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PSYC 388 Intro to Counselling Final questions and answers Frank Parsons - Founder of the vocational guidance and counseling profession, used groups to facilitate career and vocational development. Clifford Beers - Wrote book on his experience with mental illness Clarence Hincks - Founded the Canadian Mental health Association (1918) Trait-And-Factor Counseling - Problem-solving approach to vocational counselling where students are taught the skills they need to get jobs 5 Life Tasks of the Wellness Model - Spirituality Self-Direction Work and Leisure Friendship Love Social Justice - justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. Rollo May's Wounded Healer - People who have through hurt gained insight into themselves and the world, and can help others overcome emotional problems Lynn Schecter - Worked through 911 and Hurricane Katrina with the help of a support system Levels of Helping - Nonprofessional (Friends and Colleagues) Paraprofessional (Mental Health Technicians) Professional (Counsellors etc)
Four Models of Attribution - Medical: Cause X Solution X Counsellor as Expert Moral: Cause Y Solution Y Counsellor as Coach Compensatory: Cause X Solution Y Counsellor as Teacher Enlightenment: Cause Y Solution X Counsellor as Authority STIPS (Prieto and Schaal) - Often used in training Signs and symtopms Topics discussed in Counselling Interventions used Progress and continuing plan Special issues of importance Ethics vs Morality - Ethics: Principles and Standards Morality: Evaluation or a Judgment 5 Types of Ethical Dilemmas - Confidentiality Role Conflict
Acculturation - the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture Over-culturalizing - Mistaking reactions to poverty and discrimination for the cultural pattern Core competencies of Culturally-Infused Counselling - Cultural Self-Awareness Awareness of Client Identities Culturally sensitive working alliance The Two Struggles in Building a Counselling Relationship - Struggle for Structure (Administrative control) Struggle for Initiative (Client responsibility) Counsellor wins structure, client wins initiative Three Key Elements of the Counselling Relationship (Gelso and Carter) - Transference and Countertransference The Working Alliance The Real Relationship 6 Factors influencing the Counselling Process - Seriousness of the Presenting Problem Structure
Initiative The physical setting Client Qualities Counsellor Qualities 4 Categories of Resistance - Response Quantity (Silence etc) Response Content Response Style (Discounting, second-guessing, forgetting, etc) Logistics Management (Poor appointment keeping, payment delay, etc) Types of Initial Interviews - Client Initiated Counsellor-Initiated Information-Oriented Relationship-Oriented Effective Nonverbal Communication (SOLER) - Squarely face client Open posture Lean towards client Eye contact
- Determine strategies and interventions Mental Status Examination - Appearance Mood Speech and Language Thought Process Cognition Insight and Judgment The Johari Window - ⦁ Known to self, known to others: Area of free activity ⦁ Known to self, not known to others: Avoided or Hidden Area, Self Hidden from Others ⦁ Not Known to self, Known to Others: Blind to self, seen by others, Blind Area ⦁ Not known to self, not known to others: THE UNKNOWN Area Civil Liability - Acting wrongly or failing to act when there is a recognized responsibility to do so Malpractice, defamation, etc Criminal Liability - Working with a client in a way that is illegal Sexual relations, fraud, etc Administrative Liability - When your license to practice is threatened by the board Ethics complaints Malpractice - Harm to a client as a result of professional negligence
Negligence - Departure from acceptable professional standard Procedural Due Process - The steps necessary to initiate or complete an action when an explicit rule is broken Substantive Due Process - Protections of constitutional rights What to Include in Client Records - Intake Info Assessment Info Treatment Plan Case notes and progress Termination Summary Consent forms, correspondence, etc Federal Court - Exclusive right to legislate criminal law Provincial Court - Exclusive right to legislate civil law Culturally encapsulated counselor (Gilbert Wrenn) - Theories apply to cultures universally (they don't) Guidance vs Counselling - Guidance: Choosing what people value most Counselling: Helping people make changes Emphases of Traditional Psychotherapy - Past Insight
3 Components of the Working Alliance (Edward Bordin) - Agreement on Goals Agreement on Tasks Bond Edumetrics - Compares achievement to previous and best results in one person A high score Multifocused responding - Response by incorporating an understanding of how they perceive and experience the world Use their own language! Subjective empathy - What it feels like to be the client Interpersonal Empathy - Feeling the experience from their perspective Objective empathy - Understanding from knowledge about the client's problems Affective response - emotional response Behavioural response - Action Cognitive response - Thought 5 Levels of Empathic Understanding (Carkhuff) - 1. Do not attend/detract from the client
- Missing the point/taking away from the meaning
- Understanding but on a surface level
- Noticeable additions to the expression
- Significant, accurate addition to the expression Two Functions of Self-Disclosure - Modelling Sharing a new perspective 3 Kinds of Immediacy - Overall Relationship Focus on an event in-session Self-involving, present tense response Overt Rehearsal - Verbalizing, acting out what they are going to do A monologue Covert Rehearsal - imagining or reflecting on the desired goal Daydreaming The Transference Pull - an image generated through the use of personality and a particular theoretical approach.
Describe to others Delight in the future Define areas of continuity Vickio's 5 D's for Unsuccessfully Dealing with Loss - Deny loss Distort, overglorify Denigrate activities Distract Detach Hersey Pratt - Started the first counselling group (1905) with tuberculosis patients at Massachusetts General Hospital Jacob L. Moreno - this person introduced the term "group psychotherapy" into counseling literature in the 1920's Also developed psychodrama W. Edwards Deming - father of the quality movement in the workplace John Salvendy - Organized the 1976 conference that lead to the establishment of the Canadian Group Psychotherapy Association Carl Rogers - Devised the basic encounter group in the 60s, also set the standard for basing therapy models off research Psychodrama - group therapy in which a patient expresses feelings by acting out family and social roles with other patients T-Group
(Kurt Lewin) - a training group conducted to relieve tension in a work environment Encounter groups (Carl Rogers and William Schultz) - therapy groups in which people are forced to share their inner conflicts and emotions Group Marathon (Fredrick Stoller, George Bach) - A single session usually around 24 hours meant to break down defensive barriers. Usually used in labour and peace negotiations as well as substance abuse interventions Support Groups - groups of people who communicate about their struggles and progress in battling a shared problem Organized Self-help groups - a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support Spontaneous Psychoeducational groups - teach specific psychological information or life skills Counselling Groups - Resolving problems through interpersonal support and problem solving skills Psychotherapy group - the goal of the group is for members to learn about their behaviors and to make positive changes in their behaviors by interacting and communicating with others as members of a group
Conditions and events in the environment Learning Experiences Task-Approach Skills 3 Outcomes of Continuous Learning (Krumboltz) - Self-observation Generalizations Task-Approach skills Actions Nathan Ackerman - Forerunner in promoting family therapy Unique in that he focused both on family relationships and individual considerations Therapy including provoking families to address issues commonly avoided (such as sex and aggression)- usually danced around in family therapy "He never lost sight of the self in the system." Jay Haley - His work includes strategic and problem solving therapy; often uses paradox. Genogram - A family diagram that depicts each member of the family and shows connections between the generations. Salvador Minuchin - Structural Family Therapy: uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques Mimesis - imitation, in the sense of making a representation, an image, or a model Mara Selvini Palazzoli - Systemic family therapy - Milan Group (School)
--Positive connotation: change stalemated family interactive sequences --Keeping family system in homeostatic balance Virgina Satir - Experiential and humanistic approach called the human validation process model Carl Whitaker - Stated the belief that in order to effect the change a family needs, the therapist must engage the family on a deep and personal level. He often used very confrontational techniques including argument, teasing, yelling, and approaches designed to produce tension and stress, which he believed where necessary for change. Ludwig von Bertalanffy - developed general systems theory Circular Causality - the idea that actions are related through a series of recursive loops or repeating cycles Enmeshment - the over involvement of all family members in the affairs of any one member The Circumplex Model - Family Cohesion vs Adaptability Disengaged, Separated, Connected, Enmeshed Chaotic, flexible, structured, rigid Non-summativity - the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Equifinality - a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes and vice versa
Consultation with others Curriculum development 5 C's of Competency - Critical Academic Competency Self-Concept Communication skills Coping Control 3 Basic Stress Situations - Type A: Foreseeable and avoidable Type B: Neither foreseeable or avoidable Type C: Foreseeable, unavoidable 8 Service clusters to an effective prevention program - Communication Curriculum Assessment Career Resource Counselling Crisis centre Community contact Professional growth Career counselling - Humanist, helps people discover potential Career information (career data) - Educational information related to work
Career guidance - assisting students in career planning and decision making Paradoxing - SBC technique insisting on the opposite of what one wants Spill-over effect - our response to one event spills over and influences our response to another. Wraparound program - a comprehensive set of services offered to families to strengthen them or reunite them E.G. Williamson - father of Minnesota Viewpoint, popular with career counselors, approach attempts to match the client's traits with a career, often called the trait factor approach. Dr Myrne B. Nevison - Founder of the CCPA Gary Walz - Founder of ERIC/CAPS ERIC Clearinghouse of Counselling and Professional Services Recycling - Re-examining the therapeutic process to redefine goals and strategies to be more effective 5 Criteria of a Good Theory - Coherent Comprehensive Generates Research Pragmatic Provides guidelines 6 Practical Functions of a Theory - Find unity and relatedness in existence
