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PSYCH 101 Chapter 11 questions well

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personality - correct answer ✔✔long-standing traits and patterns that cause individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways phrenology - correct answer ✔✔- Franz Gall

• proposed that distances between bumps on skull reveal person's personality traits/character/mental abilities
• discredited for lack of empirical support Sigmund Freud - correct answer ✔✔proposed that unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression, and childhood sexuality influence personality neo-freudians - correct answer ✔✔- agreed w/ freud that childhood experiences matter
• less emphasis of sex/aggression
• focused on environmental factors and effects of culture on personality unconscious - correct answer ✔✔mental activity of which we are unaware and unable to access Levels of Unconsciousness - correct answer ✔✔- Sigmund Freud
• thought we are only aware of a small amount of our mind's activities and most remains hidden from us in unconscious
• unacceptable urges are kept from us in unconscious through repression
• info in our unconscious affects behaviors but we aren't aware of it repression - correct answer ✔✔keeps unacceptable urges hidden in unconscious

Freudian Slip - correct answer ✔✔slips of tongue are sexual/aggressive urges accidentally slipping from unconscious 2 competing forces that personality results from: - correct answer ✔✔1) biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives

2. internal control over these pleasure-seeking drives Id - correct answer ✔✔- contains primitive urges (sex, thirst, hunger)

• impulsive, instinctual
• operates on pleasure principle - seeks immediate gratification ego - correct answer ✔✔- attempts to balance id and superego
• operates on reality principle - helps satisfy id in realistic way
• the part of personality seen by others superego - correct answer ✔✔- develops through identification, learning social rules for right and wrong
• moral compass to tell us how to behave based on rules
• strives for perfection + judges behavior - leads to feelings of pride/guilt balanced Id and Superego =? - correct answer ✔✔healthy personality imbalanced Id and Superego =? - correct answer ✔✔neurosis (tendency to experience negative emotions), anxiety, or unhealthy behaviors defense mechanisms - correct answer ✔✔- unconscious, protective behaviors to reduce anxiety
• used by ego to balance Id and Superego
• Freud believed them to be used by everyone but overuse can be problematic 8 defense mechanisms: - correct answer ✔✔1) denial

2. displacement

3. projection
4. rationalization
5. reaction formation
6. regression
7. repression
8. sublimation denial - correct answer ✔✔refusing to accept real events because they're unpleasant displacement - correct answer ✔✔transferring inappropriate behaviors onto more acceptable or less threatening target projection - correct answer ✔✔attributing unacceptable desires to others rationalization - correct answer ✔✔justifying behaviors by substituting acceptal reasons for less- acceptable real reasons (e.g. the teacher just doesn't like me so I failed the test) reaction formation - correct answer ✔✔reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs regression - correct answer ✔✔returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development repression - correct answer ✔✔suppressing painful memories and thoughts sublimation - correct answer ✔✔redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels Skinner - correct answer ✔✔- thought we learn to behave in different ways

• personality shaped by reinforcement and consequences in the environment
• personality develops over our entire life and vary as we experience new situations

locus of control - correct answer ✔✔beliefs about power we have over our lives internal locus of control - correct answer ✔✔belief that outcomes are a result of our efforts external locus of control - correct answer ✔✔end to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control (e.g. luck, by chance) person-situation debate - correct answer ✔✔- Walter Mischel

• found behavior was different across different situations but more consistent within situations self-regulation - correct answer ✔✔ability to withhold gratification Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart - correct answer ✔✔- found that identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have similar personalities
• suggest personality traits can be inheritable 2 dimensions of temperament important to adult personality: - correct answer ✔✔1) reactivity: how we respond to new environmental stimuli

2. self-regulation: ability to control responses 5 factor model - correct answer ✔✔openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism how is personality testing used? - correct answer ✔✔- to assess psychological disorders

• to screen applicants for employment
• in criminal cases/custody battles self-report inventories - correct answer ✔✔test to assess personality (e.g. Likert scale)

Likert Scale - correct answer ✔✔a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible answers (slightly agree, strongly agree, etc.) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - correct answer ✔✔- most widely used personality inventory

• originally developed to assess psychological disorders
• scored on 10 scales w/ true or false answers projective tests - correct answer ✔✔- relies on defense mechanisms to assess unconscious processes
• cards shown to individual for them to interpret
• individual will project feelings/desires onto cards Rorschach inkblot test - correct answer ✔✔individual interprets a series of symmetrical inkblot cards, revealing unconscious feelings and struggles thematic apperception test (TAT) - correct answer ✔✔individual tells a story about 8-12 ambiguous cards, giving insight into their social world, revealing hopes/fears/interests/goals Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) - correct answer ✔✔individual asked to complete 40 incomplete sentences as quickly as possible to reveal desires, fears, and struggles culture (what is it and differences) - correct answer ✔✔culture: beliefs, custom, art, and traditions of a particular society
• asian culture = more collectivist, less introverted
• central and south american culture = score higher on openness
• europeans = score higher on neuroticism selective migration - correct answer ✔✔- people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
• why people from same culture act similarly

individualist culture - correct answer ✔✔- value choice, competition, personal achievement

• mainly western nations like US or Australia
• people display more personally oriented personality traits collectivism culture - correct answer ✔✔- value social harmony and group needs over individual
• Asia, Africa, South America
• people display more socially oriented personality traits