Factors in Interaction: Genetics, Environment, Learning Theories, Developmental Psychology, Exams of Psychology

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PSYC 230 UIUC EXAMS 1, 2, AND 3 | ACTUAL

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PSYC 230 UIUC EXAM 1

Which theories propose that development is largely determined by how well people resolve the conflicts that they face at different ages? a. learning b. cognitive c. systems d. psychodynamic -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. psychodynamic A researcher is gathering several studies to estimate relations between variables. What kind of study is this researcher conducting? a. neuroscience b. continuity c. meta-analysis d. nature versus nurture -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. meta-analysis With regard to the nature-nurture debate, which factors are most influential in determining the kind of person you are? a. environmental and context-specific factors b. mutually interactive genetic and environmental factors c. predominantly environmental factors d. predominantly genetic factors -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. mutually interactive genetic and environmental factors Towanda notices that her 2-year-old child has made a huge leap in language ability. As far as language ability is concerned, Towanda would probably most agree with the ________ point of view.

a. universal development b. discontinuity c. genetic d. environmental -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. discontinuity The ideas of which theorist emphasized the discontinuity and universal stages? a. Vygotsky b. Bandura c. Skinner d. Erikson -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. Erikson According to the example in the text, which product below was pulled from American shelves in response to human development research and its impact on social policy? a. flammable pajamas b. mercury-based thermometers c. plastic bottles d. lead-based paint -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. lead-based paint ________ is one kind of ________. a. Insight learning; punishment b. Reinforcement; operant conditioning c. Operant conditioning; negative reinforcement d. Negative reinforcement; insight learning -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. Reinforcement; operant conditioning Which is the proper order of Piaget's stages? a. concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational b. formal operational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational d. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Dr. Zachary is studying how adolescents' self-esteem is affected by school transitions, gender, and family environment. He hopes to soon replicate his studies in Japan and Africa. Which perspective most heavily influences Dr. Zachary? a. Competence-environmental press b. Psychodynamic c. Selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model. d. Life-span perspective -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. Life-span perspective Self-reports are not always valid because people ___________. a. engage in validity bias b. often lie about personal information c. remember events inaccurately and respond in socially acceptable ways d. like being observed -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. remember events inaccurately and respond in socially acceptable ways Dr. Hindsmith has developed a new test for IQ. When Dr. Hindsmith distributes the new test to college students and finds that the students score the same every time they take the test, but that the test does not predict how they perform on other IQ tests. Dr. Hindsmith's test appears to have _________ but not ________. a. reliability; validity b. validity; reliability c. reliability; sampling efficacy d. sampling efficacy; reliability -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. reliability; validity For a correlation coefficient, the ________ shows the direction of the relationship, while the ________ shows the strength of the relationship. a. difference from zero; probability b. difference from zero; positive or negative sign c. probability; difference from zero d. positive or negative sign; difference from zero -----CORRECT ANSWER---------------- d. positive or negative sign; difference from zero

In general, _________ forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. a. psychological b. biological c. sociocultural d. life-cycle -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. psychological According to the text, which highly populated country is the most diverse in a sociocultural context? a. China b. Russia c. United States d. India -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. United States A researcher is interested in studying the consequences of behavior, such as whether a consequence increases the likelihood of the behavior that it follows. Which theory is this researcher likely studying? a. social learning theory b. cognitive-development theory c. behaviorism d. life-course perspective -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. behaviorism At any point in life, the ________ consists of the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment. a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. microsystem Two-year-old Luke lines up behind peers after seeing them make a line. Luke is demonstrating learning by _________. a. reinforcement b. operant conditioning

c. imitation or observation d. preoperational thinking -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. imitation or observation In conducting developmental research, observation is a key technique. Recording people's behavior as it takes place, in a natural environment, is which type of observation? a. physiological b. self-report c. structured d. naturalistic -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------not d. naturalistic or c. structured A researcher chooses to study a group of Hispanic males age 25-30. This group of people composes the ________ of the research study. a. population b. representative sample c. cohort d. observers -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. population The use of __________ typically involves intensive observation of behavior over extended periods of time. a. qualitative research b. independent variables c. dependent variables d. a sequential design -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. qualitative research Alleles that are the same are called ________. a. homozygous b. genotypes c. phenotypes d. heterozygous -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. homozygous

Aubrey and Ava are identical twins who were raised in separate homes by their divorced parents. Now, as they enter elementary school, Aubrey shows mild symptoms of phenylketonuria (PKU), but Ava's symptoms are more severe. The girls have different ________ for this disease. a. autosomes b. alleles c. phenotypes d. genotypes -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. phenotypes Which condition involves an extra chromosome? a. Huntington's disease b. sickle-cell disease c. phenylketonuria d. Down syndrome -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. Down syndrome Alexander has a sex chromosome abnormality. He is very tall, has small testicles, and has never been able to conceive a child with his wife. His personality is rather unreactive. Alexander most likely has ________. a. XXX syndrome b. XYY complement c. Turner's syndrome d. Klinefelter's syndrome -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. Klinefelter's syndrome During prenatal development, the ________ will become the digestive system. a. ectoderm b. germ disc c. endoderm d. mesoderm -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. endoderm During the period of ________, the mesoderm begins to form.

a. the embryo b. the zygote c. the fetus d. implantation -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. the embryo The reason infants and children have such large heads compared to their bodies is described by the ________. a. proximodistal principle b. influence of teratogens c. cephalocaudal principle d. laying of the exoderm -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. cephalocaudal principle When couples cannot conceive a child naturally, some turn to in vitro fertilization. In this process, ________. a. a doctor injects sperm cells directly into the fallopian tube b. a surrogate mother carries the baby to term c. a sex therapist teaches the couple relaxation strategies to reduce stress d. sperm cells and egg cells are mixed in a petri dish -----CORRECT ANSWER------------ ----d. sperm cells and egg cells are mixed in a petri dish During which period of prenatal development would exposure to teratogens most likely cause defects to major body structures? a. embryo b. implantation c. zygote d. fetus -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. embryo Which period begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg? a. zygote b. fetus c. embryo d. ectoderm -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. zygote

Marsha was in a relatively minor car accident; the embryo in her uterus was not harmed due to the cushioning effect of the ________. a. placenta b. amniotic fluid c. umbilical cord d. vernix -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. amniotic fluid Exposure to DES during pregnancy has been linked to ________. a. high rates of miscarriage b. effects decades after the drug was taken c. memory problems d. low birth weight in females and later fertility problems -----CORRECT ANSWER-------- --------b. effects decades after the drug was taken When Celina was pregnant, her obstetrician used a needle to obtain a small sample of fluid for analysis to determine the possible presence of genetic abnormalities in the baby. Celina underwent the process of ________. a. chorionic villus sampling b. ultrasound c. amniocentesis d. fetal surgery -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. amniocentesis Keira is giving birth and is attempting to pass the placenta. She is in the ________ stage of birth. a. first b. third c. fourth d. second -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. third Which birth complication involves the infant's head being bigger than the pelvis of the mother?

a. hypoxia b. preeclampsia c. irregular position d. cephalopelvic disproportion -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. cephalopelvic disproportion The technical term for the fertilized egg just after conception is the________. a. placenta b. zygote c. embryo d. endoderm -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. zygote The emerging field of study concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth is called ________. a. obstetrics b. gerontology c. pediatrics d. fetal medicine -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. fetal medicine Jermaine was hiking in the Rocky Mountains for the first time and became sick. At the hospital, he was diagnosed with sickle-cell disease. Jermaine likely has sickle-cell trait, which is a situation where he has a mild form of sickle-cell disease that is exacerbated by vigorous exercise or high altitude. Sickle-cell trait is characterized by: a. one dominant normal allele and one recessive sickle-cell allele b. two recessive sickle-cell alleles c. one incomplete dominant sickle-cell allele d. two dominant sickle-cell alleles -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. two recessive sickle-cell alleles Fetal therapy is most likely to use which of the following tests to assess potential problems with the fetus? a. preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) b. germ disc c. noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

d. cesarean section (C-section) -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) Although the cerebral cortex is forming and the mother can feel the fetus moving, the fetus is not yet: a. at the age of viability b. a zygote c. with a functioning circulatory system d. at the sex determination stage -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. at the age of viability chapter 3 -----CORRECT ANSWER---------------- When a baby performs the _________ reflex, her toes fan out when the bottom of her foot is stroked. a. Moro b. Rooting c. Palmar d. Babinski -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. Babinski The ______ test gives a comprehensive evaluation of a newborn's well-being. a. Apgar b. NBAS c. AAP d. BAS -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. NBAS Paul, a newborn only a few hours old, is crying loudly. His cries begin with a sudden long burst; he pauses and then gasps. Paul is probably _______. a. tired b. mad c. hungry d. hurt -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. hurt

Which dimension of temperament describes a child who is generally happy, active, vocal, and seeks interesting stimulation? a. extroversion/surgency b. effortful control c. nontemperamental d. easygoing -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. extroversion/surgency If children continued to grow as quickly as infants do, by 10 years old, a child would be nearly the size of a(n) ________. a. adult b. airliner c. elephant d. helicopter -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. airliner Kenya's 2-year-old daughter, Daria, is becoming increasingly picky about what she will eat. Kenya's best course of action is to ________. a. not be overly concerned b. present her only with the rejected foods until she begins to eat them c. worry about possible malnutrition d. punish her until she finishes her meals -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. not be overly concerned Dynamic systems theorists believe that ________. a. motor skills are multilayered and inflexible b. motor skills tend to be hardwired c. each motor skill involves one main system d. motor skills are continually reorganized -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. motor skills are continually reorganized What term refers to a mastery of component skills or motions?

a. Reproductive imitation b. Differentiation c. Integration d. Dynamic skill -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. Differentiation In some traditional African societies, mothers help infants "practice" motor skills. Western developmentalists believe this ________. a. interferes with the typical maturational timeline b. helps motor skill, but this goes against the results of most research c. is a waste of time, since motor skill development cannot be hurried d. works because development of some motor skills can be sped up -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. works because development of some motor skills can be sped up Carlos is beginning to reach for objects, but he frequently misses. How old would you estimate Carlos to be? a. Five months b. Ten months c. Three months d. Seven months -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. Three months Progressive improvements in children's reaching and grasping behaviors during the first year of life exemplifies _____________. a. their increasingly greater use of environmental cues b. their greater reliance on differentiation than integration c. the development of fine motor skills d. these skills' initial independence from handedness -----CORRECT ANSWER------------ ----c. the development of fine motor skills Avery is a 1.5-month-old infant. Avery's heart rate slows down when she is placed on the visual cliff's deep side, which shows that she ________. a. has little concept of depth b. can notice depth and already shows fear of falling c. can only see depth if an object is in motion against the background

d. can notice depth but is not too worried about falling -----CORRECT ANSWER----------- -----d. can notice depth but is not too worried about falling What is one area of perception in which newborns are far inferior to adults? a. sound b. pain c. color d. smell -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. color The typical infant's brain ________. a. has a right hemisphere with language structures b. is completely structured by genes c. is unstructured until after birth d. shows language specialization at birth -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. shows language specialization at birth Infants have four states of activity: alert, waking, crying, and _____. a. walking b. playing c. talking d. sleeping -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. sleeping Mary was worried because her baby seemed restless while sleeping, moving his arms and legs, grimacing, and his eyes were darting beneath his eyelids. Mary's doctor is likely to tell her that the baby is experiencing: a. nightmares b. anxiety c. regular or non-REM sleep d. irregular or rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. irregular or rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

A child's nervous system develops without apparent outer changes in the body. The nervous system starts with the most basic component, the _____. a. dendrite and neurotransmitters b. cell body c. neuron d. terminal buttons -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. neuron Infants at 6 months old are starting to learn to differentiate distance according to the detail seen in closer objects compared to the detail found in faraway objects. This learning is called: a. binocular disparity b. linear perspective c. pictorial cues d. texture gradient -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. texture gradient Concentrated in the back of the eye along the retina are specialized neurons called _____. They enable one to sense color. a. cones b. color neurons c. retinal neurons d. pictorial cues -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. cones In sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason. Approximately what percentage of American babies dies of SIDS each year? a. 5% b. 0.2% c. 20% d. 2% -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. 0.2% chapter 4 -----CORRECT ANSWER---------------- What is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory?

a. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor b. formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational d. concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Latoya shows her child a baseball card that had writing on one side and a picture on the other. While the child is looking at the picture, Latoya asks her what was on the other side. The child, holding the card with the picture toward her, said, "See Mommy, it's a baseball player." Latoya's child is probably in what stage? a. preoperational b. formal operational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. preoperational A child who says her teddy bear feels sad is showing ________. a. concrete operations b. animism c. transformation d. delayed development -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. animism Overall, Piaget ________ infants' and children's cognitive abilities, but ________ those of adolescents. a. naturalistically observed; experimentally assessed b. studied limits of; failed to naturalistically observe c. underestimated; overestimated d. discovered general schemas in; discovered specific schemas in -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. underestimated; overestimated Which process most determines what sensory information will receive additional cognitive processing? a. habituation

b. classical conditioning c. orienting response d. attention -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. attention Some researchers believe that infants show imitation as young as ________. a. 1-2 months b. around 8 months c. at birth d. around 4 months -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. at birth A preschoolers' memory can be best described as ________. a. relatively good memory that reflects adequate source-monitoring skills b. having very poor retrieval skills, but good cued recall skills c. having good memory, but are more suggestible than adults d. having very poor cued recall skills, but good retrieval skills -----CORRECT ANSWER- ---------------c. having good memory, but are more suggestible than adults A child smiles and gains attention from a caretaker, so the child begins to smile more often. This is an example of ________. a. operant conditioning b. imitation c. classical conditioning d. habituation -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. operant conditioning Research has shown that ________. a. private speech is an early warning sign of later psychological problems b. private and inner speech appear simultaneously c. children use private speech on more difficult tasks and after mistakes d. private speech is less important than speech from others while using scaffolding ----- CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. children use private speech on more difficult tasks and after mistakes

The idea of a "zone of proximal development" recognizes that children's development of cognition ________. a. depends on critical windows of time during the brain's development b. follows an average course, but can be highly variable at certain ages c. occurs in social settings, only gradually coming under independent control d. reflects gradual qualitative shifts in thinking due to self-regulation of problem solving - ----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. occurs in social settings, only gradually coming under independent control Preschool children begin using grammatical morphemes in their speech, which is attributable to ______________. a. overregularization being applied less frequently than underregularization b. their growing knowledge of grammatical rules instead of just memory for words c. earlier experiences with telegraphic speech, nouns, verbs, and adjectives d. their new ability to form three-word rather than fewer-word sentences -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. their growing knowledge of grammatical rules instead of just memory for words By 18 months, children talk, gesture, and have begun to learn new words rapidly, all of which reflect their ______________. a. rapidly developing mental hardware and software b. transition from sensorimotor to decentralized thinking c. gradually lessening tendency to confuse appearance with reality d. emerging understanding of symbols and use of symbols -----CORRECT ANSWER---- ------------d. emerging understanding of symbols and use of symbols Fundamental to adults' ________ theories is the distinction between living and nonliving things. a. child-as-scientist b. physical c. cognitive d. naive -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. naive

Which term refers to the mental and neural structures that are built-in and allow the mind to operate? a. mental networks b. mental constructs c. mental software d. mental hardware -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. mental hardware Little Omar thought he knew all about dogs, but recently, Omar saw a Chihuahua and realized he needed to find out more about dogs. Omar is in a state of ________. a. equilibration b. accommodation c. disequilibrium d. assimilation -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. disequilibrium When a baby searches for an object hidden under a blanket, he or she is displaying signs of _____. a. centration b. sensorimotor thinking c. object permanence d. egocentrism -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. object permanence Infants and toddlers rapidly develop theories that organize their knowledge about properties of objects, people, and living things, which supports the _____. a. concept of object permanence b. teleological explanations c. core knowledge hypothesis d. essentialism theory -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. core knowledge hypothesis Shilo counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and with emphasis says "five!" Five is the number of apples she is counting. Shilo understands the _____. a. one-to-one principle b. stable-order principle

c. operant principle d. cardinality principle -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. cardinality principle A group of grade schoolers walk into a discovery center. They see a jigsaw puzzle on a table and quickly gather around and start working on the puzzle. This group of grade schoolers share _____ about jigsaw puzzles. a. guided participation b. intersubjectivity c. fast mapping d. referential style -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. intersubjectivity Steps to speech including learning vowel sounds by "cooing" and forming consonant/vowel combinations by "babbling" as well as _____ speech from adults. a. learning-directed b. sounding c. infant-directed d. phonetic -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. infant-directed chapter 5 -----CORRECT ANSWER---------------- Cassandra's 2-year-old daughter seems to be strong-willed about doing things her own way. Cassandra says she is in the "terrible twos." You realize, however, that her daughter is simply trying to show ________. a. dominance b. autonomy c. purpose d. initiative -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. autonomy According to Bowlby, why have children been evolutionarily selected to form attachments? a. It makes them more likely to survive. b. It makes them more trusting of adults.

c. It makes the infant release the "attachment" hormone, oxytocin. d. It makes both the mother and infant release the "attachment" hormone, oxytocin. ----- CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. It makes them more likely to survive. One-year-old Annie is exploring her new day care and frequently looks toward her mother as she does so. Annie's behavior exemplifies ________. a. an avoidance to forming a parental attachment b. true attachment c. a reciprocal relationship d. a secure internal working model -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. true attachment Which statement is true about father-infant relationships? a. Fathers more often read and talk to their infants than mothers do. b. Fathers and mothers play different types of games with their infants. c. Research shows that a mother's care is usually superior to a father's care. d. Fathers spend an average of 60 minutes a day on childcare tasks, while mothers spend 70 minutes or more. -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. Fathers and mothers play different types of games with their infants. LaWanda's 16-month-old child is being tested using Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Little Rodrick cries when LaWanda leaves the room, but wants to be with her and stops crying upon her return. What type of attachment relationship does Rodrick seem to have with LaWanda? a. Secure b. Avoidant c. Resistant d. Disorganized -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. Secure Interestingly, stranger wariness begins around the time infants ________. a. begin to recognize fear b. begin to walk c. develop the emotion of interest

d. begin to be good crawlers -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. begin to be good crawlers Eight-month-old Janie is delighted to find the new, shiny ball her father brought home for her. As she approaches the ball, she is happy, but she continually looks at her father to see if it is okay to touch it. Janie is showing ________. a. emotional checking b. social referencing c. emotional referencing d. social wariness -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. social referencing What is one reason school-aged children show more altruism than preschoolers? a. Preschoolers do not grasp being praised for their prosocial behavior. b. Preschoolers are more egocentric. c. Older children have better communication skills. d. Older children are focused more on enabling play. -----CORRECT ANSWER------------ ----b. Preschoolers are more egocentric. Caleb often felt very sad when he saw a sad child, and he generally felt happy when others were happy. Caleb is ________. a. empathetic b. a strong social reference c. sympathetic d. a weak emotion regulator -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. empathetic One of the strongest gender differences, one that begins early in life and is seen in almost all cultures, is that ________________. a. females show more social sensitivity b. males show more mathematical abilities c. females are more susceptible to social influence d. males show more physical aggression -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. males show more physical aggression

Between 5 and 7 years, children begin to show _________. a. flexibility in gender-typing occupations if they have mastered gender constancy b. that situational changes or personal wishes do not change one's gender c. desires to dress as the opposite sex during play d. tendencies to guess an adult's gender based on hairstyle or clothing -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. that situational changes or personal wishes do not change one's gender Which culture, in general, tends to favor emotional restraint? a. Asian b. American c. European d. African -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. Asian The text suggests that gender roles ________. a. adhere to traditional norms b. continue to sharpen and define clearly what is masculine and what is feminine c. are softening, yet retain some traditional elements d. have almost disappeared -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. are softening, yet retain some traditional elements When a particular theme organizes children's play, it is defined as ________ play. a. cooperative b. complex social c. simple social d. parallel -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------a. cooperative According to the text, girls' interactions with others are generally ________. a. directive b. sociable c. enabling d. constricting -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. enabling

Which of Erikson's stages of human development explains that infants can acquire hope, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that discomfort or danger may arise? a. autonomy versus shame and doubt b. mistrust versus autonomy c. trust versus mistrust d. initiative versus guilt -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. trust versus mistrust Which psychological perspective poses that many human behaviors represent successful adaptation to the environment? a. social b. developmental c. evolutionary d. abnormal -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. evolutionary At what age do infants begin to use social smiles when they see another human face? a. 10-11 months b. 5-6 months c. 2-3 months d. at birth -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------c. 2-3 months In the following scenario, what is the father displaying? Jim and his father are shopping for a birthday present for his sister, Sally. Jim chooses a truck that Sally can play with in the sand. Jim's father says, "No, let's get her a girl toy, like this doll." a. gender identity b. gender typing c. gender schema d. relational aggression -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------b. gender typing Which of the following supports gender-schema theory?

a. Bobby's dad told him not to cry because "Boys don't cry." b. Jack saw girls playing on the obstacle course; he decided to play on the obstacle course. c. Judy's mom told her it is okay to play with cars, even though she is a girl. d. Rosie saw other girls playing on the obstacle course; she decided she would play on the obstacle course. -----CORRECT ANSWER----------------d. Rosie saw other girls playing on the obstacle course; she decided she would play on the obstacle course.

PSYC 230 Exam 3

- processing: Process whereby physical stimuli influence how we perceive them --- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bottom-up __ __: Lack the ability to find labels to identify objects -----CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Object agnosia - processing: Transducers are trying to go up the visual system to the higher level of interpretation -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bottom-up - processing: A process whereby our existing knowledge of objects influences how we perceive them -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Top-down processing __: The ability to match a presented item with an item in memory. -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Recognition: __: The storage and/or reconstruction of information in memory when that information is not in use. -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Representation: __ is a way in which our brain can have a concept → A way of coding some particular memory

Making match of a stimulus and a memory to represent that concept internally ----- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Representation Top-down processing is: A process whereby physical stimuli influence how we perceive them A process whereby our existing knowledge of objects influences how we perceive them A process in which the top of objects is more salient than the bottom of objects Processing that occurs first in the higher cortical areas and then is sent directly to the sensory organs -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A process whereby our existing knowledge of objects influences how we perceive them Perceptual Organization __: the tendency for human viewers, when seeing large numbers of individual objects, to organize them into groups -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Grouping Perceptual Organization __: refers to the visual processes that determine which visual features combine to form a single shape and which features combine to form other shapes -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Segregation Gestalt Psychology and Perceptual Organization Example: Eye or dots? Level of understanding of the image Tend to describe __ shapes in the image, have precedence over the constituent parts -- ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------global Gestalt Psychology and Perceptual Organization __ __: The whole is larger than the sum of its parts -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---Gestalt Psychology