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Basic Research - Correct Answer-Not intended to adress a specific, practical problem; the goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge Applied research - Correct Answer-Done with a practical problem in mind; the researchers hope their findings will be directly applied to the solution of that problem in a particular real-world context Theory Data Cycle - Correct Answer-THEORY- Leads researchers to pose particular RESEARCH QUESTIONS which lead to an appropriate RESEARCH DESIGN in the context of the design researchers formulate HYPOTHESES. Researchers then collect and analyze DATA which feed back into the cycle.
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Basic Research - Correct Answer-Not intended to adress a specific, practical problem; the goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge Applied research - Correct Answer-Done with a practical problem in mind; the researchers hope their findings will be directly applied to the solution of that problem in a particular real-world context Theory Data Cycle - Correct Answer-THEORY- Leads researchers to pose particular RESEARCH QUESTIONS which lead to an appropriate RESEARCH DESIGN in the context of the design researchers formulate HYPOTHESES. Researchers then collect and analyze DATA which feed back into the cycle. Peer Review Process - Correct Answer-Editor receives manuscript --> the editor sends it to three or four experts on the subject --> experts tell editor about the manuscript's virtues and flaws --> editor decided whether the poper deserves to be publish in the journal Components of an Empirical Journal Article - Correct Answer-Abstract, Introduction, Study's method, the statistical tests used, and the numerical results of the study Empirical Journal - Correct Answer-report, for the first time, the results of an (empirical) research study Review Journal Article - Correct Answer-provides summary of all the published studies that have been done in one research area Meta-analysis - Correct Answer-Combines the results of many studies and gives a number that summarizes the magnitude, or the effect size, of a relationship A chapter in an edited book - Correct Answer-scientist summarizes a body of research and explains the theory behind it Full-length book - Correct Answer-Book that describes entire research, not popular in psychology Frequency claims - Correct Answer-describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable; variables are always measured not manipulated
Association Claims - Correct Answer-argue that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable, involves at least two variables in which they are measured, not manipulated; three different types: positive association, negative association, and zero association Causal Claims - Correct Answer-argue that one of the variables is responsible for changing the other, go beyond association claims; use words like cause, enhance, and curb; at least one variable is manipulated External Validity - Correct Answer-How well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, people or contexts besides those in the study itself Construct Validity - Correct Answer-Refers to how well a conceptual variable is operationalized Internal Validity - Correct Answer-the ability to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship between two variables Data fabrication - Correct Answer-When instead of recording what really happened in a study (or sometimes instead of running a study at all), researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses Data falsification - Correct Answer-When researchers influence the study's results, perhaps by selectively deleting observations from a data set or by influencing their research subjects to act in a hypothesized way Self-repot measure - Correct Answer-operationalizes a variable by recording people's answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview Observational measure - Correct Answer-Operationalizes a variable by recording observable behaviors or physical traces of behaviors Physiological measure - Correct Answer-Operationalizes a variable by recording biological data, such as brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate Test-retest reliability - Correct Answer-researcher gets consistent score every time he or she uses the measure Interrater reliability - Correct Answer-consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures or observes Internal reliability - Correct Answer-a study participant gives pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question
Face validity - Correct Answer-the extent that it appears to experts to be a plausible measure of the variable in question Content validity - Correct Answer-a measure must capture all parts of a defined construct Criterion validity - Correct Answer-Evaluates whether the measure under consideration is related to a concrete outcome, such as behavior, that it should be related to, according to the theory being suggested Discriminant (divergent) validity - Correct Answer-the measure should correlate less strongly with measures of different constructs Convergent validity - Correct Answer-the measure correlates more strongly with other measures of the same constructs Open-ended questions - Correct Answer-Allow respondents to answer any way they like Forced-choice format - Correct Answer-people give their opinion by picking the best of two or more options Likert scale - Correct Answer-a scale that contains more than one item and is anchored by the terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree Semantic differential format - Correct Answer-Respondents are asked to rate a target object using a numerical scale that is anchored with adjectives What makes a sample representative of the population so we have good external validity? - Correct Answer-Random assignment Random assignment - Correct Answer-the use of random method to assign participants into different experimental groups Three Rules of Causation - Correct Answer-Covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity Covariance - Correct Answer-there must be correlation, or association, between the cause variable and the effect Temporal precedence - Correct Answer-the causal variable must precede the effect variable; it must come first in time
Internal validity - Correct Answer-There must be no plausible alternative explanation for the relationship between two variables Statistical Significance - Correct Answer-refers t the conclusion a researcher reaches regarding how likely it is they'd get a correlation of that size just by chance assuming that there's no correlation in the real-world; p < 0. Longitudinal design - Correct Answer-provide evidence for temporal precedence by measuring the same variable with the same people at several points in time Cross-sectional correlation - Correct Answer-tests to see whether two variables at the same point in time are correlated Autocorrelations - Correct Answer-determines the correlation of one variable with itself, measured on two different occasions Cross-lag correlations - Correct Answer-show whether the earlier measure of the variable is associated with the later measure of the other variable Betas - Correct Answer-show the relationship between predictor variable and the criterion variable Mediators - Correct Answer-a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables Moderators - Correct Answer-a variable that, depending on its level, changes the relationship between two other variables Third variables - Correct Answer-When two variables are correlated but only because they are both linked to a third variable Dependent variable - Correct Answer-measured variable Independent variable - Correct Answer-manipulated variable Control variable - Correct Answer-any variable that an experiment holds consistent on purpose Comparison Group - Correct Answer-a group in a n experiment whose level on the independent variable differs from those of the treatment group in some intended and meaningful way Between-subjects design - Correct Answer-different groups of participants are placed into different levels of the independent variable
Within-groups design - Correct Answer-only one group of participants and each person is presented all levels of the variable Pre-test/posttest design - Correct Answer-participants are randomly assigned to at least two groups and are tested on key dependent variable twice -- once before and once after exposure to the independent variable Posttest design - Correct Answer-participants are randomly assigned to the independent variable groups and are tested on the dependent variable once Concurrent measures design - Correct Answer-participants are exposed to all levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time, and a single attitudinal or behavioral preference is the dependent variable Repeated-measure design - Correct Answer-a type of between-subjects design in which participants are measured on a dependent variable more than once -- that is after exposure to each level of the independent variable Systematic variability - Correct Answer-the levels of a variable coinciding in some predictable way with an experimental group membership, creating a potential confound Unsystematic variability - Correct Answer-when levels of a variable fluctuate independently of an experimental group membership, contributing to variability within groups History threat - Correct Answer-an experimental grou changes over time because of an external factor or event that affects all or most of the group Regression to the mean - Correct Answer-an experimental group whose average is extremely low (or high) at pretest will get better (or worse) over, because the random events that caused the extreme pretest do not recur the same way at posttest Design confound - Correct Answer-a second variable that unintentionally varies systematically with the independent variable Factorial deign - Correct Answer-one in which there are two or more independent variables N x N - Correct Answer-2 x 3; 2 independent variables and 3 levels = 6 cells Main effects - Correct Answer-the overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable , averaging over the levels of the over independent variable; a simple difference
Interactions - Correct Answer-Test of moderation; difference in differences Quasi-experiments - Correct Answer-experiment in which researchers do not have full experimental control Theory testing mode - Correct Answer-a researcher's intent for a study, testing association claims or causal claims to investigate support for a theory Generalization mode - Correct Answer-the intent of researchers generalize the findings from samples and procedures in their study to other populations or contexts; frequency claims