "The picture of the bike is present when the client says "bike"" D. Both A and C D You are teaching a client to respond correctly to the instruction "sit down." On your first trial you say "sit down" and the client begins running around the room. What consequence should you provide? A. Give him a high five B. "Say "great job" and move on" C. Say nothing and move on D. "Say "that's bad" and tell his parents?" C A prompt is a response the client makes before making the correct response to a question. A. TRUE B. FALSE B Which of the following is NOT a type of prompt? A. Gesture B. Physical C. Imitation D. Model C What is most-to-least prompting? A. Presenting a stimulus the most amount of times to the least amount B. Letting the client make the most amount of errors to the least amount of errors C. Beginning with the least intrusive prompt and working up to the most intrusive prompt D. Beginning with the most intrusive prompt and working up to the least intrusive prompt D Prompt dependency is always the client's fault because they know being is easier than responding correctly A. TRUE B. FALSE B Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent prompt dependency? A. Fade prompts as quickly as possible B. Mix new targets and mastered targets C. Ask client if they are ready for the prompt to be faded D. Use the correct prompt type C Which of the following is NOT an example of a skill taught via task analysis? A. Washing Hands B. Tying Shoes C. "Saying "Car"" D. Preparing a meal C About how many steps make up a task analysis? A. 3 B. 6 C. 10 D. It depends on the client and skills being taught D Kathy is teaching her client how to put on a jacket. First, she teaches her client to pick up the jacket. After the client completes this step independently, she teaches him to put one arm through a sleeve. After he is doing that independently, she teaches him to put the second arm through and so on. What chaining procedure is Kathy using? A. Forward Chaining B. Backward Chaining C. Total Task D. None of the Above A The following chaining procedure is used most often because the client learns the step closest to reinforcement first. A. Forward Chaining B. Backward Chaining C. Total Task D. None of the Above B Jack is working with a client on getting dressed. The client often stops halfway through the task or completes step out of order. What visual may be helpful for Jack's client? A. First, then Board B. Choice Board C. Task Analysis Visual D. Picture Activity Schedule C While Samantha was working with a client, she said "wait" and then put a timer on the table in view of the client. Why might Samantha have done this? A. The client is in time out B. Samantha is taking duration data C. The timer is a visual aid for the client D. None of the Above A. TRUE B. FALSE B Alicia is teaching Lydia point to the color blue when told "touch blue." First Alicia uses picture cards to teach her. Then, Alicia collects a variety of blue items from around the house and teaches using these items. What is Alicia doing? A. Promoting maintenance B. Promoting stimulus control C. Promoting Generalization D. Trying to confuse Lydia C Phillip has taught his client, Thomas, to identify all of his body parts. At the end of one of his sessions, Phillip asks Thomas' parents to have Thomas identify body parts outside of session. What is Phillip doing? A. Promoting maintenance B. Promoting Generalization C. Promoting Stimulus Discrimination D. Both A and B D A mand is: A. A label of a stimulus B. A conversation skill C. A verbal imitation D. A request D Which of the following helps individual's verbally communicate? A. Sign Language B. Picture Exchange Communication System C. Oral Language D. All of the above D Which verbal operant do we usually teach a learner first? A. mand B. echoic C. tact D. Intraverbal B Which of the following labels a stimulus within the environment? A. echoic B. mand C. tact D. Intraverbal C During receptive instructions the instructor models the behavior for the learner A. TRUE B. FALSE B Who conceptualized verbal behavior? A. B.F. Skinner B. Donald Baer C. Edward Carr D. Jon Bailey A Which part of the contingency is said to increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future? A. Antecedent B. Behavior C. Consequence C Which part of the contingency does not cause the behavior, but only sets the stage? A. Antecedent B. Behvavior C. Consequence A Screaming at your sister because you want a hug: A. Attention B. Escape C. Tangible D. Automatic A Refusing to write your name when being presented with the instruction to do so: A. Attention B. Escape C. Automatic D. Tangible B Throwing over a table when presented with an activity: A. Attention B. Escape C. Automatic D. Tangible B Standing in the middle of the classroom twirling beads while other students laugh and the teacher directs you to sit back in your seat. A. Attention B. Escape C. Automatic D. Tangible A Crying and tantruming when a mother says no to candy in the store: A. Attention B. Escape C. Automatic D. Tangible D Not answering your phone when you see it is a bill collector: A. stable B. variable C. descending D. ascending A ________ baseline is a data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time A. stable B. descending C. ascending D. variable B ________ baseline is a data path that shows an increasing trend in the response measure over time A. descending B. ascending C. stable D. variable B "________ is a condition of an experiment in which the intervention has not yet been introduced" A. baseline B. functional behavorial assessment C. stimulus preference assessment D. behavorial assessment A "________ is a systematic method of assessment for obtaining informaiton about the purposes (Functions) a problem behavior serves for a person; results are used to guide the design of an intervention for decreasing the problem behavior and increasing the appropriate behavior" A. behavioral assessment B. baseline C. functional behavior assessment D. stimulus preference assessment C "________ refers to a variety of procedures used to determine the item that the person prefers." A. functional behavior assessment B. stimulus preference assessment C. behavorial assessment D. baseline B "________ involves a variety of methods including direct observations, inteviews, checklists and tests to identify and define targets for behavior change." A. behavioral assessment B. stimulus preference assessment C. baseline D. functional behavorial assessment A True or False: Asking a client what they prefer to engage with is an example of a preference assessment? A. True B. False A Behavioral assessments includes the following methods EXCEPT: A. direct observations B. interviews C. checklists D. all of the above are behavioral assessments D Direct assessment approaches are preferred over indirect approaches A. TRUE B. FALSE A The four functions of behavior include: attention, _________, tangible, and automatic (sensory) reinforcement A. escape B. power C. control D. none of the above A The RBT can design and guide the behavioral assessment process without the assistance of a BCBA. A. TRUE B. FALSE B __________ refers to a variety of procedures used to determine the item that the person prefers. A. Observation B. Stimuls Preference Assessment C. Test D. Checklist B What are the settings in which an RBT will most likely provide services? A. community B. day care/school C. home D. center E. all of the above E Name 3 similiarities in RBT role across setting A. Follow behavior plan and goals as written by BCBA B. Communicate concerns and updates to BCBA C. Ensure presence of caregiver at all times D. Collect data as directed E. Communicate with caregivers F. All of the above F In a school setting, where should sessions be conducted? A. Cafeteria B. Gym B. Write a behavior plan yourself C. Ask the mom what she thinks you should do D. Tell your immediate supervisor and ask for guidance E. Ask the client's teacher what you should do D I should always be aware of the location of my client's arms, legs, and mouth in order to be better prepared to block hits, kicks, or bites. A. True B. False A It is ok to wear large earrings or other jewelry to sessions with clients. A. True B. False B If you need to leave the client for any reason (i.e. bathroom break, etc...), you should: A. Wait until the client has earned a reinforcer, then you can leave them after they are engaged in an activity. B. Notify the caregiver or another therapist to take responsibility for the client's oversight until your return. Breaks during sessions should be minimal and brief. C. Its ok to leave the client alone if its only for a few min. D. Turn on a movie for the client and tell them you'll be right back. B Is it ever ok to leave a client unsupervised? A. Yes B. No B You are working with a client that has a tendency to elope from your sessions. Is it a wise idea to arrange a game of chase for him or her? A. Sure! Chase is fun. B. No, given the history of elopement, it is too risky for me to play chase or tag with this client. B Is it ok if a mom of a client you are working with says you can walk down to the park alone with your client? A. Yes B. No, A parent or caregiver should always be present at home and community sessions. B When an incident occurs, I should: A. Remember that safety is the main objective B. Complete an incident report C. Report the incident to the BCBA supervisor D. When feasible to safely do so, take data on the behaviors E. All of the above E If a child bites me, the appropriate response is to: A. Not pull away, gently push the area being bitten into the client's mouth and gently place a finger directly under the client's nose . B. Attempt to pull area being bit away from client's mouth C. Scream for help as loud as you can A If a client does drop to the floor, the appropriate response is to: A. Gently guide them down to the floor. B. Never "yank" on their arms to stand back up. C. Pick them up under the armpits and physically move them in direction you want them to go D. A and B are correct D When physically prompting a client and they resist your guidance, the appropriate response is to: A. Use the most to least prompting B. Hold their arm tighter C. Put pressure on their joints D. Use the minimal amount of touch and force required to complete the prompt and then discuss alternative future strategies with the BCBA supervisor. D I should avoid physically carrying a client unless they are in a dangerous situation (i.e.. Ran into the street, etc...). A. True B. False A Avoid restricting movements, instead use __________ techniques. A. Holding B. Restraint C. Blocking D. Guiding C You work with a client that has a history of biting. Is it wise to let the client into your safe space, such as giving hugs, etc... A. Sure! Hugs are the best! B. Only if he's had a "good day" C. It's not wise to let clients with a history of biting into your "safe space" or risk them biting you. C Autism Problems w/social communication/interactions, Presence of restrictive/repetitive behavior patterns Varies in each person DSM 5 criteria for ASD Problems w/social communication/interactions, Restrictive/repetitive behaviors Hyper/hypo sensory stimulation Issues w/motor skills/adaptive tasks Pervasive skill deficits (Tantrums, aggression, non-compliance, eloping, protest behaviors) EIBI (early intensive behavioral intervention) Treatment Should: begin early intensive based on ABA individualized transition to natural environment comprehensive Active parent/caregiver involvement Intensive teaching sessions Use of and fading of prompts when necessary Increase skills through reinforcement strategies Instructor-lead In the 3-term contingency, what makes a good Antecedent? Performed by instructor clear, concise, consistent In the 3-term contingency, describe "Behavior". Can either be correct or incorrect In the 3-term contingency, what does the "Consequence" consist of? the Consequence involves either the reinforcement or correction of the behavior Discrete Trial Training (DTT) structural behavioral teaching method consisting of clear/direct presentation of learning trials to promote skill acquisition systematic presentation of 3-term contingency(ABC) to teach new skills repeated presentation of an antecedent Characteristics of DTT clear/concise beginning and end Adult directed consistent /predictable learning sequence multiple learning opportunities ex of DTT Antecedent(SD): what is it? B: Pants C: Very good! gets book Natural Environment Training (NET). instruction is embedded into the natural environment Learner directed Inter-trial interval refers to? The time between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next What is key in Fluency-Based Training? focus on speed/accuracy goal: increase rate of responding Advantages of Fluency-based training facilitates effective use of skills in natural settings Give two examples of Fluency-based training. SAFMEDS (Say all fast minute each day shuffle) Tacts What are several ways to conduct a Preference Assessment? Ask the person what they prefer Ask the caregivers what the person prefers Watch them during leisure time Trial-based preference assessments Describe Preference Assessment. Used to identify potential reinforcers that can be used to motivate behavior; and it should be conducted daily/everyday because known motivators may not always work What is a 'Prompt'? Prompts are an antecedent stimulus used to occasion a correct response What is the idea of Most-to-Least Prompting? Intervention style beginning with the most intrusive-physical prompt and transition to the least intrusive prompt What is the Time-Delay prompt? A method of intervention in which, over-time, the time between the instruction and prompt is lengthened What is Errorless learning? Typically used when learning a new skill, this method of intervention ensures a correct response by providing the prompt immediately after instruction How is the Backward Chaining procedure in a task-analysis conducted? The instructor completes all of the steps except the last, where then the consumer will themself will complete How is the Forward Chaining procedure in a task-analysis conducted? The consumer performs the first step, the the instructor completes the rest. How is the Total-task Chaining procedure in a task-analysis conducted? Consumer has the opportunity to complete all steps independently, instructor prompts as needed What is Shaping? Reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior (in other words, reinforcing responses that are similar/approximate to the desired-terminal behavior) Describe Alternative & Augmentative Communication? Alternative: any communication that replaces verbal speech Augmentative: any communication that supplements verbal speech What form of communication is used to get the consumers' needs met? Functional Communication how does verbal behavior different? focuses on a word's function(how the word is used) instead of form why is verbal behavior important? we care abt how learners use language not how many words they know Why is Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior useful/important? verbal behavior calls for instructors to teach language according to functions like requesting, commenting or conversing Verbal Behavior behavior dependent on another person to offer reinforcement/meant to produce desired response from another person Why is Verbal not the same as Vocal behavior? - Not all vocal behavior is verbal/requires a listener (behavior itself can provide reinforcement) - Some vocal behavior isn't emitted for the result of gaining socially mediated reinforcement ex of vocal behavior -singing a song by yourself -baby babbling -vocal echolalia What are the Four Verbal Operants? Tact Intraverbal T: What's this? T Prompts: Say Couch/show a pic or written prompt of couch T: What is this? Kid: Couch What are the 3 components of DTT? Antecedent Response Consequence Types of Antecedents Discriminative Stimulus (SD) Motivating Operation (MO) Which Antecedent is this? - stimulus typically an instruction, presented to individual that must be discriminated from other instructions - in its presence, certain response is reinforced but in its absence that same behavior isn't reinforced Discriminative Stimulus (SD) ex of Discriminative Stimulus (SD) Target response: RED T: What color? (SD: holding red train) Kid: RED Motivating Operation (MO) antecedent condition which changes reinforcement value of an item/activity makes behaviors which have produced that item more or less likely to occur again Example of Motivating Operation (MO) Joey is hungry joey wants food, more likely to ask for apple Joey isn't hungry Joey doesn't want food/less likely to ask for apple 4 Categories of Responses (DTT) Correct Prompted Incorrect No Response Guidelines to responding Be consistent abt what's required for a correct response Be sure extraneous behaviors are absent when responding Limit time btwn SD and response (3 secs) Types of Consequences (DTT) Reinforcement Error Correction Positive Reinforcement reinforcement is GIVEN contingent upon the response, which increases in the future probability of that response Negative Reinforcement REMOVAL of a stimulus is contingent on a response, which increases the behavior in the future What factors influence reinforcement? - Learner's current MO - The Difficulty/amount of the task vs. the amount of reinforcement - The Availability of that reinforcement at other times How can we maximize effectiveness of reinforcement? Preferences/Motivation Describe Task Interspersal/Behavioral Momentum. TI/BM is an antecedent intervention where the consumer is asked to initially perform easy/preferred tasks, then transition to the non-preferred task When is Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) typically used? When the consumer's behaviors serve the function of attention. 6 Types of Consequence Manipulations Extinction Response Blocking Redirection Overcorrection Timeout from Reinforcer Response Cost What is recorded during data collection? Frequency Rate Percentage Duration of behavior Interresponse Time Response Latency Magnitude Permanent Product Time Sampling Contingency Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior an it's controlling variables. Satiation Repeated presentation of a reinforcer weakens its effectiveness and for this reason the rate of responses declines. Positive Punishment A type of punishment in which stimulus presentation is contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response Negative Punishment A type of punishment in which stimulus removal is contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response. Establishing Operations (EO) Increases motivation for something and increases likelihood you will try to access that reinforcer Discrimination Training Teach the child to respond to/tell the difference between two (or more) SDs. Behavior Chaining A complex bx that is comprised of many single responses that occur in a specific sequence -completion of one behavior acts as the SD for the next response in the sequence Task Analysis breaking down a complex behavior into singular SD-response components ex of task analysis Making a meal -choose meal - find recipe -check for ingredients reinforce doing math problems instead of spitting Consequence Manipulations Extinction response blocking time out response cost Overcorrection Extinction A procedure by which a bx that was previously reinforced no loner received reinforcement and the probability of the behavior decreases. Examples include planned ignoring, escape extinction, and sensory extinction/response blocking. 4 types of extinction Escape Attention Tangible Sensory/automatic Escape Extinction Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by social negative reinforcement (the ability to escape a situation/demand) Attention Extinction(planned ignoring) withhold attention (pos/neg) that had previously been given as a consequence of the behavior Sensory/automatic extinction problem behavior interrupted and then redirected to easy/preferred activities Tangible Extinction Withhold access to desired item/activity that had previously been given as a consequence of the behavior Extinction Burst The bx on extinction briefly increases in frequency, duration, or intensity before it decreases and stops. Response Blocking physical intervention by the therapist in order to interrupt/prevent problem behavior Overcorrection The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target bx by making restitution for damaged and practice of appropriate bx contingent upon the target bx (Do a task plus more) Restitutional overcorrection individual restores environment to a state better than it was prior to the occurrence of the problem behavior Positive Practice overcorrection kid repeatedly practice an appropriate alternative response as a consequence to the problem behavior Response Cost A response reduction procedure in which bx is weakened by the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer, contingent upon the occurrence of the problem bx. Time-Out removal of access to reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of problem bx Types of time out Non exclusionary Exclusionary Non-exclusionary kid remains in location but briefly removed from access to desired reinforcers Exclusionary kid briefly removed from location were behavior occurred for a specific time Spontaneous Recovery After a bx has been extinguished or reduced for a period of time an increase in the magnitude of the behavior occurs. Types of reinforcement Positive, negative, automatic Automatic reinforcement Behavior itself produces the reinforcement Automatic Positive Reinforcement The bx is reinforcing on its own, b/c it produces a sight, sound, taste, feel, smell, or motion that the child enjoys. Often maintains stereotypical bx. Examples of social positive reinforcement Attention, access to tangibles Examples of automatic negative reinforcement Relief from a painful stimulus, escape from aversive sensory stimulus Socially Mediated Reinforcement Reinforcer is provided by another person Examples of automatic positive reinforcement Reinforcing sensory stimuli, self-stimulatory bx Examples of social negative reinforcement Escape from demands, escape from aversive setting, escape from sensory stimuli Attention Function (of behavior) Whether it be positive or negative attention, behavior occurs b/c some type of attention is given Escape Function (of behavior) Escape from demands or tasks being placed on them 2 goals of BIP 1. Reduce problem behavior 2. Build alternative appropriate behaviors that serve the same function Behavior Deficits in Individuals with Autism Language, play, social skills, perspective taking/theory of mind, executive function, motor skills, self-help, school skills Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interactions Ranging from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal comm.; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and non-verbal comm. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships Ranging from difficulties adjusting behaviors to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to an apparent absence of interest in peers Behavior excesses in individuals with autism Stereotypy, Noncompliance, Tantrums, and Aggression What do we need to know for behavioral reduction? Mass Trial Repeated presentation of one SD/instruction until correct response is given Random Rotation Presentation of 2 or more SDs in random order after 2x80% MT Expanded Trials Systematically increasing the time between presentations of the target SD by gradually increasing the number of previously mastered targets between trials of the target Simultaneous Discrimination Training Multiple objects are placed in front of a child and he or she is asked to touch, point to, or pick up one of the items (*Field of stimuli) Successive Discrimination Training No materials in the field ex of simultaneous discrimination training SD: Touch Red Red circle, green circle and yellow circle ex of Successive discrimination training SD: Stand up or turn around Conditional Discrimination Training -NO MASS TRIAL -each trial has a different SD/response -should contain at least 3 different stimuli -target response should be random order ex of Conditional training Field: car, marker, cup SD: give me car Field: marker, cup, car SD: give me cup Field: cup, car, marker SD: give me marker Expanded trials (discrimination training) gradually increases the num of distractor trails btwn trials and target -assists in retaining/maintaining skill over increasing periods of time What's a critical piece to the success of ABA teaching? The systematically use of prompts (esp during the initial stages of acquisition) Types of Prompts Stimulus prompt Response prompt Response prompt Addition cue added to learner's response to facilitate a correct response Types of Response prompt Verbal directive Echoic Prompt Modeling Physical Intermittent Reinforcement Reinforcing some but not all instances of a specific behavior. This is used when maintaining bx's that are already mastered. Physical prompt manual guidance to the learner to facilitate correct response Stimulus Prompts addition or alteration of stimulus to facilitate correct response acts directly on the antecedent and occur when the SD/MO is presented -gesture -positional prompt -within-stimulus prompt (Redundancy) ex: moving red marker closer to kid to get red marker ex of physical prompt dragging hand to get marker drag hand to point to book Types of Stimulus Prompts Gesture prompt Positional prompt Within-stimulus prompt (Redundancy) Positional prompt altering location/placement of a stimulus to facilitate desired response ex of Positional prompt ex: moving red marker closer to kid to get red marker Within-stimulus(Redundancy) prompt adding to/altering a portion of the stimulus to facilitate desired response Ex of Within-stimulus prompt (Redundancy) -adding client's fav color under target object in a line up -making the water bottle the biggest object in the field - Highlight word - Background templates Verbal directive prompt verbal, visual, textual cues to guide learner's behavior ex of Verbal directive prompt - written instructions or word on a card - telling client to walk to the tree Prompt Fading Gradual removal/transfer of control of prompts until only the SD/MO is needed for behavior/response -stimulus fading -Time delay Time/Prompt Delay (prompt fading) Increasing the elapsed time btwn the presentation of the target SD and the prompt across trials -Constant time delay -Progressive time delay Errorless Learning Procedure used to teach new skill that involves immediate/most prompting of response in the beginning and gradual removal of prompts to avoid errors What type of prompt is used in Errorless Learning? Most intrusive to least Error Correction