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PSYC 388- Final exam with correct answers
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person. -Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965. -Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s. -The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it distinguished counselling from other psychological professions. -In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling. E.G. Williamson - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s. Clifford Beers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment of patients and for better mental health facilities. Frank Parsons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Founder of vocational guidance Carl Rogers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
Albert Ellis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs. Eric Berne - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the adult, and the parent. Aaron Beck - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization Diff between Canada and US in counselling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Counselling in USA grew out of professional psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology. 1980s counselling also changed because of - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔attention to gender issues and sexual preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and cultural groups. Lawrence Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
ask for clarification, explore racial and cultural differences Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Emotional distress,
- Vicarious coping,
- loneliness,
- Desire for Power,
- Need for love,
- Vicarious rebellion identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully. Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern, compassion, and feeling for others. It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor. To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and interpersonal factors associated with it. Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-reduction exercises, engaging in self-assessment, setting aside free and private time. differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or counselling psychologists. Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum. Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use the medical model. describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals in Canada. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related. To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and meet core competencies such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc. Students must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr practicum. Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario Institute for studies in education. Social work: Most social work schools in canada are accredited voluntarily through the Canadian Association for Social Work Education. Three levels of helping relationships - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- nonprofessional -paraprofessional -professional Attributes of counselling -- Medical - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Client not accountable for cause of problem or solution. Can become dependent on counsellor.
Axes of DSM-IV - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Disorders are deeply within the individual. Limits of DSM - system of limited value to many counsellors not working with deeply disturbed individuals. Supervision Model STIPS - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔signs, topics, interventions used, progress, special issues of importance. Advocacy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔taking action to influence others to address a health-related concern or to support a health-related belief Every counsellor has his or her own personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Discuss how some of these needs might interfere with the counselling process. Which personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes might hinder or help this process? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Those who have a need for power can and up hindering the counselling process as a consequence. They might not be able to see the client's problem objectively. Rather, they might try to help the client in a way that allows them to have control over the client, and makes them feel more powerful. Counsellors who might have unresolved trauma might project their trauma onto the client. They are not able to see the client's problem as separate from their own, and they "help" the client by doing what is best for the counsellors trauma, and not what is best for the client. Those who have a need for love can counsel their clients in ways that would make the counsellor feel they are needed.
Those who have a natural interest in people and those who have an ability to listen and are comfortable having conversations with others, who have empathy and are understanding, have a tolerance for intimacy, and are comfortable with power are well suited for the counselling profession. Counsellors who are more social and artistic are more effective than those who are more realistic and conventional. Describe the process of becoming a counsellor in Canada. Explain how areas of competency are developed for counsellors. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Most counsellors in canada are either social workers or counselling psychologists. Counsellors must obtain a minimum Masters Degree, and some have PsyD or PhD. Describe some of the career settings counsellors work in. What settings are regulated, and which settings are not regulated? How do you determine what regulations exist within a counselling setting that you might be interested in? Compare regulation and certification. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Settings: clinical and hospitals, correctional centres, mental health facilities, schools, government, businesses, and private research agencies. Regulations: Private research agencies may not be regulated. They should be regulated, even if counsellor is in private practice. Certifications: -Psychiatrists have MD. Work with people who have major psychological disorders. Schooled in biomedical model. -Psychologists: have a PsyD or PhD for independent practice. Some provinces allow a master's degree.
Concerned with advocating for social change and looks at clients needs through cultural context. define and distinguish between the terms ethics, morality, and law as they apply to professional counselling. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ethics: The principals and standards that guide our behaviour toward other people Morality: Principles concerning distinguishing between good and bad or right and wrong behaviours. Law: Precise codification of government standards established to ensure legal and moral justice compare different Codes of Ethics used in professional counselling, and apply the decision-making models from each. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists: -Respect for dignity of person,(treat as individual with own worldview), -responsible caring -integrity in relationship (honest), -responsibility to society (help clients become better citizens). Alberta Psychologists Standards of Practice -informed consent, -impaired objectivity, -be responsible for relationship with supervisors/supervisees, -don't violate laws, -don't aid illegal practice,
-don't have dual relationships with clients, -keep records, , -give info of fees at start of appointment, -provide services based on sound theory, -protect confidentiality, Ethical Principles: -Doing good, -preventing harm; -not inflicting harm; -respecting freedom; -justice; -fidelity to commitments identify ethical issues and potential dilemmas involved in specific counselling situations. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔most common dilemmas: confidentiality, role conflict, counsellor competence, conflicts with employer, degree of danger describe legal aspects involved in the counselling relationship, including issues of dual relationships, client rights, confidentiality of client records, and limits to confidentiality. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Types of liability: civil (professional malpractice) criminal (breaking law) and administrative (license to practice possibly revoked) Counsellor in court through expert witness or because of a court order
In what ways do diversity issues, such as ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation, affect a counsellor's effectiveness? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ability to sympathize or empathize with clients becomes important when working with marginalized populations. Counsellors need to check their privileges and do research into the best ways of counselling these populations. Even when counsellors meet clients with similar backgrounds to one another, it's important they remain open to individual differences. If counsellors assume they understand, they may deny their clients one of the most therapeutic outcomes of counselling opportunity to tell one's story. Bias can lead to a counsellor being ineffective, as can not considering cultural factors that are contributing to the presenting problem. Do you believe that people from lower SES face cultural barriers? Support your position. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Yes. Lower SES often have fewer cultural, social, and educational opportunities, which may lead to feelings of exclusions. Pedersen (1995) says, "Counsellors who presume that they are free of racism seriously underestimate the impact of their own socialization" (p. 197). Do you agree or disagree with this statement? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔I agree with this statement. Counsellors have an obligation to their clients to check their own biases and prejudices. No-one is immune to racism. Counsellors and general public need to work to become anti-racist. Describe two potential concerns and issues involved in providing counselling services to clients of the opposite gender (as the counsellor). How do these concerns and issues differ when counselling clients of your own gender? Examine
your own position with regard to issues of sexual orientation in the counselling relationship. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Feelings of safety and security. Clients should feel free of judgement from their counsellors, clients need to feel comfortable to talk to their counsellors about their sexual orientation or gender identification. Culturally encapsulated counsellor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔disregards other cultures, thinks theories work the same for all people. Multicultural competence - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔degree to which counsellors have appropriate levels of self-awareness, knowledge, and skills in working with people from different backgrounds. Edward Bordin, working alliance has three parts and they are - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, and the bond between counsellor and client. identify the 5 ethical principles that guide counsellors ethical choices and conduct
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Beneficence: The counsellor must take care to prevent harm to the client, and do what is in the best interest of the client -Non-maleficence: The counsellor is not to do anything that will inflict harm on the client -Autonomy: The counsellor must respect that the client has free will
use Silence or pause, reflection, questioning describing, assessing pretending, sharing counselor's perspective Persuasive Techniques: Foot in the door - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Counselor asks client to comply with minor request., then follows up with larger request. Persuasive Techniques: Door in face - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Counsellor asks client to do a large thing, and then follows up with a small request. They won't do the large thing, but will do the smaller thing. Confrontation -- Can help clients in gaining initiative and may result in - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Gaining a new perspective, denying behaviour, accepting all or part of confrontation as true. Equilibrium theory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Theory about amount of distance appropriate for culture. If you trespass over this, person may look away. Strong (1968) qualities of successful counsellor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔accurate self-awareness, honesty, perceived expertness, attractiveness, trustworthy What is the purpose of the initial interview? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔For counsellor to gather information, and establish the start of the relationship.
In first meeting, counsellors need to - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔get identifying data, info to use as part of psychological, vocation or psychsocial assessment. What are some common counsellor responses? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Restatement, reflection of feeling, summary of feelings, request for clarification, acknowledging nonverbal behaviour. primary empathy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ability to respond in such a way that it is apparent to both client and counselor that the counselor has understood the client's major themes. Advanced empathy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a process of helping a client explore themes, issues, and emotions new to his or her awareness. What can foster empathy? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Attentiveness and verbal behaviours that include communications designed to show a desire to understand or discuss what is important to client. Nonverbal skills SOLER - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔face client squarely, open posture, lean toward client, eye contact, relax What are non-helpful interview behaviours? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔don't give advice, lecture, question, storytell
Compare and contrast information-oriented first interviews and relationship- oriented first interviews. Which one do you think is the more effective and why?
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Information-Oriented interviews: If the purpose is to gather info, the structure will be counsellor-focused. The counselor wants the client to discuss certain subjects and will gather information thought the use of probes, closed-ended questions and requests for clarification. Responses are aimed at eliciting facts. This kind of information is often used to complete assessments. Counsellors employed by medical, mental health, correctional, rehabilitation and social agencies are particularly likely to conduct these interviews. Relationship-Oriented interviews: focus on feelings and relationship dynamics. They concentrate more on clients attitudes and emotions. Counsellor responses include restatement, reflection of feeling, summary of feeling, request for clarification, open-ended questions and acknowledgment of non-verbal behaviour. Assessment is a multifaceted process. Discuss the six purposes of assessment. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.obtain info on problem, 2.identify variables associated with problem, 3.determine client's goals, 4.gather baseline data, 5.educate client, 6.share information obtained during assessment process. Psychometrics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits and comparing this to a norm-referenced group
Edumetrics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔achievement is compared to client's previous and best results. problems with tests is that - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔tests are not administered and interpreted properly culturally biased, measure irrelevant skills, used mechanically, invade privacy, can be faked, foster undesirable competition. Benefits of test - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔help clients gaining self- understanding, help counsellors decide if they can help clients, better understand clients, predict future performance of clients in some areas,
