Introduction to General Psychology Exam, Exams of Psychology

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PSYC 1101 - Introduction to General Psychology Exam #3 (Final Exam) complete update PSYC 1101 - Introduction to General Psychology Exam #3 (Final Exam) complete update Psychology scientific study of behavior and mental processes Wilhelm Wundt primary focus was consciousness, the awareness of the immediate experience; established the first laboratory for the study and research of psychology in Germany in 1879 Clinical Psychology branch of psychology that focuses on assessing, and treating people psychological disorders Psychiatry branch of psychology that deals with the physical causes of psychological disorders; practiced by licensed medical doctors that are licensed to administer drugs Basic Research biological connections (between brain and mind); developmental connection (how we develop through life); cognitive connection (how we perceive and think); social connection (how we view and affect one another) Applied Psychology scientific study that tries to solve practical, everyday or realistic problems Counseling Psychology Clairvoyance perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend's house on fire Precognition perceiving future events, such as a political leader's death Learning relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience Classical Conditioning two stimuli; involves behaviors that occur as an automatic response to a certain stimulus Operant Conditioning a response and its consequences; behavior involves maneuvers on/in the environment, producing rewarding or punishing stimuli results What type of learning are classical & operant conditioning? associative learning What does cognitive learning include? observational, watching, language, hearing, ect Memory basis for knowing your family, your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and yourself Encoding Putting the thing, event or circumstance into our physical understanding, into our brain - some of the information is automatically processed, and some of the information is not, and would require more attention Storage To retain, hold, preserve, or save the information - put it away for future use Retrieval Accessing the information that was stored away when needed Concepts the building blocks of thinking, simplify the world by organizing it into a hierarchy of categories Cognition Our mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, intellect, remembering, reasoning, perception, communicating Concept mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, thoughts, or theories Heuristics enables us to solve the problem quickly using the easiest solution to get to the end result. Using this method can sometimes increase the chances of making errors Algorithm methodical, step by step process, of using all possible alternatives to resolve the problem Language spoken, written, or gestured work, including symbols that convey meaning Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations Sigmund Freud proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motives influenced personality; psychoanalytic perspective Abraham Maslow believed that if basic human needs are met, people will strive to actualize their highest potential Carl Rogers suggested that being genuine, accepting, and empathic helps others to develop a positive self-concept. Personality individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, acting, and disposition Freud's theory of personality and his concepts regarding the ________ was important in helping us to understand personality unconscious The humanistic perspective focuses on our inner capacities for ____ and _____. growth, self fulfillment Impulse aggressive pleasure seeking biological urges Restraint internalized social controls over aggressive pleasure seeking biological urges Freud's three interacting systems of personality the unconscious ID, the conscious ego, and the preconscious super-ego Rorschach Inkblot Test boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces Ideology Looks at the cause and development of the disorder Diagnosis Identifies symptoms and distinguishes one disease from another Treatment Usually means treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital Prognosis Forecasts, prediction about the disorder Psychopathology illness of the mind Anxiety Disorder Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension; Autonomic arousal, such as increased heart beat; Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. Panic Disorder Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations Obsessions repetitive thoughts, or persistence of unwanted thoughts Compulsions repetitive behaviors, urges to engage in senseless rituals PTSD severe emotional trauma as a result of an experience Symptoms of PTSD Sleeping problems, Social withdrawal, Haunting memories Dissociative Disorder When conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms of dissociative disorder Unrealness, Separation from body, Watching yourself as a movie Mood Disorder emotional disturbances of various kinds that spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes Two principal forms of mood disorder Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder Depression feelings of sadness, discouraged, not being interested in your normal activities, friends, family, work, and feelings of worthlessness Genetic Influences in Mood disorders Studies indicate that the rate of depression is higher in identical twins (50%) than fraternal twins (20%) Schizophrenia "split mind," it refers to a split from reality or fragmentation of thought processes. Brain abnormalities in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala Flat effect person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all Catatonic patients may continually rub an arm, rock in a chair, or remain motionless for hours Psychotherapy interactive experience with a trained professional, working on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions Biomedical Therapy use of medications and other procedures acting directly on the body to reduce the symptoms of mental disorders Eclectic uses techniques from various forms of therapy to fit the client's problems, strengths, and preferences Free Association patient speaks freely about memories, dreams, feelings Interpretation therapist suggests unconscious meanings and underlying wishes, to help the client gain insight and release tension Humanistic psychology (Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers) emphasizes the human potential for growth, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment Humanistic therapy attempts to support personal growth by helping people gain self-awareness and self-acceptance