PSYC 387 – Learning final Exam study review keywords Athabasca University, Exams of Psychology

Download PSYC 387 – Learning final Exam study review keywords Athabasca University and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! PSYC 387 – Learning final Exam study review keywords Athabasca University PSYC 387 – Learning final Exam study review keywords Athabasca University lOMoARcPSD|6353920 A compound reinforcement schedule - a series of simple schedules, each associated with a particular stimulus, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series. Compensatory response theory A variation of the preparatory response theory that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the US by compensating for its effects. Compound stimulus Two or more stimuli presented simultaneously, often as a CS. Concept Any class (i.e., group, category) the members of which share one or more defining features. Concurrent schedule A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time. Conditional reflex A reflex acquired through Pavlovian conditioning consisting of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response. Conditional response The response part of a conditional reflex; the response elicited by a conditional stimulus. Conditional stimulus The stimulus part of a conditional reflex; the stimulus that elicits a conditional response. Conditioned emotional response An emotional response to a stimulus that is acquired through Pavlovian conditioning. Secondary reinforcer / Conditioned reinforcer operant conditioning, the process in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to influence the future probability of a particular response by virtue of being paired with another stimulus that naturally enhances such probability. Conditioned taste aversion. Also called conditioned food avoidance. An aversion, acquired through Pavlovian conditioning, to foods with a particular flavor. Constraint-induced movement therapy A reinforcement based treatment of loss of limb function that involves restricting a normally functioning limb. Contiguity Nearness of events in time or space SAFMEDS acronym stands for See the front of the card and say the answer Contingency A dependency between events. An event may be stimulus-contingent (dependent lOMoARcPSD|6353920 on the appearance of a stimulus) or response-contingent (dependent on the appearance of a behavior). Continuous reinforcement A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. Continuum of preparedness / Preparedness The idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things but not others. Contrived reinforcer Any reinforcer that is provided by someone for the purpose of changing behavior. Control group In a between-subjects experiment, those subjects not exposed to the independent variable. Cooperative schedule lOMoARcPSD|6353920 A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of two or more individuals. Counterconditioning/ exposure therapy The use of Pavlovian conditioning to reverse the unwanted effects of prior conditioning. Critical period A period in the development of an organism during which it is especially likely to learn a particular kind of behavior. CS+ In Pavlovian discrimination training, the stimulus that is regularly paired with a US. CS− In Pavlovian discrimination training, the stimulus that regularly appears in the absence of the US. Cue-dependent forgetting Forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were present during learning. Cued recall retrieval of memory with the help of cues Cumulative record A graphic record of behavior, each point of which reflects the total number of times a behavior has been performed as of that time Cumulative recorder An apparatus (or software) that records every occurrence of a behavior, thereby producing a cumulative record. Declarative memory Memory of events that can be expressed, usually in words. Delay conditioning A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS and US overlap. The CS is presented before the US, but continues after the US appears. Delayed matching to sample A method of measuring forgetting in which the opportunity to match a sample has a delay between it. Descriptive study A study in which the researcher attempts to describe a group by obtaining data from its members. In behavioral research the data often consists of replies to surveys or questionnaires. Differential outcomes effect finding that discrimination training proceeds faster when different behaviors produce different reinforcers. Differential reinforcement Any operant training procedure in which certain kinds of behavior are systematically reinforced and others are not. Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior lOMoARcPSD|6353920 resembling them. Experiment A study in which the researcher measures the effects of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Experimental group In a between-subjects experiment, those subjects exposed to the independent variable. Extinction (1) In Pavlovian conditioning, the regular appearance of the CS alone—i.e., without the US. (2) In operant learning, the regular appearance of a behavior alone— i.e., not followed by a reinforcer. Extinction burst lOMoARcPSD|6353920 A sudden increase in the rate of behavior during the early stages of extinction. Extinction method measuring forgetting by comparing the rate of extinction after a retention interval with the rate of extinction immediately after training. Fixed duration schedule reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time. Fixed interval schedule reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement. Fixed ratio schedule reinforcement schedule where every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced. Fixed time schedule reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals. Fluency A measure of learning consisting of the number of correct responses per minute. a factor in forgetting: The higher the level, the lower the rate of forgetting. A decline following a retention interval can also serve as a measure of forgetting. Forgetting Deterioration in learned behavior following a retention interval. Increasingly, learning researchers define this as changes in learned behavior due to differences in the environment during learning and during testing. (Cf. extinction.) Forward chaining A chaining procedure in which training begins with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order. Free recall A method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the learned behavior. Frustration hypothesis idea that partial reinforcement effect occurs because nonreinforcement is frustrating and during intermittent reinforcement responding while frustrated is reinforced, so frustration becomes a signal for responding. General behavior trait Any general behavioral tendency that is strongly influenced by genes. Examples include introversion and general anxiety. Generalization The tendency for the effects of a learning experience to spread. There are various kinds Generalization gradient Any graphic representation of generalization data. Generalized imitation lOMoARcPSD|6353920 The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced. Generalized reinforcer Any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several different reinforcers and is effective in a wide variety of situations. Ghost condition An experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model. lOMoARcPSD|6353920 In social observational learning, a model who is observed as he or she learns to perform a task. Massed practice Learning or practice sessions separated by little or no time. (Cf. distributed practice.) Matched sampling A procedure for reducing extraneous differences among subjects in between- subjects experiments by matching those in the experimental and control groups on specified characteristics, such as age, sex, and weight. Matching law The principle that, given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules, the rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule. Matching to sample A discrimination training procedure in which the task is to select from two or more comparison stimuli the one that matches a sample. Mismatching/ Oddity matching A variation of matching to sample in which reinforcement is available for selecting the comparison stimulus that is different from the sample. Mixed schedule A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules, neither associated with a particular stimulus, alternate. Mnemonic Any device for aiding recall. Typically they involve learning cues that will later prompt recall. Modal action pattern (MAP) / instinct A series of related acts found in all or nearly all members of a species. Also called fixed action pattern. Motivating operation Anything that changes the effectiveness of a consequence. There are two kinds of motivating operations, establishing and abolishing Multiple schedule A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate, with each schedule associated with a particular stimulus. Natural reinforcer Any reinforcer that is the spontaneous consequence of a behavior. Natural science approach This is the approach to studying natural phenomena that is based on certain assumptions, such as the idea that natural events, including human behavior, are caused by natural phenomena, not by mysterious forces such as willpower or the mind. Negative punishment lOMoARcPSD|6353920 A punishment procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus. Type 2 punishment Negative reinforcement A reinforcement procedure in which a behavior is followed by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called escape learning. Negative reinforcer Any stimulus which, when removed following a behavior, increases or maintains the strength of that behavior. Neurotoxin Any substance capable of damaging neural tissues. can interfere with learning. Noncontingent reinforcement schedule lOMoARcPSD|6353920 A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcers are delivered independently of behavior. Nondeclarative memory Memory of things that cannot be expressed, at least not in words. Observational learning / Vicarious learning Learning by observing events and their consequences. One-process theory avoidance and punishment involve only one procedure—operant learning. Operant learning Any procedure or experience in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker (e.g., more or less likely to occur), depending on its consequences. Also called instrumental learning. Over-imitation The tendency of observers to imitate acts by a model that are irrelevant to obtaining reinforcement. Overlearning The continuation of training beyond the point required to produce one errorless performance. Overshadowing Failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS. Paired associate learning A learning task involving pairs of words or other stimuli in which the subject is presented with the first item of a pair and is expected to produce the second item. Partial reinforcement effect The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement Pavlovian conditioning The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a US Peak shift The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the CS− or SΔ. Positive punishment A punishment procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. Also called type 1 punishment. Positive reinforcement A reinforcement procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. Some- times called reward learning Positive reinforcer Any stimulus which, when presented following a behavior, increases or maintains the strength of that behavior. lOMoARcPSD|6353920 A form of counterconditioning in which a patient imagines progressively troubling scenes while relaxed. Tandem schedule A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of all schedules in the series. Task analysis The procedure of identifying the component elements of a behavior chain. This is the first step in chaining Test trial In Pavlovian conditioning, the procedure of presenting the CS on some occasions without the US to determine whether learning has occurred. Also called probe trial. Trace conditioning A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS begins and ends before the US is presented. Two-process theory lOMoARcPSD|6353920 view that avoidance and punishment involve two procedures—Pavlovian and operant learning. Unconditional reflex A reflex that is largely innate (i.e., not the product of experience). Unconditional response The reflex response elicited by an unconditional stimulus. Unconditional stimulus A stimulus that elicits an unconditional response Sidman avoidance procedure / Unsignaled avoidance experiment in which the subject is periodically presented with an aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock, unless they produce a particular response, such as pulling a plunger, which delays the stimulus by a certain amount Variable duration schedule reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a period of time, with the length of the time varying around an average. Variable interval schedule reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a break since the last reinforcement, with the interval varying around a specified average. Variable ratio schedule reinforcement schedule where on average, every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced. Variable time schedule reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at varying intervals. Vicarious punishment A decrease in the strength of an observed behavior following punishment of that behavior in a model. Vicarious reinforcement An increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model. Virtual reality exposure therapy A form of exposure therapy that relies on technology that creates simulated scenes that arouse anxiety. Within-subject experiment A research design in which the independent variable is made to vary at different times for the same subject. Thus, each subject serves as both an experimental and control subject. Also called single- subject or single-case experiment. Peer modelling imitation of a model who is someone similar to the observer. Covert modelling lOMoARcPSD|6353920 imagining the act of imitation. Participant modelling a form of modelling used with responses that are difficult to imitate in a single trial, such as directly encountering a highly feared object. breaks down the modelling process into a series of progressive steps from easy-to-imitate to difficult-to-imitate. Each step is modelled and the learner is required to imitate the model. If successful, the learner goes on to the next step. This continues until the most difficult step is modelled and imitated. Self-modelling a procedure in which an instance of a person's desirable behaviour is taped (video and audio) and later replayed by that person, allowing the individual to imitate his or her own behaviour.