Parenting Styles, Family Dynamics, and Child Development: PSY118 Ch. 15 Exam Q&A, Exams of Psychology

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PSY118 Chapter 15 Exam Questions and Answers

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NOTE: Correct Answer Kathy and Laura want their children to grow up to be self-reliant, cooperative, and achievement-oriented. Based on research by Baumrind, the couple should a. place few restrictions on their children's behavior. b. set firm limits and enforce them consistently. c. tell^ their^ children^ that^ school^ is^ really^ not^ that^ important. d. severely^ punish^ the^ children^ if^ they^ receive^ a^ bad^ grade. A group of 100 parents who were abused as children have gathered at a conference to discuss challenges of raising a family. About how many of the group have abused their own children? a. 18 b. 41 c. 27 d. 66 Michal's parenting style is summarized with the statement, “It’s my way or the highway.” This description indicates that Michael is best classified as being high on the dimension of childrearing. a. demandingness-control b. acceptance-responsiveness c. control-acceptance d. responsiveness-demandingness

PSY118 Chapter 15 Exam Questions and Answers

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Roberto grew up in a public housing project in a rough neighborhood, raised along with three siblings by a single working mother. What did he likely experience as a child at home? a. more^ negotiating b. more^ hugs c. more rules d. more^ freedom Which of the following people is most likely to abuse their child? a. Kathy,^ a^ single^ mother^ who^ is^ out^ of^ work b. Rogerio, a middle class divorced father c. Ling, a married blue collar mother of two d. Yuri, an unemployed father raising a son Rudy just turned 17 and has begun to hang with a bad crowd who take drugs and cause mayhem. His parents react by taking away his cell phone and treating him in a less supportive manner. Which family systems model is best exemplified by Rudy’s parent’s reaction? a. Social learning b. Child^ effects c. Parent^ effects d. Indirect^ effect

PSY118 Chapter 15 Exam Questions and Answers

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Which of the following changes in the nature of the American family is true? a. The number of children living in poverty has decreased. b. The age of marriage has been delayed. c. The^ number^ of^ working^ moms^ is^ declining. d. Family^ size^ (number^ of^ offspring)^ is^ on^ the^ rise. Though Rania is Priya's mother, due to a chronic illness, Priya now has to take almost total care for her aging mother. Priya's situation is an example of a. the empty nest. b. role reversal. c. authoritarian parenting. d. the^ sandwich^ generation. Mahmoud is a highly-paid executive of a major technology firm. How is Mahmoud's position most likely to impact how he raises his son Ahmad? a. He^ will^ emphasize^ the^ importance^ of^ obedience^ to^ authority. b. He will attempt to foster initiative and creativity skills. c. He will become significantly more authoritarian. d. He will downplay the importance of education.

In general, gay and lesbian couples a. assign traditional roles of "wife" to one partner and the role of "husband" to the other. b. tend^ to^ have^ more^ egalitarian^ relationships^ than^ married^ heterosexuals. c. have^ less^ satisfying^ relationships^ than^ married^ heterosexuals. d. follow a very different pattern of stages of relationship development than heterosexual couples. Right now across the world, who is most likely being abused? a. a^ sibling b. a^ spouse^ (or^ partner) c. an elderly person d. a child Which parenting style is most likely to promote psychological autonomy in adolescents? a. Authoritative b. Neglecting c. Authoritarian d. Permissive Who will have the most difficulty adjusting to their parents' divorce? a. Ellie, whose mother gets large support checks from her ex. b. Reza,^ whose^ favorite^ aunt takes^ her^ on^ weekend^ outings

c. Min,^ who^ splits^ his^ time^ at^ his mom's^ and^ dad's houses d. Sam, whose father moved to start a job in another state While in the mid 20th century the family of mom, dad, and a couple of kids was seen as a(n) , today it is considered a(n) . a. fantasy; ideal b. goal; failure c. ideal;^ stereotype d. stereotype;^ system When a couple with one child welcomes another child, how many subsystems are added to the family system? a. 2 b. 3 c. 0 d. 1 Which of the following couples likely ranks lowest in marital satisfaction? a. Tina and Jorge, who have two kids in elementary school b. Arlene and Ted, whose last child moved out a year ago c. Khalid^ and^ Sasha,^ whose^ daughter^ just turned^ one d. Binh^ and^ Thuy,^ who^ have^ decided^ not^ to^ have^ children

Madison lives with her dad, mother, grandmother, aunt, and brother, Austin. Madison’s family is best termed a(n) family household. a. reconstituted

b. extended c. nuclear d. transactional Duvall's family life cycle perspective could be described as all of the following EXCEPT: a. adaptive b. narrow c. traditional d. outdated All else being equal, who is likely to feel most satisfied with their marriage? a. Julie and Jorge, who just got married b. Helen and Gary, who just had their first child c. Rico and Carmen, whose children are in high school d. Hae^ and^ Tuan,^ who^ have^ two^ young^ children Alana and Jesse are a typical American couple expecting their second child. Once the baby arrives, it is most likely that a. Alana and Jesse will become more satisfied with their marriage.

b. The^ stress^ level^ in^ the^ family^ will^ lessen,^ as^ the^ two^ children^ will^ keep^ each other company. c. Jesse will become more involved in caring for the children. d. Alana^ and^ Jesse^ will^ experience^ a^ sharp^ decline^ in^ marital satisfaction. Recent research has shown that the grandparenting style is the most common in the United States. a. involved

b. permissive c. companionate d. remote Dennis has worked on the assembly line at the local auto plant since he graduated from high school. What will he likely focus on teaching his children? a. networking b. obedience c. negotiation d. communication Grandpa Sylvester loves spending time going to professional wrestling events with his grandson Marshawn. He comments that the best part is that he can have fun without worrying about parenting responsibilities. Sylvester is best described as having a style. a. remote b. permissive c. involved d. companionate After her father passed away, Violet asked her mother Sally to move in with her husband Ramzi and their kids. The kids love having grammy around and Violet and Ramzi appreciate the extra help. Which of the following best describes the

change that occurred here? a. An immediate family became a nuclear family. b. A traditional family became a blended family. c. An^ extended^ family^ became^ a^ transactional^ family. d. A^ nuclear^ family^ became^ an^ extended^ family. Seika’s attitude towards parenting is best described as “a lot of praise, a lot of affection, and feedback for negative behavior that is designed to teach but not belittle.” This description indicates that Seika is best classified as being high on the dimension of childrearing. a. acceptance-responsiveness b. responsiveness-demandingness c. control-acceptance d. demandingness-control Ralph's parents have very clear rules about what is okay to do and what is not. They are very careful to enforce the rules. However, they are willing to listen to Ralph's side of the story and explain why rules are important. They even consider changing rules that don't seem to be working well. Ralph's parents are best described as having which sort of childrearing pattern?

a. Permissive b. Neglectful c. Authoritarian d. Authoritative Ten mothers are going home today with their second baby. How many of their toddler first-borns will feel that the new baby is a threat? a. 5 b. 1 c. 3 d. 8 Which statement is true with regard to the nature of early parent-child interactions? Fathers are more likely to engage in “playful interactions” (e.g., tickling, bouncing) with their children. b. As the result of genetic factors, fathers have been shown to be incapable of sensitive parenting. c. Mothers^ are^ far^ more^ sensitive^ to infants’^ cues^ during^ feeding. d. Fathers^ are^ significantly^ less^ effective^ at^ feeding^ infants. a.

Which statement concerning parenting styles and culture is true? a. African-American^ children^ view^ coercive^ parenting^ as^ a^ sign^ of^ care^ and^ not hostility. Native-American parents feel that it is a parent's place to force children to do what they feel is right. c. Parents in collectivist cultures stress the importance of childhood autonomy. d. Children in individualistic cultures tend to have more authoritarian parents. Which statement best describes sibling relationships over the adulthood years? a. Most^ siblings^ share^ intimate^ problems^ frequently^ across^ the^ years. b. Siblings^ often^ grow^ emotionally^ closer^ from^ middle^ age^ to^ old^ age. Significant life events like the death of a parent can bring close siblings together and push rival siblings apart. d. Sibling rivalry disappears once the children are on their own. b. c.

In the classic 1970s TV sitcom "The Brady Bunch," Mike had three sons and remarried Carol, who had three daughters. What is the formal developmental term for the main characters of this show? a. reconstituted family b. kinkeeper family c. transactional^ family d. spillover^ family In general, marital satisfaction tends to a. decrease somewhat over the first year of marriage. b. decrease drastically within six months of the wedding. c. increase^ steadily^ over^ the^ first^ two^ to^ three^ years^ of^ marriage. d. remain^ stable^ for^ most^ couples^ until^ the^ "seven-year^ itch." The arrival of a new baby in the family is most likely to a. result in parents overcompensating by paying more attention to older siblings than the newborn. b. enhance^ an^ older^ sibling's^ feelings^ of^ competence^ and^ self-reliance. c. increase^ feelings^ of^ marital^ satisfaction^ for^ the^ parents. d. promote^ feelings^ of^ resentment^ and^ dependency^ behaviors^ in^ existing firstborn children.

When attempting to explain why his son is so violent, Cedrick says, “He seems to have a natural tendency toward violence, and my spanking him has just made the situation worse.” Cedrick’s explanation best exemplifies the model of family influence. a. child effects b. indirect c. parent effects d. transactional Research on lesbian mothers has shown that, when compared to heterosexual parents, they are a. more^ likely^ to^ raise^ gay^ or^ bisexual^ children. b. less^ likely^ to^ raise^ well-adjusted^ children. c. less^ likely^ to^ use^ physical^ punishment. d. more likely to engage in imaginative play. When asked to describe her parenting style, Mercedes says, “I can sum it up in a single word: indulgent!” This description indicates that Mercedes is best classified as being a(n) parent.

a. authoritarian b. moderate c. permissive d. authoritative Which of the following is rated similarly as a parental concern regardless of family income level? a. child getting shot b. child being bullied c. child^ having^ legal^ trouble d. child^ getting^ kidnapped Which statement about the impact of divorce on child development is true? Children who display negative behaviors as the result of the divorce tend to exhibit such behaviors only in the home and show few negative effects in the school setting. b. Adults from divorced families are less likely than those from intact families to divorce. Adolescents whose parents divorce are less likely to perceive relationships with their noncustodial fathers as close and caring. In response to divorce, most custodial mothers become more sensitive and responsive to their children’s needs. a. c. d.

As children are added to the family, marital satisfaction tends to a. increase for mothers and fathers, but more steeply for mothers. b. decrease for mothers and fathers, but more steeply for mothers c. increase^ for^ mothers^ and^ fathers,^ but^ more^ steeply^ for^ fathers. d. decrease^ for^ mothers^ and^ fathers,^ but^ more^ steeply^ for^ fathers. Which of the following categories has witnessed the largest increase in percentage over the past 50 years in the United States? a. adults who never married b. adults who are divorced/separated c. adults who are married d. adults^ who^ are^ widowed In the United States, the most common form of mistreatment involves a. sexual abuse. b. neglect. c. psychological abuse.

d. physical abuse. Which of the following teenagers will likely be the least well-adjusted? a. Dewayne, a boy raised by his birth parents b. Parker,^ a^ boy^ with^ stepsisters^ in^ a^ reconstituted^ family c. Celia,^ a^ girl^ in^ a^ blended^ family^ with^ stepbrothers d. Robin,^ a^ girl^ living^ with^ her^ divorced^ mom Research on adult sibling relationships has shown that they a. are generally not there to support each other. b. are^ negatively^ impacted^ if^ parents^ “played^ favorites”. c. display^ virtually^ no^ competition^ as^ they^ build^ their^ lives. d. spend^ a^ great^ deal of^ time^ discussing^ intimate^ issues. The authoritarian parenting approach is characterized by acceptance-responsiveness and demandingness-control. a. low; high b. high;^ low c. low;^ low

d. high;^ high Which of the following is the best advice to optimize an infant's development? a. A father is better than none. b. A good parent does the work of two. c. Two^ parents^ are^ better^ than^ one. d. Mother^ always^ knows best. Results from cross-cultural studies have shown that a. Japanese teens are socialized to be highly autonomous. b. In collectivist Asian cultures, parents tend to impose a great number of rules. c. Chinese-American^ teens^ expect^ more^ freedom^ to^ date^ than^ do^ European- American teens. Mexican-Americans teens are more likely than European-Americans teens to disagree with their parents. d.

Which of the following people will likely be the first to take responsibility for taking care of Albert now that he is old and in declining health? a. his neighbor Sandra b. his^ wife^ Louise c. his^ son^ Peter d. his daughter-in-law Rosa Concerning modern trends in family life, a. today’s two wage-earner families are financially worse off than families with one wage earner. b. the^ nuclear^ family^ continues^ to^ be^ the^ dominant^ family^ type^ in^ the^ United States. c. most adults now view marriage as an unimportant institution. d. more children today have relationships with their grandparents than in generations past. Which event ends the traditional family life cycle? a. Retirement b. Widowhood c. Death^ of^ the^ last child

d. Death^ of^ the only^ remaining^ member^ of^ a^ family Erikson would argue that the positive feeling of self associated with the empty nest in middle age indicates a successful attainment of a sense of a. independence. b. initiative. c. generativity. d. integrity. From a systems perspective, the change that occurs in a family can best be described as. a. predictable b. problematic c. staged d. multidimensional Which statement concerning child-parent relationships in older age is true?

a. Aging fathers tend to be closer to their sons than aging mothers are to their daughters. Older African-American elders enjoy more supportive relationships with their children than older European-American. c. Relationships between the generations are seldom affectionate. d. Most older parents would prefer to live with their children not near their children. Explanations on socioeconomic differences in parenting have focused on all of the following EXCEPT a. authoritative^ parenting^ methods. b. poverty-related^ stressors. c. limited educational resources. d. genetic differences. The neglectful parenting approach is characterized by acceptance-responsiveness and demandingness-control. a. low; high b.

b. high;^ high c. low; low d. high; low Fathers are most likely to adopt a “motherlike” caregiver role if they a. work^ outside^ the^ home. b. are^ the^ primary^ caregiver. c. are in a blended family. d. hold traditional gender values. In general, the effectiveness of various parenting styles is. a. universal b. debatable c. negligible d. cultural If a family is a system, then the mother and child functioning together are a(n). a. dyad

a. b. complement c. subsystem d. transaction Because families may consist of configurations other than mother-father- child(ren), some have suggested that the term be used. a. nontraditional b. nuclear c. alternative d. immediate Which of the following describes the foundation of the family stress model on parenting and childhood outcomes? a. resource deficits lead to health declines b. financial problems lead to conflict c. attachment problems lead to abuse d. social^ pressure^ leads^ to^ resiliency If Margo and Ray want their adolescent daughter Tina to "make it" as an independent adult, they should let Tina make her own choices and withhold

their own opinions, because they won't be around to help their child forever. b. gradually^ relinquish^ power^ and^ control^ so^ that^ Tina^ gains^ experience^ in making wise choices. c. exert strong control over Tina's behavior during the adolescent years. d. distance themselves from Tina, to weaken their attachment relationship. Married couples who voluntarily remain "childfree" a. tend^ to^ have^ higher^ levels^ of^ depression^ than^ couples^ with^ children. b. typically^ feel^ like^ failures^ for^ never^ having^ children. c. tend to be less satisfied with their lives as they age than couples whose children have grown. generally experience greater marital satisfaction than couples with children during the childrearing years. The conceptualization of a “family as a system” best matches the approach to psychology. a. bioecological b. Gestalt d.

c. psychodynamic d. classical^ conditioning Ever since she started middle school, Jordan has been contradicting everything her parents say, slamming her door, and being difficult. Her parents are at their wit's end. How should they address the situation? a. Engage^ in^ full-scale^ battles^ until^ her^ disrespectful^ demeanor^ is^ broken. b. Apply^ a^ more^ authoritarian^ parenting^ style^ to^ confirm^ who^ holds^ the^ power. c. Give her what she requests to keep the bad attitude from escalating. d. Ride it out, because conflict from adolescents is normal and beneficial. Which of the following terms best reflects the role of an older sibling in relation to younger siblings? a. minimal b. noncommittal c. adversarial d. influential Statistically speaking, who is at greatest risk for abusing their child?