PSYC 450 Drugs and Behaviour final exam review solution 2024 Athabasca University, Exams of Psychology

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PSYC 450 Drugs and Behaviour final exam review solution 2024 Athabasca University PSYC 450 Drugs and Behaviour final exam review solution 2024 Athabasca University freebase - >>>separate cocaine from the acid to increase lipid solubility, being able to crossing the BBB more easily lungs, left side of the heart, brain - >>>crack is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream of the ___ to the ____ then to the brain topical - >>>medical use of cocaine (form) dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin - >>>cocaine blocks the reuptake of basal ganglia, PFC, ventral tegmental area and nucleus - >>>cocaine increases dopamine in the Na+ - >>>cocaine blocks ___ channels in pain pathways sympathetic nervous system - >>>cocaine increases norepinephrine, effecting the mood, sleep, appetite and body temp - >>>cocaine increases serotonin, effecting glutamate - >>>increased ___ due to cocaine increases the effects on reward synapses in VTA sympathomimetic - >>>a drug that stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system Cocaethylene - >>>is formed in the body when cocaine and alcohol are used together psychedelic, indoleamine - >>>LSD (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, indoleamine - >>>psilocybin (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, indoleamine - >>>morning glory seeds (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, indoleamine - >>>DMT (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, indoleamine - >>>ayahuasca (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, indoleamine - >>>ibogaine (what type of hallucinogen) psychedelic, indoleamine - >>>bufotenine( what type of hallucinogen) phenylethymine - >>>psychedelic structurally similar to dopamine and norepinephrine psychedelic, phenylethymine - >>>peyote (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, phenylethymine - >>>mescaline (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, phenylethymine - >>>nutmeg and mace (what kind of hallucinogen) psychedelic, phenylethymine - >>>MDMA (what kind of hallucinogen) deliriant - >>>atropa belladonna (what kind of hallucinogen) deliriant - >>>datura (what kind of hallucinogen) deliriant - >>>mandrake (hat kind of hallucinogen) dissociative - >>>amanita muscaria mushroom (what kind of hallucinogen) dissociative - >>>Salvia (what kind of hallucinogen) dissociative - >>>PCP and ketamine (what kind of hallucinogen) LSD - >>>most psychoactive hallucinogen psychedelic hallucinogens - >>>increases serotonin levels, affect brain areas related to sensory processing, personal and social assessments, emotions and mood, and higher executive processing MDMA - >>>increases serotonin levels(increased release, blocks reuptake, inhibits MAO), also increases levels of dopamine and oxytocin Atropa belladonna, datura - >>>muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists; prevents acetylcholine from binding to its receptors in heart, lungs, GI tract, glands, brain amanita muscaria mushroom - >>>GABAa agonist, NMDA glutamate receptor agonist salvia - >>>kappa opioid receptor agonist PCP and ketamine - >>>block glutaminergic NMDA receptors, increase synthesis and release of dopamine atropine - >>>helps with peptic ulcers, gastric reflux scopolamine - >>>used for ant-motion sickness medication daturine - >>>help alleviate symptoms in parkinsons disease morphine - >>>10 more potent than opium codeine - >>>not as effective as an analgesic compared to morphine, more effective cough suppressant thebaine - >>>no psychoactive properties of its own, not a drug of abuse, used in manufacturing of many semisynthetic opioids morphine, codeine, thebaine - >>>natural opiates heroin - >>>add 2 acetyl groups to morphine, makes substances more lipid soluble, more potent hydrocodone - >>>1.5x more potent than morphine, usually combined with acetaminophen (Tylenol) oxycdone - >>>similar potency to morphine, usually blended NSAIDs to enhance analgesic properties OxyContin - >>>delayed release form of oxycodone fat - >>>THC is very __ soluble and easily crosses the BBB CB-1 - >>>cannabinoid receptor found mainly in CNS CB-2 - >>>cannabinoid receptor; periphery, plays a role in immune function Anandamide - >>>an endocannabinoid that binds mainly to the CB1 receptors, shorter acting 2-AG - >>>endocannabinoid; more abundant, binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors impair - >>>cannabis can _____ fertilization nicotine and tar - >>>particulate substances in smoking tobacco 1 mg - >>>each inhale of smoking a tobacco cigarette administers about ____ of nicotine cotinine and nicotine-1-N-oxide - >>>tobacco is metabolized into two metabolites: grapefruit juice, some SSRIs, smoking itself - >>>factors that inhibit nicotine metabolism slowly - >>>newborns and elderly metabolize nicotine more ___ women - >>>who metabolizes nicotine faster? men or women? blacks - >>>which race has higher levels of the metabolite cotinine meeds up metabolism - >>>nicotine and valium increases addictiveness - >>>nicotine and cocaine increases use - >>>nicotine and alcohol acetylcholine - >>>nicotine has a biphasic effect on ____ receptors metabolic tolerance - >>>some substances in tobacco increase the activity of the liver enzymes that deactivate the drug (not breaking down and metabolizing nicotine as usual) cellular tolerance - >>>with continued tobacco use, nicotinic receptors are desensitized, therefore not getting effects as easily behavior tolerance - >>>learned cues associated with the drug tobacco addiction - >>>single greatest cause of premature death in the world sexual dysfunction - >>>reproductive effects of nicotine thirdhand smoke - >>>Remnants from tobacco smoking gathered on material in the smoker's local environment after smoking has finished. secondhand smoke - >>>higher concentration of tar, nicotine, CO and carcinogens dopamine - >>>tobacco stimulates ____ release from nucleus accumbens legal and available - >>>social factors enhance addictive properties 6 - >>>only __% are successful in quitting tobacco Bupropion, varenicline - >>>pharmaceutical treatments that do not replace nicotine xanthines - >>>occur naturally in more than 60 species of plants theobromine - >>>most active xanthine in choclate black - >>>tea in which leaves are dried and crushed then oxidize green - >>>tea in which leaves are steamed when fresh to prevent oxidation oolong - >>>tea in which leaves only oxidize for a short time phenylethylamine - >>>chocolate also contained ____ which gives feelings of infatuation (it's also similar to THC) white chocolate - >>>Cocoa butter with sugar and milk but NOT cocoa solids slowly - >>>caffeine in soft drinks is absorbed more ___ than caffeine from coffee and tea water, fat - >>>caffeine is both __ soluble and ___ soluble hippocampus - >>>reduced glutamate in the ___ leaves to memory loss dopamine - >>>alcohol causes cells in the VTA to release ___ to PFC, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens Beta-endorphin - >>>alcohol increases ___ release from pituitary gland and hypothalamus SSRIs - >>>reduce alcohol consumption and cravings VTA - >>>alcohol enhances the ethanol-induced activation of the ___ Wernicke's encephalopathy - >>>A brain disorder caused by thiamine deficiency and characterized by visual disturbances, ataxia, somnolence, stupor, and , without thiamine replacement, death. Korsakoff's syndrome - >>>an alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms acetaldehyde - >>>promotes tumor growth in the mouth, pharynx, stomach and intestine anabolic substances - >>>encourages muscle growth androgenic substances - >>>promote male physiological characteristics steroids - >>>type of lipid molecule, several structurally similar substances with different functions pain relievers - >>>cortisone, opioids, local anesthetics Erythropoietin - >>>hormone that increases production of red blood cells blood transfusions - >>>increases red blood cells in the body beta 2 agonists and beta blockers - >>>effect norepinephrine levels beta 2 agonists - >>>when inhaled, ____ increase lung capacity by dilating the bronchi leading to the lungs beta blockers - >>>reduce anxiety, slow heart rate, lower blood pressure, reduce trembling pyramiding - >>>progressively increase dosing performance enhancing drugs until a peak is reached mid- cycle, then decreasing dose; allow body to get used to effects of high dose, a lot smother than just going on and off drug stacking - >>>taking several types types of AAS at the same time to enhance muscle size and other desired effects methylphenidate - >>>ADHD medicine that blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin amphetamines - >>>ADHD medicine that blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin while also increasing dopamine release Methylphenidate - >>>ritalin, concerta, focalin amphetamines - >>>adderall, dexedrine, vyvanse monoamine theory - >>>low levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine MAO - >>>deactivates serotenergic actions SERT - >>>reuptakes serotonin into presynaptic neuron presynaptic autoreceptors - >>>tells the receptor to stop releasing cortisol - >>>hyperactivity of the HPA axis can lead to sustained elevation elevation of ___ physical dependence - >>>changes that occur when the body and brain adapt to the presence of.a drug psychological dependence - >>>state of strongly craving a drug drug addiction - >>>compulsive use of and preoccupation with a substance such that it causes physical, psychological, and/or social harm to the user capture ratio - >>>percent who try a drug and become habitual users heroin - >>>most addictive drug caffeine, hallucinogens, marijuana - >>>least addictive drugs 7.5 - >>>percentage of those ages 12 and older in the US are classified with substance dependence or abuse Newer ad campaigns - >>>focus on autonomy and aspirations rather than scare techniques immunoassay - >>>measures drug metabolites and closely related structures gas chromatography/mass spectrometry - >>>confirmation test, more time-consuming and expensive, but more precise and specific SAMHSA-5 - >>>for which drugs are tests run? SAMHSA-5 - >>>Amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opioids, and PCP hair, urine, saliva, blood tests - >>>detection time with drug tests from longest to shortes urine test - >>>most common, least expensive test, easiest to collect urine test - >>>typically detect drug use within the past week, but not immediately saliva test - >>>easy, noninvasive drug test, measures drug use in past 24 hours hair test - >>>drug test that shows drug use for the past 90 days hair test - >>>more expensive drug test than urine or saliva tests, may not be as accurate sweat test - >>>not very common drug test, but mostly by criminal justice system to monitor drug use over long periods of time blood test - >>>not very common drug test, most expensive and intrusive, but most accurate false positive - >>>when tests indicate that a drug is present when none was used 5-10 - >>>percentage of false positive drug tests false negative - >>>drug user may be under influence of drug at time of test but test shows up as negative 10-15 - >>>percentage of false negative drug tests medical detoxification - >>>user undergoes physical withdrawal from the drug and the body and brain readapt to its absence, conducted in a medical setting nicotine replacement - >>>reduce withdrawal symptoms Bupropion - >>>Antidepressant, smoking cessation Varenicline - >>>partial nicotinic agonist smoking cessation Disulfiram - >>>Inhibits aldehyde dehydeogenase treat alcoholics; makes drinking unpleasant Ondansetron (Zofran) - >>>zolfran; serotonin agonist, increases abstinence in some people Acamprosate (Campral) - >>>cameral, restores excitatory (glutamate)/ inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission LSD - >>>find insight to problems, become more self-accepting (helping alcohol abuse) oxytocin - >>>blocks development of tolerance, decreases withdrawal symptoms (alcohol) naltrexone - >>>opioid agonist, slow onset of action, long half-life Buprenorphine - >>>partial opioid agonist, safer and more effective than methadone drug vaccines - >>>stimulating the production of drug specific antibodies antibodies - >>>bind to the drug in the blood and prevent it from crossing the BBB into the CNS inpatient treatment center - >>>residents live on-site while undergoing intensive treatment during the day outpatient programs - >>>for those who dont need the intensity of an inpatient program, or who can't afford the expenses or time secular recovery programs - >>>based on the idea that the key to maintaining sobriety comes not from a higher power, but from within