PSY210H5 Introduction to Developmental Psychology study guise Midterm exam 1 Practice Ques, Exams of Developmental Psychology

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PSY210H5 Introduction to Developmental Psychology study guise Midterm exam 1 Practice Questions with Ruth Speidel University of Toronto

Note: These are example questions to give you a sense of the style of questions you will encounter. They do not necessarily reflect midterm content and the midterm will cover material not represented by the questions here. Thus, being able to answer these questions should not in itself be used to gauge preparedness of the midterm. Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and outcomes for the baby? a. Maternal stress increases the flow of blood to the fetus. b. Women who report greater anxiety during pregnancy more often give birth early or have babies who weigh less than average. c. Stress does not seem to affect a pregnant woman’s immune system. d. The effects of occasional, mild anxiety are the same as those associated with prolonged, extreme stress. e. More than one of the above.
2. Parents of young children who are picky eaters should a. force their children to clean their plates. b. use food as a reward or punishment. c. talk about and emphasize what the child is or is not eating. d. allow children to eat foods in any order that they want. e. “b” and “d”
3. theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body. a. Psychodynamic b. Ecological c. Maturational d. Cognitive developmental e. Social cognitive theory

4. According to Freud, if we experience conflict during a stage of our development, this could result in , which means that later in life we will have a tendency to return to behaviours reminiscent of that stage. a. generativity b. fixation c. latency d. a critical period e. none of the above
5. Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy. Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe’s toy just as a cartoon character had done on the TV show. According to social cognitive theory, Frank has just demonstrated a. observational learning or imitation. b. punishment for aggressive behaviour. c. reinforcement for sharing toys. d. imprinting. e. none of the above.
6. Who is most likely to have sickle-cell anemia? a. Tad, a European Canadian b. Jared, an African Canadian c. Miguel, a Native Canadian d. Ed, an Asian Canadian e. They are all equally likely.

7. An individual’s physical, behavioural, and psychological features are known as one’s a. phenotype. b. deoxyribonucleic acid. c. genotype. d. genes. e. none of the above
8. is an inherited disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome that results in intellectual disability. a. Phenylketonuria b. Huntington’s disease c. Down syndrome d. Turner’s syndrome e. None of the above
9. Behavioural genetics a. deals primarily with the inheritance of traits controlled by single genes. b. is simple because behavioural and psychological phenotypes are very simple. c. deals primarily with either-or cases of inheritance such as red-green colour blindness. d. is interested in the range of outcomes associated with different genotypes. e. more than one of the above
10. The path from genes to behaviour is a. one in which genes make particular behaviours more or less likely. b. a direct path in which genes directly cause behaviour. c. largely known and charted. d. not influenced by the environment in which the genetic instructions are carried out. e. “b” and “d”

11. Gina has a genotype for average sociability. If she is in an environment where sociability is discouraged, she is likely to be below average in sociability. If she is in an environment where sociability is encouraged, she may be above average in sociability. The fact that Gina’s genotype can lead to different phenotypes depending on the environment is a phenomenon referred to as a. niche-picking. b. an active gene-environment relation. c. an evocative gene-environment relation. d. a reaction range. e. none of the above
12. Near the centre of a zygote is a small cluster of cells called the , which will eventually develop into the baby. a. placenta b. amnion c. fetus d. germ disc e. blastocyst
13. The endoderm will become a. the arms and legs. b. hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system. c. muscles, bones, and the circulatory system. d. the digestive system and lungs. e. more than one of the above

14. Stress during pregnancy a. is harmful even when it is relatively mild. b. increases the mother’s resistance to illness during pregnancy. c. is associated with premature birth and low birthweight babies. d. does not appear to have any harmful effects on the developing child. e. “a” and “c”
15. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) a. are usually born prematurely. b. may have neural impairments. c. usually have normal levels of intelligence. d. have deformed limbs. e. have deformed facial features
16. The general principle that the impact of a teratogen depends upon the genotype of the organism is best illustrated by a. rubella being more likely to cause birth defects during some times of pregnancy than during others. b. thalidomide during pregnancy causing deformed limbs but not low birth weight while the use of marijuana during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight but not deformed limbs. c. the effects of eating PCB-contaminated fish while pregnant not being obvious when a child is born, but appearing later in the child’s life. d. two women who both drank heavily during pregnancy with one of them giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome and the other giving birth to a normal, healthy child. e. more than one of the above

17. Anesthesia that is used during childbirth a. does not cross the placental barrier. b. does not influence the mother’s ability to push the baby through the birth canal. c. is likely to result in a baby who is more sociable after birth. d. is likely to result in a baby who is withdrawn or irritable for days or weeks after birth. e. “a” and “d”
18. Which of the following accurately describes secular growth trends over the last 100 years? a. Adults and children are heavier today but no taller than in previous generations. b. Adults and children are heavier and taller today than in previous generations. c. Adults and children are lighter and shorter today than in previous generations. d. Adults and children have the same average height and weight today as they did in previous generations. e. None of the above
19. Which of the following is TRUE of nutrition and physical growth? a. Nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid. b. In a two-month-old, almost 80 percent of the body’s energy is devoted to growth. c. Young babies need fewer calories per pound of body weight than do adults. d. Nutrition is not related to physical growth. e. More than one of the above
20. For girls, puberty typically begins with a. the appearance of pubic hair. b. growth of the breasts. c. menarche. d. the first ovulation. e. all of the above except for “c”

21. Ten-year-old Tyra is obese. Which of the following weight-loss programs would be most effective? a. A program in which Tyra does not have to concern herself with monitoring her calories and exercise. b. A program that focuses on changing Tyra’s eating habits, encouraging her to become more active, and helping her to avoid sedentary behaviour. c. A program that sets very high goals for Tyra’s weight loss. d. A program that teaches Tyra to respond to external cues to start and stop eating. e. More than one of the above will be equally effective.
22. Newborns are able to detect which of the following tastes? a. salty and sour tastes b. sweet and salty tastes c. bitter and sour tastes d. salty, sour, bitter, and sweet tastes e. newborns cannot taste
23. Differences in are related to differences in colour perception. a. retinal disparity b. wavelengths of light c. visual acuity d. pattern detection e. none of the above
24. Nellie has noticed that her three-month-old cannot coordinate the motions of his hands. When should she expect him to be able to do this? a. He should have been able to coordinate his hands at birth. b. He should be learning how to coordinate his hands right now–at about three months. c. He should be able to coordinate his hands at about five months. d. He won’t be able to coordinate his hands until he is about one year. e. Hand coordination is highly variable and difficult to predict.

25. Girls begin puberty at a younger age when a. they eat less. b. they have many siblings. c. their fathers are no longer living at home. d. their mothers are no longer living at home. e. “c” and “d” True/False
26. “Experience-expectant growth” refers to the fact that you can expect to see neural connections form are a result of an individual’s experiences such as learning to play a musical instrument. a. True b. False
27. An increase in neurodevelopmental disorders is associated with Apgar scores below 5. a. True b. False
28. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating with purging through self- induced vomiting or with laxatives. a. True b. False
29. The cerebral cortex connects the two halves of the brain. a. True b. False
30. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to measure the brain’s electrical activity. a. True b. False

31. Brain plasticity increases with age. a. True b. False
32. A 5 month old infant is typically sensitive to the rhythmic structure of music. a. True b. False
33. Parents should be concerned if their infant does not begin speaking by 6 months of age. a. True b. False
34. Stimulant medications are useful for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder because they increase neural inhibition. a. True b. False
35. Visual expansion is a kinetic cue of depth. a. True b. False Short Answer (Note that you will be given one side of one page to write your answers during the midterm and there will only be 3 short answer questions on the midterm)
36. Describe the process of synaptic pruning and its significance with respect to nervous system development (5 marks).
37. Explain Bronfenbrenner’s theory of ecological systems (5 marks).
38. Compare and contrast Classical and Operant Conditioning vs. Social Cognitive Theory in terms of what each suggests about the role of learning in development (5 marks).
39. Describe three types of teratogens and their influence on physical and psychological development (5 marks).

5. Describe the gray and white matter changes taking place in each the four lobes of the brain during adolescence and what these changes signify about how the brain is maturing at the cellular level (5 marks).
6. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs (5 marks).
7. Is visual experience in the first few months of infancy important for visual processing of faces (1 mark)? Describe research findings to back-up your answer (4 marks).
8. An individual’s phenotype is the product of heredity and environment. Discuss. (5 marks).