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PSYC 302 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM
TEST BANK 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
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What is stereopsis? - ANSWER- process of combining neural signals to result in depth perception; emerges at 4 months What is monocular depth cues? - ANSWER- Depth cues perceieved by only one eye; 6-7 months What is auditory localization - ANSWER- the perception of the spatial location of a sound source Do infants prefer infant-directed speech or sinigng? - ANSWER- They prefer infant-directed singing How do infants start developing the touch sense - ANSWER- through oral exploration; i.e. sucking on fingers and toes What do infants do at 4 months to further their touch sense? - ANSWER- using hands/arms to touch thus developing mental maps of bodies
What is perceptual narrowing? - ANSWER- developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system What is intermodal perception? - ANSWER- the combining of information from two or more sensory systems What is the McGurk effect? - ANSWER- an example of auditory-visual intermodal perception Is motor reflexes dependant on culture? - ANSWER- Yes
- i.e. countries where sitting independently is encouraged vs. discouraged What is the impact of diapers on walking behaviours - ANSWER- when naked, infants displayed mature walking behaviour versus when wearing diapers What are affordances? - ANSWER- the possibility that an action offers/that an object offers
- i.e. door handle gives possibility to open the door; smaller objects give possibility to pick them up How does reaching start off for infants? - ANSWER- initially limited to clumsy swings towards objects they see
What is the Godilocks Effect for infant learning? - ANSWER- avoiding patterns in statistical learning that are too hard/esasy What is classical conditioning? - ANSWER- Learning through association (i.e. infants meal through breast, so sucking motion at sight of breast) What is the unconditioned stimulus? - ANSWER- A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (i.e. nipple in mouth) What is unconditioned response? - ANSWER- a reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditional stimulus (i.e. sucking motion) What is the conditioned response - ANSWER- the orginally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus (i.e. anticipatory sucking movement) What is Operant conditioning? - ANSWER- learning relation between one's own behaviour and the consequenes
Why do infants divide objects into categories? - ANSWER- allows them to make inferences about unknown objects What are the three categories that infants divide objects into? - ANSWER- inanimate objects, people, animals What does object categorization of objects look like in infancy? - ANSWER- at 4 months can distinguish cats and dogs; less than 18 months rely on presence of legs to categorize as animals or wheels to categorize as vehicles What is the key dimension that infants use to categorize objects - ANSWER- overall shape What are the three levels of category hierachies beyond infancy? - ANSWER- the superordinate level; the subordinate level; the basic level What is the superordinate level? - ANSWER- the most general level
- i.e. animal in an animal/dog/poodle example What is the subordinate level? - ANSWER- the most specific level
- i.e. poodle in animal/dog/poodle
Three properties of Naive Psychology? - ANSWER- 1. invisible mental states
- linked to one another in cause-effect relations
- develop early in life What do nativist belive for infancy naive psychology? - ANSWER- children are born with basic understanding of human psychology What do Empiricists believe for infancy naive psychology? - ANSWER- experience and general info-processing capabilities lead to understanding of others/self Map the emergence of self-consciousness in infancy - ANSWER- - infants born with self consciousness (if one touches infant face, they turn; if touch own face, wont turn)
- 4 months, understanding of what they can(t) do (only reaches for objects in range)
- by 18-24 months, deeper understanding (cleans face if dirty in mirror) Describe infants understanding of other people? - ANSWER- - Know their actions are goal-oriented
- have a deep interest in people-watching
- differentiate between people (proven by their preference for certain people) What does naive psychology past the first year look like? - ANSWER- - A sense of self
- joint attention
- Intersubjectivity What is joint attention? - ANSWER- focusing of attention on an object by 2 separate individuals What is intersubjectivity? - ANSWER- the mutual understanding that people share during communication What is theory of mind? - ANSWER- an understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires and beliefs influence behaviour What is the false-belief problem - ANSWER- a cognitive task used in psychology to assess an individual's ability to understand that someone else may hold a belief that contradicts actual facts or current information. What do nativists think of theory of mind? - ANSWER- that there exists a hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings; autistic children support this hypothesis
How do Nativists think infants develop spatial thinking? - ANSWER- an innate module How do Empircists think infants develop spatial thinking? - ANSWER- through learning mechanisms and experiences In terms of spatial thinking, what do Nativists and Empiricists agree on?
- ANSWER- - early understandinf of spatial concepts (above, velow, left, right)
- self-locomotion stimualtes processing of spatial information
- certain parts of brain specizlied for spatial info
- geometric information (length, angles, direction) is important in spatial processing What is Piaget's egocentric spatial representation? - ANSWER- his belief that infants can code spatial locations relative to one's own body Is Piaget's egocentric spatial representation absolute? - ANSWER- No, if hidden object is near a landmark, baby can find it How can children find objects with no landmarks/their position moved?
- ANSWER- self-locomotion; assembling puzzles (makes them better at spatial transformation tasks)
What are the restrictions of infants using landmarks for spatial understanding? - ANSWER- - must only be one landmark
- hidden objects must be directly next to landmark Is spatial understanding influenced by culture? - ANSWER- Yes, depends on importance of spatial skills in specific cultures What are the two theories on the nature and emergence of emotion? - ANSWER- Discrete Emotions Theory and the Functionalist Perspective Describe the Disrete Emotions Theory - ANSWER- theory where emotions are innate and each emotion has a specific set of bodily/facial reactions
- universal, first published by Darwin Explain the Functionalsist Perspective - ANSWER- theory taht basic function of emotions are to promote action toward achieving a goal What are the six basic emotions - ANSWER- happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise Outline development of happiness - ANSWER- 3 - 8 weeks, smiling in reaction to stimuli
- adaptive emotion (draws in attention) When does surprise appear for infants - ANSWER- 6 months
- brief expressions, often transform to anotehr emotion after Explain Disgust in Infancy - ANSWER- - evolutionary (helps avoid poison/bacteria)
- partially learned from parents/culture (think: eating bugs normal some places) Explain the Self-conscious emotions in infancy - ANSWER- - not innate (a sense of self needs to develop first)
- discontinuous growth Outline process of identifying others emotions - ANSWER- - 3 months; can identify happy, fear, surprise
- 7 months; can identify more expressions like fear, sad, interest
- 3 years; label emotions on pictures What is Social Referncing? - ANSWER- usage of aprents faical expression to decide how to deal with novel situations
What emotions are a homeless orphan more likely to detect? - ANSWER- anger, less likely for sadness What is inability to detect emotions linked ti? - ANSWER- mental health problems Discuss the timeline of understanding real/false emotions - ANSWER- - 1.5 years; recognize exaggeration
- 3 years; starts to understand some emotion expressions are false; might mask negative emotions (when opening a bad gift)
- 5 years; understanding of false emotin improves What are display rules - ANSWER- cultural expectations of emotions (how often to display, where, when to display) What is emotion regulation? - ANSWER- a set of conscious and unconscious processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions What is co-regulation? - ANSWER- when a caregiver provides comfort/distraction to help child reduce distress; helps develop emotional regulation
What is a parents' emoiton socialization of their children? - ANSWER- the direct/indirect influence that parents have on their children's standards, values, ways of thinking; occurs through reponse/reaction to child's emotion Explain how dismissive or supportive reactions to children's emotions impact the child's emotions - ANSWER- - if dismissive = less emotionally and socially competent
- if supportive = learn to regulate emotions, reduce problem behaviours What is emotion coaching? - ANSWER- a parental style that teaches children how to understand their emotions and deal with them What is temperament? - ANSWER- individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy and thus thought to be genetically based What are the three groups of infants in regard to temperament? - ANSWER- Easy babies (adjust readily to new situations, quickly establish daily routines, cheerful + easy to stay calm) Difficult babies (slow to adjust to new situations, react negatively to new stimuli, irregular daily routines)
Slow to warm up Babies (difficult at first, but gradually easier) What are different ways one can measure temperament? - ANSWER- - Rothbart's 5 dimensions of temperament
- Physiological measures (heart rate, EEG)
- Parent reports What are Rothbart's 5 dimensions of temperament. - ANSWER- fear, distress, attention span, activity level, smiling
- stay stable over time + predict development (behaviour problems, social disorders/competence) What are the Pros and Cons of using Parent reports and Lab data to measure temperament? - ANSWER- Parent reports - parents have extensive knowledge of children behaviour BUT not objective, don't have wide comparison between babies Lab data - uninfluenced by bias BUT observations are in a limited setting Is it nature or nurture that determines temperament? - ANSWER- - Both! for nature, identical twins are more alike in emotion vs. fraternal twins; for nurture, teratogens impact behaviour AND behaviour of parents influence as well
According to Bowbly, What is the purpose of attachment? - ANSWER- enhances survival chances, emotional security, co-regulation What is sensation - ANSWER- the process of basic information from the external world by receptors in the sense organs What is perception - ANSWER- the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the objects, events and spatial layout of the world around us How can you test infant's vision - ANSWER- preferential-looking technique Habituation What is visual acuity - ANSWER- sharpness of vision What is contrast sensitivity? - ANSWER- the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas Why are babies bad at contrast sensitivity? - ANSWER- immature cone cells
- but by 2 months, are developed to adult level What is visual scanning? - ANSWER- Moving the eyes to focus attention on different locations on objects or in scenes.
What is perceptual constancy? - ANSWER- perception of objects with constant size,shape, size, etc. despite changes in lighting, distance, etc. What is object segregation - ANSWER- the ability to perceieve the boundaries between objects What is common movement - ANSWER- when two segments always move together in same direction/speed causing baby to think it is one object What is some criticism of object permanence - ANSWER- - infants reach for objects in dark so they know objects are there even if can not see
- violation of expectancy What is optical expansion - ANSWER- a depth cue for infants wherein an object blocks more of background, indicating object is nearing What is binocular disparity - ANSWER- the difference between the retinal image of an object in eaceh eye that results in two different signals sent to brain What is the Internal Working Model of Attachment? - ANSWER- The child develops a mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general
- influenced by how dependable their caregiver was
