PSYCH 24 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NEWEST UPDATE 2024/2025 A COMPLETE EXAM SOLUTION WITH, Exams of Psychology

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short term memory - CORRECT ANSWERS In the movie Memento, the lead character has to write everything on his body and take notes. Otherwise he quickly forgets because the injury he sustained left him without: spontaneous recovery - CORRECT ANSWERS Khalid had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. He had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, he had to take his mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment, and he became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. His nausea BEST illustrates: positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWERS Jenni has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed for her job. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes into work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of: rehearsal - CORRECT ANSWERS Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage. Modeling - CORRECT ANSWERS Jonny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is an example of: flashbulb - CORRECT ANSWERS Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the attacks on the United States in September 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory. Classical Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWERS If people have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, their fear may occur when they hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates: Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule. - CORRECT ANSWERS variable-ratio During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. - CORRECT ANSWERS Fixed interval

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With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. - CORRECT ANSWERS Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: - CORRECT ANSWERS he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new Cocker Spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: - CORRECT ANSWERS spontaneous recovery According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? - CORRECT ANSWERS Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. In psychology, the term conditioning refers to: - CORRECT ANSWERS - learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. In classical conditioning, this is a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. After conditioning this stimulus will become the conditioned stimulus. - CORRECT ANSWERS - neutral stimulus (NS) Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: - CORRECT ANSWERS - repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. In classical conditioning we learn to associate _____ stimuli; while in operant conditioning we learn to associate a response and its consequences. - CORRECT ANSWERS Two _____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. - CORRECT ANSWERS Spontaneous Recovery

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What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame, white rat? - CORRECT ANSWERS - Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. Malia ate a hamburger she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later her stomach became very upset and she spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later she entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw a hamburger. Malia's nausea when she saw the hamburger is an example of _____ conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWERS - Classical Beth had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus. - CORRECT ANSWERS - Chemotherapy Edward drinks 2 to 3 cups of coffee every morning. Often Edward experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he sips a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the _____ of alertness. - CORRECT ANSWERS - conditioned stimulus Manny has been a coffee drinker since he started college 3 years ago. He finds that anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee. This is an example of _____. - CORRECT ANSWERS - Classical Conditioning Carl takes his 1-year-old son, Reynold, out for a walk. Reynold reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Reynold's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Reynold cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example? - CORRECT ANSWERS - Reynold crying generalization - CORRECT ANSWERS Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates:

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variable ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule. persistence of learning over time through storage of info and skills - CORRECT ANSWERS According to psychologists, memory refers to the: mnemonics - CORRECT ANSWERS Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes BEST illustrates the use of: mnemonics - CORRECT ANSWERS Aids can be used to help remember things such as speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices. classical conditioning - CORRECT ANSWERS If people have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, their fear may occur when they hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates: Retrieval Cues - CORRECT ANSWERS Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name. state-dependent memory. - CORRECT ANSWERS When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as: Conditioned Response (CR) - CORRECT ANSWERS Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): Long-term memory - CORRECT ANSWERS This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system. the serial position effect - CORRECT ANSWERS A person's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:

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proactive interference. - CORRECT ANSWERS During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates: Increase; Decrease - CORRECT ANSWERS One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior. the spacing effect. - CORRECT ANSWERS Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the: observational; Albert Bandura - CORRECT ANSWERS Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____. Retroactive interference - CORRECT ANSWERS _____ occurs when something one learns now interferes with one's ability to recall something one learned earlier. the conditioned stimulus (CS) - CORRECT ANSWERS Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became: anterograde amnesia. - CORRECT ANSWERS In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates: Positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWERS _____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. effortful processing - CORRECT ANSWERS As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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rehearsal - CORRECT ANSWERS Through conscious repetition of information, people can encode information for long-term storage. This is known as: Unconditioned Response (UR) - CORRECT ANSWERS In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. Mood-congruent memory - CORRECT ANSWERS _____ refers to people's tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with their current mood. In other words, if one is in a bad mood, one will be more likely to have negative associations. encoding - CORRECT ANSWERS The processing of information into the memory system is called: operant conditioning - CORRECT ANSWERS At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates: inflation - CORRECT ANSWERS As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of: observational learning - CORRECT ANSWERS Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of: the unconditioned response (UR). - CORRECT ANSWERS Hamika had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is: chunking - CORRECT ANSWERS It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

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Spontaneous Recovery - CORRECT ANSWERS This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. about seven bits of information (give or take two) - CORRECT ANSWERS George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory. fixed interval - CORRECT ANSWERS During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule deju vu - CORRECT ANSWERS The sense that one may have seen this same question before. Yes, the same question you are reading is known as: source amnesia - CORRECT ANSWERS Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as: observation - CORRECT ANSWERS When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. - CORRECT ANSWERS Although B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? effortful processing - CORRECT ANSWERS Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories retrieval - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

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Flashbulbs memories - CORRECT ANSWERS Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as: Implicit; explicit - CORRECT ANSWERS _____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences. two stimuli - CORRECT ANSWERS Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: the misinformation effect. - CORRECT ANSWERS When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as: Storage - CORRECT ANSWERS The retention of encoded information over time is called: every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs - CORRECT ANSWERS With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. secondary reinforcer; operant behvaior - CORRECT ANSWERS Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____ negative punishment - CORRECT ANSWERS Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of: Albert Bandura - CORRECT ANSWERS Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? encoding, storage, retrieval. - CORRECT ANSWERS The three steps in memory information processing are:

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - CORRECT ANSWERS In classical conditioning, this is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory - CORRECT ANSWERS In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order? discrimination - CORRECT ANSWERS Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates: Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations - CORRECT ANSWERS Shaping was a method used by B.F. Skinner in order to: the conditioned response (CR) - CORRECT ANSWERS Kennedy had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is: Negative reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWERS _____ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. Unconditioned stimulus (US) - CORRECT ANSWERS In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a: Operant Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWERS If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates: implicit - CORRECT ANSWERS A person's unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as: recall is to recognition. - CORRECT ANSWERS A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of:

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mood-congruent memory - CORRECT ANSWERS Whenever Sunny becomes depressed, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates: Working memory - CORRECT ANSWERS Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory is MOST important? negative reinforcement. - CORRECT ANSWERS Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This BEST illustrates the value of: variable-interval - CORRECT ANSWERS Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. semantic - CORRECT ANSWERS In Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving's experiment, the deeper, _____ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques. fixed-ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. respondent;operant - CORRECT ANSWERS Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior. explicit memory - CORRECT ANSWERS People's memory of facts and experiences that they consciously know and can easily recite is known as: Generalization; discrimination - CORRECT ANSWERS _____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

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varible-interval - CORRECT ANSWERS Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule. generalization - CORRECT ANSWERS A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates: Kevin wanted to train his dog to sit and lay down when he commanded the behavior. Kevin should use _____ conditioning to train his dog. - CORRECT ANSWERS - Operant Sean takes his 1-year-old son, James, out for a walk. James reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, James' mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. James cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response in this example? - CORRECT ANSWERS - crying to the bee sting You feel fine at a picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. You begin to become anxious and fearful. This reaction is most likely a(n): - CORRECT ANSWERS - conditioned response. Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____. - CORRECT ANSWERS Classical Conditioning

2. Money is an example of a: - CORRECT ANSWERS Secondary Reinforcer " conditioned reinforcer" Which of the following is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher? - CORRECT ANSWERS Operant conditioning Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. - CORRECT ANSWERS Fixed-interval

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Carlos works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes he is given an additional 10 percent increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule. - CORRECT ANSWERS Fixed ratio Sonya trained her dog to howl when he heard Sonya play the piano by giving him a treat for doing so. One day, Sonya played a CD in her car of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through operant conditioning and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response. - CORRECT ANSWERS generalization Which of the following is NOT a possible consequence of using physical punishment (spanking) to change children's behavior? - CORRECT ANSWERS - Punished behavior changes behavior in all situations and the change is long lasting. John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: - CORRECT ANSWERS Observable Behavior According to observational learning theory, when children have antisocial models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. - CORRECT ANSWERS Prosocial Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior. - CORRECT ANSWERS cognitive processes You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next 2 days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that: - CORRECT ANSWERS - the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims. Watson and Pavlov agreed that: - CORRECT ANSWERS - laws of learning are the same for all animals.

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Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing her dog. Debbie was modeling her mother's behavior that she acquired through _____. - CORRECT ANSWERS Observational Learning Money is to extrinsic reward as enjoyment of an activity is to _____ reward. - CORRECT ANSWERS instrinsic Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: - CORRECT ANSWERS modeling Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, which of the following would you recommend to her? - CORRECT ANSWERS - Tina should play her own musical instrument in front of her children. If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation. - CORRECT ANSWERS Mirror Neuron Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment? - CORRECT ANSWERS - Rats appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the taste of tainted food because they taste small portions of a novel food first before eating it again. Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to the work. One morning Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because: - CORRECT ANSWERS formed a cognitive map In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. a. conditioned stimulus (CS) b. neutral stimulus (NS) c. unconditioned response (UR)

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d. conditioned response (CR) - CORRECT ANSWERS c. unconditioned response (UR) Two researchers conducted an experiment using classical conditioning to study immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the MOST likely to produce this response? a. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug b. repeated pairing of minor electric shock followed by immune enhancing drug c. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a tone d. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye - CORRECT ANSWERS a. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug One of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: a. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. b. dogs anticipate and expect events. c. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms. d. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement. - CORRECT ANSWERS a. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position? a. Spanked children do not forget the punished behavior but simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place. b. Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving. c. Spanking can create fear in children. d. Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior. - CORRECT ANSWERS d. Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior. Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

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a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS c. fixed-ratio At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates: a. spontaneous recovery. b. respondent behavior. c. latent learning. d. operant conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWERS d. operant conditioning. Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: a. the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). b. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. c. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. d. rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste. - CORRECT ANSWERS c. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. Although B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? a. Rats do not seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. b. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. c. Children learn from observing their parents and exhibit the learning immediately.

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d. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence. - CORRECT ANSWERS b. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. One chimpanzee watches a second chimpanzee solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates: operant conditioning. observational learning. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. - CORRECT ANSWERS Observational Learning Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior? a. She would act politely and talk about the importance of being polite. b. She would act rudely and talk about how being polite is not important. c. She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite. d. She would not be influenced by her parents' words or behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWERS c. She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite. The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? a. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. b. Girls were not included in these studies. c. Correlation does not prove causation. d. The studies do not take operant conditioning into account. - CORRECT ANSWERS c. Correlation does not prove causation.

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Youri had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room began to make him nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the: a. unconditioned response (UR). b. neutral stimulus (NS). c. unconditioned stimulus (US). d. conditioned response (CR). - CORRECT ANSWERS d. conditioned response (CR). Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): a. unconditioned response (UR). b. unconditioned stimulus (US). c. conditioned response (CR). d. conditioned stimulus (CS). - CORRECT ANSWERS c. conditioned response (CR). Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio

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d. variable-ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS b. variable-interval The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it was first enunciated by this psychologist. Ivan Pavlov Rosalie Rayner B.F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike - CORRECT ANSWERS B.F. Skinner The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by: Ivan Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. John Garcia and Robert Koelling's research on taste aversion. B.F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's findings on fear conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWERS B.F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS). - CORRECT ANSWERS unconditioned response (UR). Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. Which statement does NOT explain this? a. Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick.

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b. The restaurant became a conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. c. The nausea became associated with the restaurant. d. The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea. - CORRECT ANSWERS d. The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea. Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule. - CORRECT ANSWERS variable-ratio Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer? money grades praise food - CORRECT ANSWERS food Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of: erratic behavior. negative reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. - CORRECT ANSWERS negative reinforcement. Infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television. 16 14 12

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10 - CORRECT ANSWERS 14

CS; US - CORRECT ANSWERS secondary reinforcer; operant behavior negative reinforcer; operant behavior UR; CS CS; US Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. - CORRECT ANSWERS What happened after Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat? Stimulus discrimination occurred: Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats. Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished. is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience. - CORRECT ANSWERS According to psychologists, learning: only occurs through observational learning. only involves reflex behavior. can only occur in humans. is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience. conditioned response - CORRECT ANSWERS In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n): conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.

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John B Watson - CORRECT ANSWERS "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which of the following psychologists made this statement? John Garcia B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson classical - CORRECT ANSWERS People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning. two stimuli - CORRECT ANSWERS Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: two stimuli. a neutral stimulus and a reward. something observed and its consequences. a response and its consequences. advertising - CORRECT ANSWERS After John Watson lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins University which career did he enter? clinical psychology medicine advertising industrial and organizational psychology Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of: imitation.

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observational learning. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWERS classical conditioning digestive system - CORRECT ANSWERS What phenomenon was Pavlov focusing on when he began his studies on what eventually became known as classical conditioning? reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells the digestive system the role of hormones in exploratory behavior the use of food rewards in training dogs white rat - CORRECT ANSWERS In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was: a rabbit. a white rat. a loud noise. a gunshot. operant - CORRECT ANSWERS Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Dan is using _____ conditioning to train Rocket. spontaneous recovery - CORRECT ANSWERS This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. negative conditioning spontaneous recovery acquisition generalization

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repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. - CORRECT ANSWERS Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat. classical - CORRECT ANSWERS Malia ate a hamburger she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later her stomach became very upset and she spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later she entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw a hamburger. Malia's nausea when she saw the hamburger is an example of _____ conditioning. observable behavior - CORRECT ANSWERS John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: cognitive processes. emotional outcomes. observable behavior. genetic predispositions. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. - CORRECT ANSWERS One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: dogs anticipate and expect events. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms. observational - CORRECT ANSWERS Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis? latent learning

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observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning unconditioned response - CORRECT ANSWERS In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. neutral stimulus conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR) fear of a loud noise - CORRECT ANSWERS In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR). salivating to a tone playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat fear of a loud noise association; observation and imitation - CORRECT ANSWERS MC. Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____. conscious thoughts; unconscious thoughts conscious behaviors; unconscious behaviors observation and imitation; association association; observation and imitation conditioned stimulus - CORRECT ANSWERS In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n): unconditioned response (UR).

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conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). fear of the white rat - CORRECT ANSWERS In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR). salivating to a tone fear of a loud noise fear of the white rat playful behavior with the rat learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. - CORRECT ANSWERS In psychology, the term conditioning refers to: adaptation to specific environmental factors due to repeated exposure to those factors. learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. enhanced performance due to observing a behavior. a prior exposure to a stimulus. conditioned response - CORRECT ANSWERS In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS). unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR). operant - CORRECT ANSWERS People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning. objective, observable - CORRECT ANSWERS Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena.