PSYC 388 Introduction to Counselling Final exam study ahead solution guide Athabasca Unive, Exams of Psychology

Download PSYC 388 Introduction to Counselling Final exam study ahead solution guide Athabasca Unive and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! PSYC 388 Introduction to Counselling Final exam study ahead solution guide Athabasca University PSYC 388 Introduction to Counselling Final exam study ahead solution guide Athabasca University Frank Parsons Founder of the vocational guidance and counseling profession, used groups to facilitate career and vocational development. Clifford Beers Wrote book on his experience with mental illness, -his work provided a powerful influence on psychiatric and clinic psychology -his work was the impetus for the mental health movement in the US and Canada -w Clarence Hincks, he founded the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene in 1918, now called Canadian Mental Health Association Clarence Hincks Founded the Canadian Mental health Association (1918) w Clifford Beers Trait-And-Factor Counseling Problem-solving approach to vocational counselling where students are taught the skills they need to get jobs 5 Life Tasks of the Wellness Model Spirituality Self-Direction Work and Leisure Friendship Love Social Justice justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. Rollo May's Wounded Healer People who have through hurt gained insight into themselves and the world, and can help others overcome emotional problems Lynn Schecter Worked through 911 and Hurricane Katrina with the help of a support system Core competencies of Culturally-Infused Counselling Cultural Self-Awareness Awareness of Client Identities Culturally sensitive working alliance The Two Struggles in Building a Counselling Relationship Struggle for Structure (Administrative control) Struggle for Initiative (Client responsibility) Counsellor wins structure, client wins initiative Three Key Elements of the Counselling Relationship (Gelso and Carter) Transference and Countertransference The Working Alliance The Real Relationship 6 Factors influencing the Counselling Process Seriousness of the Presenting Problem Structure Initiative The physical setting Client Qualities Counsellor Qualities 4 Categories of Resistance Response Quantity (Silence etc) Response Content Response Style (Discounting, second-guessing, forgetting, etc) Logistics Management (Poor appointment keeping, payment delay, etc) Types of Initial Interviews Client Initiated Counsellor-Initiated Information-Oriented Relationship-Oriented Effective Nonverbal Communication (SOLER) Squarely face client Open posture Lean towards client Eye contact Relax 7 Criteria of Effective Goals 1. Mutually agreed upon 2. Specific 3. Relevant to self-defeating behaviour 4. Achievement and success-oriented 5. Quantifiable and measurable 6. Behavioural, observable 7. Can be stated clearly, understandable 4 Basic Interpretations of Assessment Descriptive: Current status Genetic: How the tested person became who they were Predictive: Forecasting the future Evaluative: Recommendations 6 Purposes of Assessment 1. Obtain info on presenting problem and related problems 2. Identify controlling and contributing variables 3. Determine goals/expectations for outcome 4. Gather baseline data to track progress 5. Educate and motivate 6. Determine strategies and interventions Mental Status Examination Appearance Mood Speech and Language Thought Process Cognition Insight and Judgment The Johari Window ⦁ Known to self, known to others: Area of free activity ⦁ Known to self, not known to others: Avoided or Hidden Area, Self Hidden from Others ⦁ Not Known to self, Known to Others: Blind to self, seen by others, Blind Area ⦁ Not known to self, not known to others: THE UNKNOWN Area Civil Liability Acting wrongly or failing to act when there is a recognized responsibility to do so Malpractice, defamation, etc Criminal Liability Cultural Historical: Counsellors must have knowledge of the culture Psychosocial: Counsellor must understand client speech, performance and behaviours Scientific-Ideological: Use appropriate approaches based on the environment 3 Components of the Working Alliance (Edward Bordin) Agreement on Goals Agreement on Tasks Bond Edumetrics Compares achievement to previous and best results in one person A high score Multifocused responding Response by incorporating an understanding of how they perceive and experience the world Use their own language! Subjective empathy What it feels like to be the client Interpersonal Empathy Feeling the experience from their perspective Objective empathy Understanding from knowledge about the client's problems Affective response emotional response Behavioural response Action Cognitive response Thought 5 Levels of Empathic Understanding (Carkhuff) 1. Do not attend/detract from the client 2. Missing the point/taking away from the meaning 3. Understanding but on a surface level 4. Noticeable additions to the expression 5. Significant, accurate addition to the expression Two Functions of Self-Disclosure Modelling Sharing a new perspective 3 Kinds of Immediacy Overall Relationship Focus on an event in-session Self-involving, present tense response Overt Rehearsal Verbalizing, acting out what they are going to do A monologue Covert Rehearsal imagining or reflecting on the desired goal Daydreaming The Transference Pull an image generated through the use of personality and a particular theoretical approach. "You sound just like my mother" 5 Patterns of Perceiving the Counsellor Ideal: Idealization Seer: Seeking answers Nurturer: Dependence Frustrator: Resistance Nonentitiy: Desultory Negative transference displacement of one's negative feelings towards one's parents onto the therapist Positive transference patient redirects toward the therapist unconscious feelings of love and affection retained from experiences with authority figures Direct transference well represented by client who thinks of counselor as his or her mother. Indirect transference Revealed in statements not directly related to the counsellor Overidentification in Countertransference (Watkins) Overprotective Benign Disidentification in Countertransference (Watkins) Rejecting Hostile Vickio 5 D's for Successfully dealing with loss Determine transition Discover significance the goal of the group is for members to learn about their behaviors and to make positive changes in their behaviors by interacting and communicating with others as members of a group Task/Work Groups People who come together with the goal of completing a job/project quality circles Voluntary groups of people drawn from various production teams who make suggestions about quality. Focus groups A strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions Tuckman's Model of Group Development forming, storming, norming, performing, terminating 3 Differences between Psychoeducational and Counselling Groups 1. Directiveness. Counselling groups are more direct. 2. Emotional involvement. Counselling groups are more affective 3. Size. Counselling groups are smaller. Triadic Reciprocal Model of Causality (Bandura) Environment, personal attributes, overt behaviour Social Cognitive Career Theory (Bandura) Self-efficacy and interests can be developed and strengthened using modeling, encouragement and performance to influence career outcomes Adaptation of social cognitive theory 4 Factors influencing Career Choice (Krumboltz) Genetic Endowment Conditions and events in the environment Learning Experiences Task-Approach Skills 3 Outcomes of Continuous Learning (Krumboltz) Self-observation Generalizations Task-Approach skills Actions Nathan Ackerman Forerunner in promoting family therapy Unique in that he focused both on family relationships and individual considerations Therapy including provoking families to address issues commonly avoided (such as sex and aggression)- usually danced around in family therapy "He never lost sight of the self in the system." Jay Haley His work includes strategic and problem solving therapy; often uses paradox. Genogram A family diagram that depicts each member of the family and shows connections between the generations. Salvador Minuchin Structural Family Therapy: uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques Mimesis imitation, in the sense of making a representation, an image, or a model Mara Selvini Palazzoli Systemic family therapy - Milan Group (School) --Positive connotation: change stalemated family interactive sequences --Keeping family system in homeostatic balance Virgina Satir Experiential and humanistic approach called the human validation process model Carl Whitaker Stated the belief that in order to effect the change a family needs, the therapist must engage the family on a deep and personal level. He often used very confrontational techniques including argument, teasing, yelling, and approaches designed to produce tension and stress, which he believed where necessary for change. Ludwig von Bertalanffy developed general systems theory Circular Causality the idea that actions are related through a series of recursive loops or repeating cycles Enmeshment the over involvement of all family members in the affairs of any one member The Circumplex Model Family Cohesion vs Adaptability Disengaged, Separated, Connected, Enmeshed Chaotic, flexible, structured, rigid Non-summativity the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Equifinality a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes and vice versa Morphogenesis Spill-over effect our response to one event spills over and influences our response to another. Wraparound program a comprehensive set of services offered to families to strengthen them or reunite them E.G. Williamson father of Minnesota Viewpoint, popular with career counselors, approach attempts to match the client's traits with a career, often called the trait factor approach. Dr Myrne B. Nevison Founder of the CCPA Gary Walz Founder of ERIC/CAPS ERIC Clearinghouse of Counselling and Professional Services Recycling Re-examining the therapeutic process to redefine goals and strategies to be more effective 5 Criteria of a Good Theory Coherent Comprehensive Generates Research Pragmatic Provides guidelines 6 Practical Functions of a Theory Find unity and relatedness in existence Encourages examination of relationships Operational guidelines Relevant data to look for Effective modification of good behaviour Evaluation of old and new processes Syncretism Blending of ideas and theories without integration or care Traditional Eclecticism Aspects of compatible theories are incorporated Theoretical integrationism At least 2 theories are mastered before any combinations are attempted Technical Eclecticism using different techniques from different theories to achieve the goals of the behavior change LAZARUS Transtheoretical Model 5 Levels of Change: 1. Situation/Symptom 2. Maladaptive cognitions 3. Current interpersonal conflicts 4. Family Systems conflicts 5. Intrapersonal conflicts Explication The interpretation or analysis of a text. In Jungian terms, the unconscious mind Generally, the vine is a vine Amplification In Jungian psychoanalysis, the interpretation of unconscious materials via comparison to similar things. The vine as a reference to and Aesop fable Active Imagination A Jungian technique that requires clients to actively talk to the characters in their dreams The Four Stages of Analytical Psychology (Jung) 1. Confession: Literally 2. Explanation: Understand the self 3. Education: New behaviours 4. Transformation