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PSYC 388- Final questions and accurate answers List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. - - There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person. -Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965. -Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s. -The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it distinguished counselling from other psychological professions. -In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling. E.G. Williamson - Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s. Clifford Beers - He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment of patients and for better mental health facilities. Frank Parsons - Founder of vocational guidance Carl Rogers - Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy. Albert Ellis - Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs. Eric Berne - Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the adult, and the parent. Aaron Beck - Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization Diff between Canada and US in counselling - Counselling in USA grew out of professional psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology. 1980s counselling also changed because of - attention to gender issues and sexual preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and cultural groups. Lawrence Kohlberg - moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Wellness Mode --2000 - Wellness Mode -- Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. - Counsellors and guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of schools and should be its own profession. An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: - their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - choice; change Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - Curiosity, ability to listen, empathy,
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry.
- Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or counselling psychologists. Social work: Need BSW or MSw Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum. Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use the medical model. describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals in Canada. - CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related. To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and meet core competencies such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc. Students must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr practicum. Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario Institute for studies in education. Social work: Most social work schools in canada are accredited voluntarily through the Canadian Association for Social Work Education. Three levels of helping relationships - -nonprofessional -paraprofessional -professional Attributes of counselling -- Medical - Client not accountable for cause of problem or solution. Can become dependent on counsellor. Attributes of counselling -- Moral Model - Clients responsible for causing and solving problem. Might be victim of circumstances but respo for own victimization.
Attributes of counselling -- Compensatory Model - Resp for solving but not causing problem. Pressure to solve problems they didn't create. Attributes of counselling -- Enlightenment Model - Resp for causing but not solving problem. Dependent on counsellor Systems of Counselling - Wellness/Developmental and Medical/Pathological Developmental/Wellness approach - Based on stages, outlined for development of human growth. Behaviors appropriate at one stage of life not appropriate for other stages. Wellness goes further, emphasizes health, that you can solve your problems. stress inoculation training - a reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation, use of imagery or simulated rehearsal. (A developmental/wellness approach) medical/pathological model - treatment plans are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - IV - TR) Axes of DSM-IV - Disorders are deeply within the individual. Limits of DSM - system of limited value to many counsellors not working with deeply disturbed individuals. Supervision Model STIPS - signs, topics, interventions used, progress, special issues of importance. Advocacy - taking action to influence others to address a health-related concern or to support a health-related belief
Regulations: Private research agencies may not be regulated. They should be regulated, even if counsellor is in private practice. Certifications: -Psychiatrists have MD. Work with people who have major psychological disorders. Schooled in biomedical model. -Psychologists: have a PsyD or PhD for independent practice. Some provinces allow a master's degree. -Social worker: need bachelor degree in social work (BSW) and a master's in social work (MSW). There is also advanced training at the doctoral level. Compare and contrast the professions of social work, psychology, and psychiatry. - - Psychiatrists: Obtain medical degree specialize in psychological disorders almost exclusively use medical model and DSM Prescribe medications Not heavily involved in counselling Clients are called patients Regualted through colleges of physicians and surgeons -Psychologists: Regulated within the province or territory that they reside, so registration and credentials vary across the province Usually has a PsycD or PhD. In Alberta, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Labrador, one can register as psychologist with master's degree. Can diagnose psychiatric disorders. Coursework and internship may be concentrated in clinical, counselling, or school related areas. Required to complete practicums before becoming licensed.
-Social work: Regulated provincially, need minimum BSW for registration. MSW is advisable. Concerned with advocating for social change and looks at clients needs through cultural context. define and distinguish between the terms ethics, morality, and law as they apply to professional counselling. - Ethics: The principals and standards that guide our behaviour toward other people Morality: Principles concerning distinguishing between good and bad or right and wrong behaviours. Law: Precise codification of government standards established to ensure legal and moral justice compare different Codes of Ethics used in professional counselling, and apply the decision- making models from each. - Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists: -Respect for dignity of person,(treat as individual with own worldview), -responsible caring -integrity in relationship (honest), -responsibility to society (help clients become better citizens). Alberta Psychologists Standards of Practice -informed consent, -impaired objectivity, -be responsible for relationship with supervisors/supervisees, -don't violate laws, -don't aid illegal practice, -don't have dual relationships with clients,
emotional, financial, or legal relationship. Sometimes dual relationships are difficult to avoid. In this case, possible consequences must be discussed with client. Privacy: Legal concept recognizes individual's rights to choose time, circumstances, and extent to which they wish to share or withhold personal information. Privileged communication: narrower concept, regulates privacy protection and confidentiality by protecting clients from having their communications disclosed in court without their permission. Exceptions to privileged communication: dispute between counsellor and client, when client raises issue of mental condition in legal proceedings, poses a danger to himself or others, child abuse, court-ordered psych tests. What is the "worldview" of the counsellor? Why is it important? - A worldview is a person's philosophical view of the world. It's a mental model of reality, a framework of ideas and attitudes that shape a person's decisions and influence our relationships with others. Our worldview shapes how we answer questions about our purpose here on earth. It's important for counsellors to understand that their particular worldview isn't necessarily shared by their clients and may contain biases In what ways do diversity issues, such as ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation, affect a counsellor's effectiveness? - Ability to sympathize or empathize with clients becomes important when working with marginalized populations. Counsellors need to check their privileges and do research into the best ways of counselling these populations. Even when counsellors meet clients with similar backgrounds to one another, it's important they remain open to individual differences. If counsellors assume they understand, they may deny their clients one of the most therapeutic outcomes of counselling opportunity to tell one's story.
Bias can lead to a counsellor being ineffective, as can not considering cultural factors that are contributing to the presenting problem. Do you believe that people from lower SES face cultural barriers? Support your position. - Yes. Lower SES often have fewer cultural, social, and educational opportunities, which may lead to feelings of exclusions. Pedersen (1995) says, "Counsellors who presume that they are free of racism seriously underestimate the impact of their own socialization" (p. 197). Do you agree or disagree with this statement? - I agree with this statement. Counsellors have an obligation to their clients to check their own biases and prejudices. No-one is immune to racism. Counsellors and general public need to work to become anti-racist. Describe two potential concerns and issues involved in providing counselling services to clients of the opposite gender (as the counsellor). How do these concerns and issues differ when counselling clients of your own gender? Examine your own position with regard to issues of sexual orientation in the counselling relationship. - Feelings of safety and security. Clients should feel free of judgement from their counsellors, clients need to feel comfortable to talk to their counsellors about their sexual orientation or gender identification. Culturally encapsulated counsellor - disregards other cultures, thinks theories work the same for all people. Multicultural competence - degree to which counsellors have appropriate levels of self- awareness, knowledge, and skills in working with people from different backgrounds. Edward Bordin, working alliance has three parts and they are - agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, and the bond between counsellor and client. identify the 5 ethical principles that guide counsellors ethical choices and conduct - - Beneficence: The counsellor must take care to prevent harm to the client, and do what is in the best interest of the client
Persuasive Techniques: Foot in the door - Counselor asks client to comply with minor request., then follows up with larger request. Persuasive Techniques: Door in face - Counsellor asks client to do a large thing, and then follows up with a small request. They won't do the large thing, but will do the smaller thing. Confrontation -- Can help clients in gaining initiative and may result in - Gaining a new perspective, denying behaviour, accepting all or part of confrontation as true. Equilibrium theory - Theory about amount of distance appropriate for culture. If you trespass over this, person may look away. Strong (1968) qualities of successful counsellor - accurate self-awareness, honesty, perceived expertness, attractiveness, trustworthy What is the purpose of the initial interview? - For counsellor to gather information, and establish the start of the relationship. In first meeting, counsellors need to - get identifying data, info to use as part of psychological, vocation or psychsocial assessment. What are some common counsellor responses? - Restatement, reflection of feeling, summary of feelings, request for clarification, acknowledging nonverbal behaviour.
primary empathy - ability to respond in such a way that it is apparent to both client and counselor that the counselor has understood the client's major themes. Advanced empathy - a process of helping a client explore themes, issues, and emotions new to his or her awareness. What can foster empathy? - Attentiveness and verbal behaviours that include communications designed to show a desire to understand or discuss what is important to client. Nonverbal skills SOLER - face client squarely, open posture, lean toward client, eye contact, relax What are non-helpful interview behaviours? - don't give advice, lecture, question, storytell When are goals unrealistic? - Goals incompatible with personality of client, person does not wish to work on change, afraid to take personal responsibility. Dyer and Vriend's criteria for judging effective goals - Goals agreed upon, specific and measurable, relevant to self-defeating behaviour, behavioural, understandable and easily restated. Discuss the role of respect in the counselling relationship. How is respect communicated in behavioural terms? What is the relationship between self-respect and communicating client respect? - Respect for the counsellor's time is communicated by showing up to appointments on time, completing assigned homework, and engaging fully in the therapeutic relationships. Respect for the client is communicated by listening, not pushing your own agenda by being respectful of their choices.
Psychometrics - the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits and comparing this to a norm-referenced group Edumetrics - achievement is compared to client's previous and best results. problems with tests is that - tests are not administered and interpreted properly culturally biased, measure irrelevant skills, used mechanically, invade privacy, can be faked, foster undesirable competition. Benefits of test - help clients gaining self-understanding, help counsellors decide if they can help clients, better understand clients, predict future performance of clients in some areas,
evaluate outcome of counselling Four types of validity - content, construct, criterion, and consequential Reliability - Dependability or trustworthiness of test -- does it produce consistent test scores when people are retested or tested with similar instrument? Types of Reliability - test-retest parallel form -- two equivalent forms of the same test internal consistency -- scores of two arbitrarily selected parts of test compared. Classifications of tests - standardized versus non-standardized, individual versus group, speed versus power (time limit versus no limit), performance (moving objects around) compared to paper and pencil, and objective versus subjective, Classification of types of tests - mental ability, aptitude, achievement, interests, careers, personality Criticism of intelligence tests - measure learning but not potential for learning, do not measure other forms of intelligence,
Counsellors need to be aware of the strengths and limitations, reliability and validity of particular instruments before considering using them. They also need to obtain informed consent and maintain conditions of standardization when tests are administered. Diagnoses are an integral part of assessment. Why are they important? What purpose(s) do they serve? - Diagnosis is the meaning or interpretation that is derived from assessment info and is usually translated in the form of some type of classification system. It is a description of a person's condition, not a judgement. When used correctly, diagnoses do the following: -Describe a person's current functioning- Provide a common language for clinicians to use in discussing the client- Lead to a consistent and continual type of care- Help direct and focus treatment planning- Help counsellors fit clients into their scope of treatment Also, some insurance companies will reimburse clients, only if they are diagnosed. When it comes to diagnosis, counsellors need to beware of - that diagnosis are always evolving, not static, diagnosis and treatment are standards of the field, must consider if behaviour is a result of temporary situation, dual diagnosis, must not rush to diagnosis, recognize diagnosis on continuum, consider personal strengths of client, The Johari Window focuses on four basic forms of the self: - the public self (open) the private hidden self (secret) the blind self ("blind spots") the undiscovered self (unknown). Ways to help clients change their behaviour - Redefine the problem, alter behaviour, perceive problem in more manageable way.
transference relationship - In therapy, tendency of clients to reenact earlier conflicted relationships in the relationship they develop with their therapists Patterns of transference - ideal, a seer, a nurturer, a frustrator, or a nonentity Countertransference - Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life Four forms of countertransference (Watkins) - overprotective, benign, rejecting, hostile. Reframe - Offer client another way to see a situation, change perspective Leading - Use deliberate behaviours to benefit clients. Leading behaviours for start of relationship - silence, acceptance, paraphrasing Affective response - focuses on client's feelings Behavioural response - Focus on actions Cognitive response - Counsellors need to focus on thoughts of individual. Subjective empathy - enables practitioners to experience what it is like to be the client
