psych 412 exam 1 with 100% correct answers, Exams of Nursing

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psych 412 exam 1 with 100% correct answers

Which |of |the |following |are |ways |that |past |experience |can |allow |an |organism |to |approach |a |new |situation |in |a |more |adaptive |or |"smarter" |way? |- |correct |answer |-The |animal |formed |a |new |association |in |the |past |that |helps |in |the |current |situation. |For |example, |the |animal |might |have |become |nauseous |from |eating |a |particular |kind |of |fruit |in |the |past |and |currently |avoids |that |fruit.

The |animal |might |form |a |mental |representation |of |the |situation. |For |example, |the |animal |may |have |watched |other |animals |near |some |fruit |and |notice |that |they |weren't |eating |it. |Now, |when |the |animal |in |question |has |the |opportunity |to |eat |the |fruit, |he |doesn't |eat |it.

What |are |the |two |components |of |successful |perceptual |categorization? |- |correct |answer |-Treating |similar |items |as |the |same |- |that |is, |generalizing |over |perceptually |similar |individual |experiences.

Treating |similar |items |as |different |- |that |is, |discriminating |among |perceptually |similar |individual |experiences.

Which |of |the |following |is |true |of |experiments |in |which |humans |and |non-humans |are |trained |on |rule-based |vs. |information |integration |categories. |- |correct |answer |-Macaques |show |superior |performance |on |rule-based |categories.

Superior |performance |on |rule-based |categories |suggests |the |use |of |mental |representations |instead |of |or |in |addition |to |just |associations.

How |can |we |tell |than |human |infants |and |macaques |have |the |ability |to |detect |small |precise |number |sets? |- |correct |answer |-They |show |surprise |when | 2 |items |are |placed |in |a |box |and |then |they |are |shown |that |the |box |contains | 3 |items.

Row |A |shows |that |pigeons |were |trained |to |peck |one |key |when |the |two |objects |presented |were |the |same |and |another |key |when |they |were |different. |Pigeons |readily |generalized |their |pecking |responses |when |presented |with |the |stimulus |displays |in |B. |- |correct |answer |-false

Two |types |of |relational |categories |(or |concepts) |are |- |correct |answer |-more |vs. |fewer

same |vs. |different

How |do |we |know |that |the |generalization |gradient |shown |to |colors |by |pigeons |reflects |cognitive |categorization |and |not |just |color |similarity |from |their |visual |system? |- |correct |answer |-We |can |change |the |gradient |by |rewarding |a |narrower |set |of |responses |(e.g., |reward |pecking |blue |and |withhold |reward |for |pecking |green).

Which |of |the |following |species |have |been |successfully |tested |using |the |information |procedure |for |the |measurement |of |meta-cognition? |- |correct |answer |-Western |Scrub |Jays

Human | 2 |to |2.5-year-olds

chimps

The |finding |that |pigeons |peck |to |different |color |disks |at |test |based |on |the |particular |training |stimuli |they |were |given |(blue |vs. |unlit |or |blue |vs. |green) |is |taken |as |evidence |for |(choose |all |that |apply) |- |correct |answer |-First |Order |Mental |Model |theories |of |consciousness

15-month-old |humans |and |great |apes |have |both |been |shown |to |pass |a |Theory |of |Mind |test |through |the |use |of |which |testing |method? |- |correct |answer |-eye |gaze

In |the |meta-cognition |experiment |by |Balcomb |and |Gerken |(2008), |pre-schoolers |learned |some |paired |associates |(strange |creature |and |the |toy |s/he |likes). |They |were |then |shown |the |creature |and |asked |if |they |thought |they |remembered |the |favored |toy. |They |could |either |take |the |trial |and |select |the |toy |or |opt |out |and |not |take |the |trial. |Children |scored |above |chance |on |the |trials |that |they |took |(didn't |opt |out |of). |But |how |could |the |researchers |tell |whether |they |would |also |have |scored |above |chance |on |the |trials |they |opted |out |of? |- |correct |answer |-They |were |forced |to |select |the |favored |toy |on |some |of |the |opt |out |trials.

First |Order |Mental |Model |theories |of |consciousness |basically |equate |learning |with |consciousness. |Two |counterexamples, |in |which |there |is |learning |without |consciousness |are: |- |correct |answer |- Blindsight |(where |a |person |or |animal |doesn't |have |a |conscious |perception |of |the |world, |but |still |behaves |adaptively)

Implicit |learning |(e.g., |we |learn |the |rules |of |our |language |without |conscious |awareness)

More |species |are |likely |to |show |similar |cognitive |abilities |to |a |2-year-old |child |than |a |1-year-old |child. |- |correct |answer |-false

Which |of |the |following |isn't |a |great |ape |- |correct |answer |-macaques

Anecdotes |are |an |important |starting |point |for |the |study |of |comparative |cognition. |- |correct |answer |-true

Match |the |following |physical |structures |and |cognitive |abilities |with |the |terms |homologous |evolution |or |analogous |evolution.

Human |hands |and |frog |feet

Human |hook |use |and |crook |hook |use

Shark |and |dolphin |body |shape

Human |navigation |and |rat |navigation |- |correct |answer |-Human |hands |and |frog |feet-homologous

Human |hook |use |and |crook |hook |use-analogous

Shark |and |dolphin |body |shape-analogous

Human |navigation |and |rat |navigation-homologous

Fill |in |with |Associations |or |Mental |models

Most |theories |of |psychology |treat |___________as |a |higher |psychological |process |than |__________ |- |correct |answer |-mental |models

association

How |do |we |know |that |the |generalization |gradient |shown |to |colors |by |pigeons |reflects |cognitive |categorization |and |not |just |color |similarity |from |their |visual |system?

A. |We |can |change |the |gradient |by |rewarding |a |narrower |set |of |responses |(e.g., |reward |pecking |blue |and |withhold |reward |for |pecking |green).

B. |Blind |pigeons |also |show |the |same |color |generalization |gradients.

C. |The |gradient |is |always |centered |on |the |same |shade |of |blue.

D. |Pigeons |won't |do |anything |without |being |rewarded, |which |shows |that |they |have |mental |representations. |- |correct |answer |-A

Which |of |the |following |are |ways |that |past |experience |can |allow |an |organism |to |approach |a |new |situation |in |a |more |adaptive |or |"smarter" |way?

A. |The |animal |might |form |a |mental |representation |of |the |situation. |For |example, |the |animal |may |have |watched |other |animals |near |some |fruit |and |notice |that |they |weren't |eating |it. |Now, |when |the |animal |in |question |has |the |opportunity |to |eat |the |fruit, |he |doesn't |eat |it.

B. |The |animal |formed |a |new |association |in |the |past |that |helps |in |the |current |situation. |For |example, |the |animal |might |have |become |nauseous |from |eating |a |particular |kind |of |fruit |in |the |past |and |currently |avoids |that |fruit.

C. |Non-human |animals |learn |through |association, |but |humans |learn |using |mental |representations.

D. |The |difference |between |non-human |animals |and |humans |is |that |only |humans |learn |from |past |experience |to |be |more |adaptive |in |the |future. |- |correct |answer |-A |and |B

Row |A |shows |that |pigeons |were |trained |to |peck |one |key |when |the |two |objects |presented |were |the |same |and |another |key |when |they |were |different. |Pigeons |readily |generalized |their |pecking |responses |when |presented |with |the |stimulus |displays |in |B.

A. |True |

B. |False |- |correct |answer |-B.

Fill |in |the |blanks |with |Cubists |and |Impressionists

Pigeons |were |trained |to |peck |one |key |for |paintings |by |Picasso |and |another |key |for |paintings |by |Monet. |Later, |the |generalized |the |Picasso |key |to |new |paintings |by |other |___________and |the |Monet |key |to |new |paintings |by |other |________________ |- |correct |answer |-cubists |and |Impressionists

Which |of |the |following |is |true |of |experiments |in |which |humans |and |non-humans |are |trained |on |rule-based |vs. |information |integration |categories.

A. |Macaques |show |superior |performance |on |rule-based |categories.

B. |Most |capuchin |monkeys |show |superior |performance |on |rule-based |categories.

C. |Superior |performance |on |rule-based |categories |suggests |the |use |of |mental |representations |instead |of |or |in |addition |to |just |associations.

D. |Pigeons |show |superior |performance |on |rule-based |categories. |- |correct |answer |-A |and |C

First |Order |Mental |Model |theories |of |consciousness |basically |equate |learning |with |consciousness. |Two |counterexamples, |in |which |there |is |learning |without |consciousness |are:

A. |Blindsight |(where |a |person |or |animal |doesn't |have |a |conscious |perception |of |the |world, |but |still |behaves |adaptively)

B. |Implicit |learning |(e.g., |we |learn |the |rules |of |our |language |without |conscious |awareness)

C. |Meta-cognition |(i.e., |we |know |what |we |know |and |what |we |don't)

D. |Theory |of |Mind |(i.e., |we |know |what |other |people |are |likely |to |know |and |what |they |are |unlikely |to |know) |- |correct |answer |-A |and |B

15-month-old |humans |and |great |apes |have |both |been |shown |to |pass |a |Theory |of |Mind |test |through |the |use |of |which |testing |method?

A. |pointing

B. |eye |gaze

C. |sign |language

D. |re-hiding |behavior |- |correct |answer |-D. |re-hiding |behavior-WRONG

Which |of |the |following |cannot |pass |the |mirror |recognition |task, |in |which |a |mark |is |placed |in |the |organism |and |its |behavior |looking |at |itself |in |the |mirror |changes?

A. |Elephants

B. |Great |apes

C. |Magpies

D. |One-year-old |children |- |correct |answer |-D

Which |of |the |following |species |have |been |successfully |tested |on |their |episodic |memory, |another |indicator |of |self-awareness?

A. |Orangutans

B. |Chimps

C. |Western |Scrub |Jays

D. |Dolphins |- |correct |answer |-NOT |SCRUB |JAYS

Which |of |the |following |species |have |been |successfully |tested |using |the |information |procedure |for |the |measurement |of |meta-cognition?

A. |Western |Scrub |Jays

B. |Human | 2 |to |2.5-year-olds

C. |Chimps

D. |Dolphins |- |correct |answer |-A, |B, |C

Western |Scrub |Jays |were |allowed |to |cache |peanuts |and |wax |worms |under |two |conditions. |After |one |of |the |conditions, |they |recovered |the |wax |worms |first. |Which |condition |was |it?

A. |Cache |wax |worms, | 120 |hours |pass, |cache |peanuts, | 4 |hours |pass, |go |get |the |food

B. |They |always |went |after |the |peanuts |first |because |the |wax |worms |were |spoiled.

C. |They |always |went |after |the |wax |worms |first |because |they |like |them |best.

D. |Cache |peanuts, | 120 |pass, |cache |wax |worms, | 4 |hours |pass, |go |get |the |food |- |correct |answer |-D

Which |of |the |following |species |have |been |successfully |tested |using |the |opt |out |procedure |for |the |measurement |of |meta-cognition?

A. |Human |3.5-year-olds

B. |Pigeons

C. |Dolphins

D. |Macaques |- |correct |answer |-A |and |D |theres |another

In |the |meta-cognition |experiment |by |Balcomb |and |Gerken |(2008), |pre-schoolers |learned |some |paired |associates |(strange |creature |and |the |toy |s/he |likes). |They |were |then |shown |the |creature |and |asked |if |they |thought |they |remembered |the |favored |toy. |They |could |either |take |the |trial |and |select |the |toy |or |opt |out |and |not |take |the |trial. |Children |scored |above |chance |on |the |trials |that |they |took |(didn't |opt |out |of). |But |how |could |the |researchers |tell |whether |they |would |also |have |scored |above |chance |on |the |trials |they |opted |out |of?

A. |They |were |asked |if |they |were |really |sure |they |didn't |remember |the |toy |when |they |opted |out.

B. |They |went |through |all |of |the |trials |twice |to |see |if |they |would |accept |and |opt |out |of |the |same |trials |both |times.

C. |They |were |forced |to |select |the |favored |toy |on |some |of |the |opt |out |trials.

D. |They |were |asked |to |name |the |favored |toy |before |they |saw |the |two |choices |on |the |trials |they |chose |to |take. |- |correct |answer |-C

Associative |theories |of |consciousness |view |consciousness |as |a |set |of |neural |states. |One |problem |with |this |neural |states |view |is |that

A.Different |animals |have |very |different |nervous |systems |and |therefore |different |neural |states. |It |is |difficult |to |say |if |these |animals |have |the |same |neural |states |as |humans |and |therefore |the |same |consciousness.

B. |The |fact |the |we |feel |we |are |conscious |is |epiphenomenal.

C. |Associative |theories |reduce |consciousness |to |physics |(neural |states).

D. |Attributing |consciousness |to |a |non-linguistic |organism |is |difficult. |- |correct |answer |-A

The |finding |that |pigeons |peck |to |different |color |disks |at |test |based |on |the |particular |training |stimuli |they |were |given |(blue |vs. |unlit |or |blue |vs. |green) |is |taken |as |evidence |for |(choose |all |that |apply)

A. |First |Order |Mental |Model |theories |of |consciousness

B. |No |theory |of |consciousness

C. |Associative |theories |of |consciousness

D. |Higher |Order |Mental |Model |theories |of |consciousness |- |correct |answer |-A

Based |on |the |tree |of |life |diagram |shown |here, |which |of |the |following |animals |who |shows |a |similar |cognitive |ability |to |humans |is |likely |to |show |an |analogous |(as |opposed |to |homologous) |ability?tree

A. |Bird

B. |Capuchin |monkey

C. |Rabbit

D. |Shark |- |correct |answer |-D

Fill |in |with |Associations |or |Mental |models

Most |theories |of |psychology |treat |_____ |as |a |higher |psychological |process |than |- |correct |answer |- mental |models

associations

More |species |are |likely |to |show |similar |cognitive |abilities |to |a |2-year-old |child |than |a |1-year-old |child.

A. |True

B. |False |- |correct |answer |-B

Match |the |following |physical |structures |and |cognitive |abilities |with |the |terms |homologous |evolution |or |analogous |evolution.

|

2 |Shark |and |dolphin |body |shape

1 |Human |hands |and |frog |feet

|

2 |Human |hook |use |and |crook |hook |use |and

1 |Human |navigation |and |rat |navigation |- |correct |answer |-1. |Homologous |evolution

|

2. |Analogous |(convergent) |evolution

Anecdotes |are |an |important |starting |point |for |the |study |of |comparative |cognition.

A. |True

B. |False |- |correct |answer |-A

Which |of |the |following |isn't |a |great |ape

A. |Macaques

B. |Chimp

C. |Gorilla

D. |Orangutan |- |correct |answer |-A.