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PSY 4500- Exam 1- with 100% verified answers-2024-2025.docx, Exams of Nursing

PSY 4500- Exam 1- with 100% verified answers-2024-2025.docx

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According to the text, complete health involves which three domains? A) physical, psychological, physiological B) emotional, physical, social C) physical, psychological, social D) physical, economic, social The belief that disease was caused by microscopic organisms and should be treated by surgery and immunization was a product of: A) the Middle Ages. B) the nineteenth century. C) the Renaissance. D) the 21st century. The scientific study of the causes or origins of specific diseases is called: A) etiology. B) entomology. C) epidemiology. D) behavioral medicine. In the early 1970s, the interdisciplinary field of began to explore the role of learned behaviors in health and disease. A) psychosomatic medicine B) behavioral medicine C) biofeedback D) behaviorism The perspective maintains that health and disease must be explained in terms of multiple contexts. A) life-course B) birth cohort C) biopsychosocial D) sociocultural Dr. Singer studies the effects of environmental forces on how genes are expressed. Dr. Singer's research is evidently focused on phenomena. A) epigenetic B) molecular C) cellular D) holistic Young people (aged 1-24) are more likely to die from , while older people (45 and over) are more likely to die

from.

A) chronic conditions; external causes B) external causes; chronic conditions C) heart disease; cancer D) cancer; heart disease According to systems theory, health is determined by: A) the body's tissues, cells, and genetic material. B) the endocrine system, immune system, and other biological systems of the body. C) our families, neighborhoods, and culture. D) the interaction of all of these things determine health. The perspective considers how the enduring behaviors, values, and customs of a group of people contribute to health and disease. A) behavioral B) biopsychosocial C) sociocultural D) life course psychology is a relatively new field that encourages psychologists to devote more research attention to optimal, healthy human functioning. A) Health B) Applied health C) Positive D) Biopsychosocial The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is: A) medical psychology. B) behavioral medicine. C) health psychology. D) biopsychosocial medicine. Health is defined as: A) the absence of disease. B) a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. C) the ability to meet the demands of everyday living. D) the perception that one is free of symptoms, whether accurate or not. Which of the following is the field of health psychology NOT directly concerned with? A) The health care system B) Enhancing health C) Preventing and treating illness D) Lowering health care costs

A health psychologist would agree with all of the following EXCEPT: A) health psychologists seek to promote healthy lifestyles. B) biological, psychological, and social forces act together to determine our health. C) health disparities are found only in the poorest nations. D) health psychologists approach the study of health and illness from several overlapping perspectives. Health disparities are: A) differences in the leading types health problems experienced by various groups. B) preventable differences in the health of socially disadvantaged groups. C) differences in the health of people living in various parts of the world. D) unavoidable differences in the health of various groups. Regarding health and disease, which of the following is NOT true? A) Beginning in middle age, women have higher disease and disability rates than men do. B) At every age, death rates vary by ethnic group. C) People in developing countries can expect to live about the same number of healthy years as people in developed countries. D) Men are twice as likely as women to die of any cause. Which of the following is true regarding health care in the United States? A) The United States has the highest rated health care system in the world. B) Today, the United States spends a smaller portion of its gross domestic product on health care than it did several decades ago. C) A few countries spend more on health care than the United States and rank higher in terms of overall performance. D) The United States spends more on health care than most other developed nations, while many countries spend less on health care than the United States but rank higher in terms of overall performance. According to Healthy People 2010, nearly one million deaths in the United States each year are: A) preventable. B) caused by genetic disorders. C) lifestyle diseases that were rare fifty years ago. D) caused by accidents. Traditional Oriental medicine is founded on the principle that: A) mind and body do not interact in determining health or illness. B) the human body represents the entire universe in a microcosm. C) internal harmony is essential for good health. D) three bodily humors, or doshas, are the key to health. The oldest known medical system in the world is: A) traditional Oriental medicine. B) ayurveda. C) acupuncture.

D) qi In traditional Oriental medicine, qi (sometimes spelled chi) refers to: A) a vital energy or life force that ebbs and flows with changes in a person's well-being. B) a health condition in which all organs and tissues are functioning properly. C) a state of illness. D) the three bodily humors. A disease that spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community at the same time over a limited geographical area is called: A) the plague. B) a pandemic. C) an epidemic. D) mass hysteria. During the Middle Ages, disease was viewed as: A) a form of divine punishment for sins. B) caused by evil spirits. C) a physical condition of the body. D) influenced by mind and emotions. The plague that killed thousands of people during the Middle Ages was an example of a(n): A) food-borne illness. B) genetic disease. C) bacterial disease. D) virus. Rene Descartes influenced modern medicine with his view that: A) the mind and body operate according to separate principles. B) hygiene was an important component of good health. C) the origins of all diseases are outside the individual. D) all diseases originate within the body. Under the doctrine of mind-body dualism, health and disease came to be viewed: A) in scientific, or biomedical, terms. B) in spiritual terms. C) in terms of social and psychological factors. D) as culturally specific states. The first complete anatomical study of the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal systems of the human body was published by: A) Christian Huygens. B) Claudius Galen. C) Andreas Vesalius.

D) Giovanni Morgagni. According to which theory are the origins of specific diseases found in the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal system of the body? A) Germ theory B) Anatomical theory C) Cellular theory D) Humoral theory In the history of Western medicine, humoral theory was eventually replaced by the theory. A) anatomical B) cellular C) germ D) hormonal Some nineteenth-century scholars believed that living organisms could be formed from nonliving matter. This idea is called: A) asceticism. B) spontaneous generation. C) tridosha. D) trephination. Because he doesn't feel sick, Enrique believes that he is healthy. Enrique evidently has an implicit belief in the model of health. A) biopsychosocial B) Cartesian C) biomedical D) biophysical A pathogen is: A) a healing force. B) the pattern of illness in a population. C) a disease. D) any agent such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease. The field of psychosomatic medicine emerged because the biomedical model was unable to explain: A) gender differences in the prevalence of certain diseases. B) disorders that had no observable physical cause. C) cultural differences in the incidence of specific diseases. D) age-related issues in health and disease. The biomedical model embraces reductionism, which is the view that:

A) psychological, social, and behavioral variables play little role in illness. B) complex phenomena (such as health) derive from a single factor. C) mind and body are separate and autonomous entities. D) health is nothing more than the absence of disease. According to Sigmund Freud, loss of speech, deafness, and other conversion disorders were caused by: A) unconscious emotional conflicts. B) psychological viruses. C) erotic urges. D) repressed feelings of hatred toward one's parents. The nuclear conflict model of psychosomatic medicine was developed by psychoanalyst: A) Sigmund Freud. B) B. F. Skinner. C) Neal Miller. D) Franz Alexander. Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychosomatic medicine fell out of favor? A) As Freudian concepts, such as the unconscious, fell out of favor, so too did psychosomatic medicine. B) Alexander's nuclear conflict model relied too heavily on individual psychological problems. C) Psychosomatic medicine was based on reductionism - the outmoded idea that a single flaw was sufficient to trigger disease. D) Being heavily influenced by the behaviorist movement, psychosomatic medicine became unpopular during the late 1960s. Although Sigmund Freud's theories and psychosomatic medicine were flawed, they started the trend toward viewing illness and health as caused by: A) host factors. B) environmental factors. C) psychological and behavioral factors. D) the interaction of several factors. Historically, behavioral medicine grew out of: A) the branch of medicine called psychosomatic medicine. B) psychophysiology and biology. C) the branch of psychology called behaviorism. D) psychoanalysis. Who was an early proponent of behavioral medicine who used operant conditioning techniques to teach animals to gain control over bodily functions? A) Franz Alexander

B) Sigmund Freud C) Joseph Matarazzo D) Neal Miller Which of the following is NOT one of the original four goals of the new field of health psychology? A) To promote health B) To prevent and treat illness C) To lower health care costs D) To promote public health policy During the twentieth century, life expectancy in the United States: A) decreased. B) remained about the same. C) decreased, then increased during the twenty-first century. D) increased. Which of the following has NOT been a major health trend in the United States since 1900? A) Health care costs have increased. B) Life expectancy has increased. C) Lifestyle disorders such as cancer, stroke, and heart disease have decreased. D) The medical model has been broadened from a biomedical focus to a biological, psychological, and social focus. A person who attributes catching a cold to not getting enough sleep or experiencing too much stress after being exposed to a virus is implicitly accepting which model of health? A) biomedical B) biopsychosocial C) behavioral D) cognitive-behavioral Health psychologists view health: A) as the absence of disease. B) from a biopsychosocial viewpoint. C) from a biomedical perspective. D) in various ways, depending on the individual's background. Dr. Rogers believes that our characteristic human behaviors exist as they do because they helped our distant ancestors survive. Evidently, Dr. Rogers is a proponent of the: A) evolutionary perspective. B) biomedical model. C) life-course perspective. D) biopsychosocial model. Genomics is the study of the:

A) evolutionary history of a species' health. B) structure, function, and mapping of the genetic material of organisms. C) role of psychological factors in vulnerability to disease. D) effects of environmental forces on how genes are expressed. An “epigenetic effect” is one in which: A) genes influence a person's vulnerability to disease. B) a person's age influences his or her health. C) environmental forces affect how genes are expressed. D) exposure to an environmental toxin makes a person sick. One research study found that boys who inherit one variation of the MAOA gene, and girls who inherit a different variation of the same gene, are more likely to engage in behavior as adolescents, but only if they were exposed to as children. A) prosocial; chemical toxins B) delinquent: maltreatment C) criminal; malnutrition D) bullying; bullying DNA methylation is best described as the: A) biochemical process that occurs in body cells and helps regulate the expression of genes. B) cause of most chronic illnesses in children and young adults. C) cause of most chronic illnesses in older adults. D) mechanism by which psychological traits such as introversion are inherited. Dr. Ortiz is investigating how a mother's habits will affect her child's lifelong development. Dr. Ortiz is evidently working from the perspective. A) sociocultural B) life-course C) biomedical D) behavioral What is the leading cause of death in young people (age 1-44)? A) chronic lower respiratory disease B) heart disease C) cancer D) unintentional injuries What is the leading cause of death among people age 45 and over? A) cancer B) heart disease C) chronic conditions such as heart disease and cancer D) external events such as homicide Subjective well-being refers to:

A) empathy. B) self-perceived happiness. C) the level of stress in a person's day-to-day life. D) the sense that one is better off than others. Women and men who feel connected to a network of caring friends are less likely to die of cancer than those who feel alienated from others. This finding underscores the importance of the context in health. A) biological B) psychological C) social D) emotional A birth cohort is a group of people who: A) were born with a few years of each other. B) have a certain cultural identity. C) have a certain ethnic identity. D) have a certain racial identity. Today, the leading cause of death in the United States is: A) accidents. B) infectious disease. C) cancer. D) heart disease. When psychologists use the term culture, they are referring to: A) large groups of people who tend to have similar values. B) large groups of people who tend to have similar experiences. C) the enduring behaviors, values, and customs that a group of people have developed over the years and transmitted from one generation to the next. D) a group of people born within a few years of one another who experience similar historical and social conditions. Dr. Smyth is studying the relationship of socioeconomic status to health and disease. Dr. Smyth is evidently working from the perspective. A) sociocultural B) life-course C) gender D) behavioral Which of the following is NOT true regarding the immigrant paradox? A) Low socioeconomic status does not predict poor health for Hispanics and other ethnic groups in the United States. B) The children and grandchildren of immigrants to the United States typically surpass their elders in income and education.

C) The children and grandchildren of immigrants to the United States typically are healthier than their elders. D) Latinos in the United States use health care less often. Which is one reason that middle-aged women have higher rates of illness than men in the same age group? A) Women have been underrepresented as participants in medical research trials. B) There simply are more middle-aged women than men living. C) Because women have less muscular strength than men, they tend to get sick more often. D) Because women have weaker immune systems than men. According to the ecological-systems approach, health is a function of: A) the body's biological systems. B) our social relationships. C) our psychological makeup. D) the interaction of the body's biological, social, and psychological domains. The alcohol dependency syndrome consists of each of the following traits EXCEPT: A) poor self-regulation. B) negative emotionality. C) self-defeating beliefs. D) high self-esteem. Research studies demonstrate that college students who drink heavily prefer: A) large social contexts involving both men and women. B) small social contexts involving both men and women. C) large social contexts involving only men or women. D) small social contexts involving only men or women. Health psychologists work as: A) teachers. B) research scientists. C) clinicians. D) teachers, scientists, and clinicians.

  1. Dr. Mills conducts research on the health assets that produce longer life and optimal human functioning. Which specialty area does her research best represent? A) Positive health B) Clinical health psychology C) Biopsychosocial psychology D) Health psychology Dr. Santiello is a licensed practitioner who focuses on health-promoting interventions with his clientele. Dr. Santiello is most likely a(n) psychologist.

A) positive health B) biopsychosocial C) health D) clinical health Massification is the idea that: A) recent immigrants to the United States are typically healthier than immigrant families who have been in the country for several generations. B) the mind-body connection is very strong when it comes to health. C) higher education benefits everyone. D) environmental factors strongly influence how our genes are expressed. Regarding the benefits of attending college, which of the following is NOT true? A) Women and men who have attended college are no healthier than those who have not. B) Over the course of a typical four-year college experience, thinking tends to become broader and more complex. C) Educated people are more likely to develop higher health literacy. D) Higher education is associated with better health habits. Today, the largest group of health psychologists works in: A) colleges and universities. B) hospitals. C) independent practice. D) business or government. Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse? A) DendriteCell BodyAxonSynapse B) SynapseAxonDendriteCell Body C) AxonDendriteCell BodySynapse D) DendriteAxonCell BodySynapse Following Salah’s near-fatal accident, her physician noticed that the pupillary reflex of her eyes was abnormal, possibly indicating that Salah’s was damaged in the accident. A) Temporal Lobe B) Autonomic Nervous System C) Cortex D) Cerebellum Each cell of the human body has a total of: A) 23 genes B) 23 chromosomes C) 46 genes D) 46 chromosomes

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the gland in response to the stimulation by the branch of the nervous system. A) Pituitary; parasympathetic B) Adrenal; parasympathetic C) Adrenal; sympathetic D) Pituitary, sympathetic Which type of immune response involves an immunological memory? A) Inflammatory response B) Specific immunity C) Lymph response D) Nonspecific Immunity Fever, inflammation, and increased sensitivity to pain are called: A) Immunological memory B) System effects C) Specific immunity D) The acute phase response Insulin acts to , and glucagon acts to. A) Decrease hunger; increase hunger B) Decrease blood sugar levels; increase blood sugar levels C) Stimulate the pancreas; stimulate the stomach D) Take glucose into cells, stimulate the release of glucose into cells The thyroid gland: A) Secretes hormones that act on the hypothalamus B) Produces the hormone glucagon C) Secretes hormones that play a crucial role in the body’s response to stress D) Helps regulate the body’s metabolism Genotype is to phenotype as is to. A) A person’s observable traits; all of a person’s genes B) Nonphysical traits; physical traits C) Physical traits; nonphysical traits D) All of a person’s genes; a person’s observable traits The epigenome refers to the: A) Layer of proteins that package a person’s hereditary information and point cells to specific instructions B) Process by which ribonucleic acid alters the expression of genes C) Set of environmental influences that affect a person’s genetic makeup D) Period of human development immediately before and after birth Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system produces a reaction often described as the:

A) Reaction formation B) Relaxation response C) Alarm stage D) Fight-or-flight response A type of white blood cell that attacks foreign substances by engulfing and digesting them is the A) Phagocyte B) B cell C) T cell D) Macrophage Areas of the cerebral cortex not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are referred to as A) Frontal matter B) Gray matter C) White matter D) Association cortex A fertilized egg will develop into a boy, if at conception: A) The sperm contributes an X chromosome B) The sperm contributes a Y chromosome C) The egg contributes an X chromosome D) The egg contributes a Y chromosome A person who inherits a gene that is not expressed in his or her observable characteristics is said to be for that gene A) Dominan B) Polygenic C) A carrier D) Recessive Which is the correct sequence in the passage of oxygen-depleted blood from the body through the heart and to the lungs? A) Right atriumright ventriclepulmonary arterylungs B) Right ventricleright atriumpulmonary veinlungs C) Left atriumleft ventriclepulmonary arterylungs D) Left ventricleleft atriumpulmonary veinlungs The basic unit of structure and function in living things is: A) The nucleus B) Tissue C) The organelle D) The cell Helper T cells and suppressor T cells regulate the overall immune response by secreting chemical messengers called: A) Lymphokines

B) Hormones C) Immunoglobulins D) Interferons A friend has been taking a prescription drug and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat, and excessive perspiration. It is likely that the medication is stimulating increased activity in your friend’s: A) Amygdala B) Reticular formation C) Sympathetic nervous system D) Parasympathetic nervous system Which is the correct sequence in the passage of food from the mouth through the A) EsohagusIntestinesStomachAnus B) IntestinesStomachEsophagusRectum C) EsophagusStomachIntestinesRectum D) StomachEsophagusIntestinesAnus Maria believes that high doses of caffeine speed up a person’s reaction time. In order to test her hunch, she has five friends each drink three 8 oz cups of coffee and then measures how quickly they are able to push a button when a tone is sounded. What is wrong with Maria’s research strategy? A) There is no provision for repeating the experiment B) No dependent variable has been specified C) There is no control condition D) No independent variable has been specified A line graph of the relationship between age and the use of health care is best described as a: A) Scatterplot B) Positive correlation C) Curvilinear relationship D) Linear relationship In the early twentieth century, many experts incorrectly attributed the disease pellagra to unsanitary sewage removal instead of a dietary deficiency. Their failure to consider alternative explanations for the disease, and to leap to an untested conclusion, is an example of: A) Belief bias B) Evidence-based reasoning C) Confirmation bias D) Meta-analysis A quantitative technique that combines the results of many different studies examining the same effect of phenomenon is called a: A) Meta-analysis B) Relative risk study C) Qualitative research study

D) Double-blind study Dr. Sengupta is conducting research on the etiology of bird flu. This means that she seeks to understand the: A) Number of many cases of the disease each year B) Origins of the disease C) Total number of diagnosed cases of the disease D) Relationship between age and the disease When neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which group has a received a treatment and which has not, the design is called: A) Retrospective B) Double-blind C) Naturalistic D) Single-blind The unstructured descriptive study in which the researcher unobtrusively records participants’ behaviors is called a: A) Survey B) Case study C) Nondescriptive study D) Naturalistic observation To study the potential effects of social isolation on blood pressure. Some research participants were instructed to solve problems while working together; others solved problems working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the: A) Baseline group B) Correlational group C) Control group D) Experimental group The streamed clip examining the mind-body connection demonstrated different research strategies that have been used within various areas of health psychology. Which research method was presented by Dr. Robert Ader in the study of autoimmune disease of Lupus? A) Epidemiological B) Randomized clinical trial C) Meta-analysis D) Case study design Which type of epidemiological study played an important role in initially identifying the risk factors that lead to AIDS? A) Retrospective study B) Randomized clinical trial C) Prospective study D) Meta-analysis

If health psychologists discovered that the greater number of cigarettes people smoke each day the shorter their life-expectancy, this would demonstrate that: A) None of the answers is correct B) Smoking and life-expectancy are negatively correlated C) Smoking and life-expectancy are positively correlated D) Smoking causes cancer Longitudinal epidemiological studies that begin with people who are disease-free and who then are followed for a period of years are called: A) Retrospective B) Prospective C) Correlational D) Cross-sectional A statistical indicator of the likelihood of a causal relationship between a specific risk factor and a health outcome is: A) Effect size B) Relative risk C) Meta-analysis D) Attributable risk Kendra mistakenly interprets a statement of association between two variables as evidence of causation. Angel, who understands Kendra’s error in interpreting date in this instance, is demonstrating higher: A) Prevelence B) Incidence C) Statistical literacy D) Meta-analysis Which of the following research methods does not belong with the others? A) Survey B) Interview C) Experiment D) Case Study The ratio of the incidence or prevalence of a health condition in a group exposed to a particular risk factor to the incidence or prevalence of that confition in a group not exposed to the risk factor is called: A) Incidence-prevalence ratio B) Prevalence-incidence ratio C) Prevalence ratio D) Relative risk In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption on mood, alcohol would be the variable. A) Correlational

B) Independent C) Dependent D) Experimental Medical residency programs today train new physicians in how to critically appraise research using the principles of: A) Evidence-based healthcare B) Holistic medicine (no) C) Homeopathic medicine D) Allopathic medicine John Snow’s investigation of the 1848 cholera epidemic in London was an example of which type of research study? A) Cross-sectional B) Retrospective study C) Randomized clinical trial D) Quasi-experiment After detailed study of a veteran of the Iraq War, a health psychologist concludes that the stresses of war can cause long-lasting psychological damage. Which research method did the psychologist use to deduce this? A) Experiment B) Survey C) Cohort study D) Case study Neuroscientist Robert Sapolsky has found elevated levels of among highly social and intelligent primates associated with a level of threat from predators and other life- threatening problems. A) Thyroxin; high B) Epinephrine and cortisol, low C) Oxytocin; low D) Epinephrine and cortisol; high Unrelenting stress can damage the , causing levels of the hormone to spiral upward. A) Hippocampus; cortisol B) Adrenal cortex; epinephrine C) Pituitary gland; ACTH D) Amygdala; dopamine

Critics of research surveys of the impact of daily hassles argue that some of the items listed as hassles are: A) Actually symptoms of stress B) Impossible to measure C) Unsurprising and predictable D) Rarely experienced According to the diathesis-stress model, disease outcomes result from: A) Changes in health behavior B) The interaction between a person’s psychological and physiological vulnerabilities and the stressors he or she experiences C) The stressors a person experiences D) Physiological vulnerabilities The Social Readjustment Rating Scale has been criticized for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A) It consists of vague items open to subjective interpretation B) It does not differentiate between resolved and unresolved stressful events C) It fails to take into consideration individual differences in the way events are appraised D) Separating positive and negative events According to the glucocorticoid-resistance model, chronic stress: A) Triggers hypercortisolism B) Triggers hypercortisolism C) Interferes with the immune system’s sensitivity to hormones that terminate the inflammatory response D) Interferes with the immune system’s sensitivity to hormones that promote inflammation The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state of physiological functioning is called: A) Physiological zero B) Self-regulation C) Eustress D) Homeostasis The streamed clip entitled The Science of Stress used the character “Tom” to primarily demonstrate which of the following factors associated with stress? A) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) B) Finding out one is diagnosed as HIV positive C) Daily hassles D) Catastrophe *Residents living near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant at the time of the accident:

A) Were more likely to suffer from hypertension during the year following the accident B) Fared better if they used emotion-focused coping C) Showed only short-term increases in stress levels D) Fared better if they were able to avoid thinking about their exposure to radiation In response to a potential stressor that has been perceived by the sense organs, the alerts the brain to an impending threat or challenge A) Hypothalamus B) Reticular formation C) Occipital lobe D) Pituitary gland Cognitive reappraisal of potential stressors involves assessing: A) Whether an event threatens a person’s well-being B) Whether there are sufficient personal resources for coping with demand C) Whether a coping strategy is working D) All of these are involved The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s: A) Perception of the event B) Allostatic load C) Coping ability and resources D) Current emotional state Glass and Singer found that college students appraised a loud, distracting noise as less stressful when it was: A) Uncontrollable B) Expected C) Unexpected D) Controllable Which of the following is NOT one of the personality and work environment types identified by John Holland? A) Realistic B) Investigative C) Enterprising D) Unconventional The effects of stress are most deleterious when the stressor is: A) Anticipated B) Intense C) Unpredictable D) Negative

Stressors are: A) Demanding events or situations that trigger coping adjustments in a person B) Environmental stimuli that a person has never before experienced C) Events that cause heart rate and blood pressure to increase D) Unpleasant environmental stimuli In order, the three phases of the general adaptaion syndrome are: A) Alarm, resistance, exhaustion B) Alarm, exhaustion, resistance C) Resistance, alarm, exhaustion D) Exhaustion, alarm, resistance Richard Lazarus and his colleagues view stress as primarily a consequence of: A) How a person appraises environmental events and the person’s coping resources B) Environmental events C) The number of life changing units in a person’s daily life D) A disruption of homeostasis The American Psychological Association’s website identified six myths that surround stress. Dispelling these myths enables us to better understand our problems and then take action against them. Which of the following was a myth identified on the website? A) Stress is different for each of us B) No universally effective stress reduction techniques exist C) Stress is always bad for you D) All of these choices are “myths” about stress Crowding, noise, pollution, discrimination, and other stressors often occur together in what has been called the: A) Urban jungle B) Urban desert C) Behavioral sink D) Environment of poverty