PSYCH 412 Health Psychology (VCU) Exam 1 with solutions, Exams of Nursing

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PSYCH 412 Health Psychology (VCU) Exam 1 with solutions

Health |Psychology |- |correct |answer |-Studies |psychological |influences |on |people |How |they |stay |healthy |Why |they |become |ill |How |they |respond |when |they |get |ill Health |- |correct |answer |-a |complete |state |of |physical, |mental, |and |social |well-being |and |not |merely |the |absence |of |disease |or |infirmity German |origin |"soundness |of |body" "wellness" |= |optimum |state |of |health Etiology |- |correct |answer |-Origins |or |causes |of |illness Why |health |psychology |developed |- |correct |answer |-Help |solve |mysteries |surrounding |health Biomedical |model |- |correct |answer |-All |illnesses |can |be |explained |by |aberrant |somatic |bodily |processes |Reduces |illness |to |low-level |processes |Fails |to |recognize |social |and |psychological |processes |as | |powerful |influences |over |bodily |estates |Assumes |mind-body |dualism |Emphasizes |illness |over |health |rather |than |focusing |on | |behaviors |that |promote |health |Cannot |address |many |puzzles |that |face |practitioners Biopsychosocial |model |- |correct |answer |-Considers |biological, |psychological, |and |social |factors |and |their |complex |interactions |Rejects |dualistic |biomedical |model

|Rejects |view |of |the |body |as |more |"real" |and |worthy |of |more | |attention |Rejects |monistic/reductionistic |view |vs |complex |interactions Need |for |health |psychology |- |correct |answer |-Increase |in |chronic |or |lifestyle |related |illnesses Advances |in |technology |and |research | Expanded |health |care |services Increased |medical |acceptance Theory |- |correct |answer |-Set |of |analytic |statements |that |explain |a |set |of |phenomena |Provide |guidelines |for |how |to |do |research |and |interventions |Generate |specific |predictions |that |can |be |tested |and | |modified |Help |tie |together |loose |ends Experiment |- |correct |answer |-Characteristics |include | | 2 |conditions |(treatment/control) |Iv |and |dv |Randomized |assignment |Greater |control |(internal |validity) |Can |determine |cause |and |effect |Limited |generalizability Randomized |Clinical |Trials |- |correct |answer |-Conducted |to |evaluate |treatments |or |interventions |and |their |effectiveness |over |time Evidence-based |Medicine |- |correct |answer |-Medical |interventions |go |through |rigorous |testing |and |evaluation |of |their |benefits |before |they |become |the |standard |of |care

Correlational |studies |- |correct |answer |-Measures |whether |a |change |in |one |variable |corresponds |with |changes |in |another |variable |Disadvantage: |difficult |to |determine |the |direction |of |causality | |unambiguously |(less |control) |Advantage: |more |adaptable |(external |validity) Prospective |Research |- |correct |answer |-Looks |forward |in |time |to |see |how |Groups |of |people |change |Relationship |between |two |variables |changes |over |time |Conducted |to |understand |the |risk |factors |that |relate |to | |health |conditions Longitudinal |Research |- |correct |answer |-Same |people |are |observed |at |multiple |points |in |time Retrospective |Research |- |correct |answer |-Looks |backward |in |time |in |an |attempt |to |reconstruct |the |conditions |that |led |to |a |current |situation Epidemiology |- |correct |answer |-Study |of |the |frequency, |distribution, |and |causes |of |infectious |and |noninfectious |disease |in |a |population Morbidity |- |correct |answer |-Number |of |cases |of |a |disease |that |exist |at |some |given |point |in |time Mortality |- |correct |answer |-Number |of |deaths |due |to |particular |causes Health |Promotion |- |correct |answer |-General |philosophy |maintaining |that |health |is |a |personal |and |collective |achievement The |process |of |enabling |people |to |increase |control |over |and |improve |their |health |May |occur |through |individual, |medical |system, |or |health | |policy

Health |Behaviors |- |correct |answer |-behaviors |we |engage |in |to |enhance |or |maintain |our |health Health |Habits |- |correct |answer |-Health-related |behavior |that |is |firmly |established |and |often |performed |automatically |Example: |buckling |seat |belt Primary |Prevention |- |correct |answer |-Health |promoting |activities |that |prevent |disease |or |injury |(before) Factors |Predicting |Healthy |Behaviors |- |correct |answer |-younger, |wealthier, |educated, |social |supported, |and |less |stressed |individuals |are |more |likely |to |have |healthier |behaviors |u-shaped |"invincibility |fable" |healthy |behavior |dips | |during |adolescent |and |emerging |adulthood Barriers |to |modifying |health |behaviors |- |correct |answer |-We |have |little |incentive |to |practice |good |health |behaviors |(develop |early |and |only |have |long-term |effects) Emotional |Factors |- |correct |answer |-May |lead |to |unhealthy |behaviors Instability |of |health |behaviors |- |correct |answer |-Different |factors |control |different |health |habits Different |factors |may |control |the |same |health |behavior |for |different |people Intervening |with |children |and |adolescents |- |correct |answer |-Children |are |strongly |affected |by |early |socialization |from |adults Adolescences |sometimes |ignore |early |training |they |received |from |their |parents |Also |exposed |to |alcohol, |smoking, |drugs, |sex, |risks, |etc. Using |the |teachable |moment |- |correct |answer |-The |idea |that |certain |times |are |more |effective |for |teaching |particular |health |practices |than |others | |Example: |pregnancy |constitutes |a |teachable |moment |for | |getting |women |to |stop |smoking

Adolescent |health |behaviors |and |adult |health |- |correct |answer |-Actions |taken |in |your |adolescent |years |affect |your |adulthood |health |Changing |your |actions |in |adulthood |may |be |too |late Intervening |with |at |risk |people |- |correct |answer |-Disease |may |be |completely |prevented Helps |to |identify |other |factors |that |may |increase |risk Can |lead |people |to |needless |worry Ethical |Issues Health |promotion |and |older |adults |- |correct |answer |-Focus |on |diet, |regular |exercise, |reducing |accidents, |controlling |alcohol |consumption, |eliminating |smoking, |reducing |inappropriate |use |of |prescription |drugs, |obtaining |vaccinations, |and |remaining |socially |engaged Ethnic |and |gender |differences |in |health |risks |and |habits |- |correct |answer |-Need |to |take |account |culturally |different |social |norms |and |co-occurring |risk |factors Educational |Appeals |- |correct |answer |-Idea |is |that |people |change |their |health |habits |if |they |have |good |information |about |their |habits Depends |on |type |of |message |and |people's |own |motivation Health |Belief |Model |- |correct |answer |-Used |to |increase |perceived |risks |and |perceived |effectiveness |of |steps |to |modify |health |habits |(focus |on |changing |beliefs |about |health) |MODESTLY |predict |health |behaviors |Focuses |too |much |on |attitudes |at |the |expense |of |emotional | |responses |Leaves |out |self-efficacy |(one's |ability |to |control |their |practice | |of |a |particular |behavior) |Incomplete |model

Theory |of |Planned |Behavior |- |correct |answer |-Links |health |beliefs |directly |to |behavior |(decision |to |engage |or |refrain |from |a |health |behavior) |Best |for |predicting |intentional |behaviors |that |are |goal- | |oriented |Less |predictive |of |behaviors |influenced |by |social |situations motivational |interviewing |- |correct |answer |-Goal |is |to |help |client |resolve |ambivalence |about |changing |health |behavior |by |expressing |their |own |reasons |for |and |against |behavior |change | Nonjudgmental, |nonconfrontational, |encouraging, |and |supportive |style Self |Discrimination |Theory |- |correct |answer |-People |are |actively |motivated |to |pursue |their |goals |Autonomous |motivation |and |perceived |competence |are | |fundamental |to |behavior |change Implementation |Intentions |- |correct |answer |-Integrates |conscious |processing |with |automatic |behavioral |enactment |Plan |how, |when, |and |where |to |implement |behavior |and | |overtime |it |can |automatically |elicit |behavior Cognitive-behavioral |Approaches |- |correct |answer |-Focuses |on |the |relationship |between |the |situation |and |the |reinforcers/consequences |Self-control, |collaboration, |self-monitoring, |stimulus |control, | |cognitive |restructuring, |self-reinforcement, |behavioral | |assignments Relapse |prevention |- |correct |answer |-Prescreening, |identify |situations, |cue |elimination, |coping |responses, |and |lifestyle |rebalancing Transtheoretical |model |of |behavior |change |- |correct |answer |-Identifies |the |stages |and |processes |involved |in |changing |behavior

Precontemplation |(unaware) |--> |Contemplation |(aware) |--> |Preparation |for |Action |(planning |within |month) |--> |Action |(changed |less |than | 6 |months) |--> |Maintenance |(changed |more |than | 6 |months) Social |Engineering |- |correct |answer |-Social |or |lifestyle |change |through |legislation |Example: |Seat |belt |laws Fear |Appeals |- |correct |answer |-Efforts |to |change |attitudes |by |fear |to |induce |the |motivation |to |change |behavior; |used |to |get |people |to |change |poor |health |habits Message |Framing |- |correct |answer |-Can |be |phrased |in |positive |in |positive |or |negative |term | Messages |that |emphasize |problems |work |better |for |behaviors |with |uncertain |outcomes, |only |practiced |once, |and |fearful |issues Messages |that |emphasize |benefits |work |better |for |behaviors |with |certain |outcomes Benefits |of |exercise |- |correct |answer |-Improves |negative |affect/depression |Prevents |depression |and |stopping |exercise |can |increase |depression Improves |self-efficacy |Other |behaviors |(may |make |healthy |food) Improves |cognitive |functioning |Planning, |memory, |cognitive |aging, |executive |control Characteristics |of |people |more |likely |to |exercise |- |correct |answer |-Come |from |families |that |practices |exercise Have |positive |attitudes |towards |physical |activity Have |a |strong |sense |of |self-efficacy |for |exercising Energetic, |extroverted, |and |sociable Perceive |themselves |as |athletic Have |social |support |from |friends Enjoy |their |form |of |exercise Have |a |sense |of |responsibility |for |their |health

recommended |exercise |guidelines |- |correct |answer |-2.5 |hours |a |week |of |moderate-intensity |or | 75 |minutes |of |vigorous-intensity |aerobic |physical |activity Should |also |do |muscle-strengthening |activities | 2 |or |more |days |a |week How |to |increase |exercise |adherence |- |correct |answer |-Convenient |and |easily |accessible |settings | Less |crowded Safe |places Improved |environmental |options Social |support Developing |a |regular |exercise |program Role |of |accidents |in |death |and |injury: |Road |and |traffic |- |correct |answer |-Greatest |cause |of |accidental |death Role |of |accidents |in |death |and |injury: |Children |- |correct |answer |-Most |common |cause |of |death |and |disability |among |children |under |age | 5 |Drowning |and |motor |vehicle |accidents |parenting |interventions Role |of |accidents |in |death |and |injury: |Falls |- |correct |answer |-1 |in | 3 |seniors |Risk |of |fracture |Interventions: |medicine, |training, |and |environment Interventions: |Laws |- |correct |answer |-Laws |are |most |effective |Example: |Seat |belt |use Interventions: |Levels |of |interventions |- |correct |answer |-5 |levels |of |Interventions |

1. |Individual |behaviors
2. |Physical |environment
3. |Access |to |services

4. |Social |environment
5. |Societal-level |factors Adherence |to |mammography |recommendations |- |correct |answer |-Mammograms |recommended |yearly |for |women |>50 |or |>40 |if |at |risk | |Only |27% |have |recommended |repeat |screenings Colorectal |cancer |prevention |and |interventions |- |correct |answer |-Colon |or |rectal |cancer |is |4th |leading |cause |of |cancer Having |polyps |found |and |removed |keeps |some |people |from |getting |colorectal |cancer Men/women |50+ |of |average |risk |should |be |screened Skin |cancer |and |interventions |- |correct |answer |-Primary |risk |factor |is |excessive |exposure |to |UV |radiation Basal |cell |and |squamous |cell |vs |malignant |melanoma | Promote |safe |sun |practices Importance |of |healthy |diet |- |correct |answer |-Diet |is |a |significant |and |controllable |risk |factor |for |disease |--> |Disease |--> |Healthy |diet |is |critical |for |those |diagnosed |with |chronic |disease What |is |a |healthy |diet? |(recommendations |and |potential |issues |with |recommended |diet) |- |correct |answer |-1940s: |Circle 1990s: |Pyramid | 2011: |Plate Today: |Daily |Tracker Barriers/resistance |to |modifying |diet |- |correct |answer |-Restrictive, |monotonous, |expensive, |and |hard |to |implement Requires |changes |in |shopping, |meal |planning, |cooking |methods, |and |eating |habits Comfort |foods |suppress |cortisol |(stress |hormone) Operant |conditioned |to |prefer |high |fat |foods

Stress |and |cognitive |burden Characteristics |of |sleep |- |correct |answer |-If |you |sleep |for | 8 |hours |you |have |4-5 |sleep |cycles |that |each |last |90-100 |minutes Stages: |NREM-1, |NREM-2, |NREM-3, |REM Healthy |sleep |- |RU |SATED |scale |- |correct |answer |-Regularity, |Satisfaction, |Alertness, |Timing |Efficiency, |Duration |1- Importance |of |sleep |- |health |risks |and |benefits |associated |with |sleep |- |correct |answer |-Sleep |plays |a |vital |role |in |maintenance |of |brain |health More |positive |affect Greater |conflict |resolution Better |accuracy |in |interpreting |partner's |emotions Characteristics |of |health-compromising |behaviors |- |correct |answer |-Habitual |and |addictive Window |of |vulnerability |in |adolescence Influenced |by |peer |pressure Pleasurable |and |helps |to |cope |with |stress Develop |gradually Have |similar |causative |factors More |common |in |the |lower |social |classes Defining |obesity |- |correct |answer |-Excessive |accumulation |of |body |fat |20-27% |of |body |tissue |in |women |15-22% |of |body |tissue |in |men |Body |Mass |Index |> | 30 Consequences |of |obesity |- |correct |answer |-Major |cause |of |disability

Lowers |the |drive |to |exercise Difficulty |performing |basic |tasks Poor |cognitive |functioning Associated |with |early |mortality Can |cause |psychological, |social, |and |economic |stress Obesity |in |childhood |- |correct |answer |-Children |are |hella |obese |now Genetics, |low |SES, |vigorous |feeding |style, |sedentary |lifestyle, |social |situation SES, |culture, |and |obesity |- |correct |answer |-Women |of |low |SES |are |more |likely |to |be |obese | African |American |women |are |more |likely |to |be |obese | Prevalence |of |obesity |among |men |is |not |related |to |SES High |in |neuroticism, |extraversion, |and |impulsivity |and |low |in |conscientiousness |are |more |likely |to |be |obese Chances |of |becoming |obese |substantially |increases |if |they |have |friend, |sibling, |or |partner |who |is |obese Set |Point |Theory |of |weight |- |correct |answer |-The |concept |that |each |individual |has |an |ideal |biological |weight |that |cannot |be |greatly |modified Stress |and |eating |- |correct |answer |-Normal=stress |may |suppress |physiological |cues |of |hunger Overweight/Obese=stress |may |disinhibit |food |consumption Men |tend |to |eat |less |in |stressful |circumstances |compared |to |women Response |to |stress=low |calorie |salty |food Response |to |negative |feelings=sweet |high-fat |foods Interventions |for |Obesity |- |correct |answer |-Very |difficult |condition |to |treat High |rate |of |relapse Obesity |and |Dieting |- |correct |answer |-Weight |loss |is |small |and |rarely |maintained |for |long

Reducing |calorie |intake, |increasing |exercise, |and |sticking |with |an |eating |plan=long |term Obesity |and |Surgery |- |correct |answer |-Usually |for |those |with |extreme |obesity |who |have |otherwise |failed Stomach |is |stapled |up |to |reduce |its |capacity |to |hold |food Lap |band |surgery |uses |adjustable |gastric |band |to |reduce |stomachs |capacity |to |hold |food Obesity |and |CBT |- |correct |answer |-CBT |help |combat |maladaptive |eating |behavior Eating |disorders |- |correct |answer |-Developed |due |to |the |pursuit |of |thinness |Highest |disability |and |mortality |rates |of |all |behavioral |disorders Anorexia |Nervosa |- |correct |answer |-Obsessive |disorder |amounting |to |self-starvation |(typically |thin) Genetic |and |environmental |factors, |personality |characteristics |and |family |interactions |patterns Treatment: |Bring |patient's |weight |back |up |to |safe |level, |CBT, |and |focus |on |motivational |issues Bulimia |- |correct |answer |-Characterized |by |alternating |cycles |of |binge |eating |and |purging |(typically |normal |or |overweight) Triggered |by |stressful |events |and |resulting |negative |affect Treatment: |convince |them |that |disorder |is |an |issue, |interventions, |medication, |and |CBT Substance |abuse |- |correct |answer |-Repeatedly |self-administering |substances Problem |drinking |- |correct |answer |-Uncontrolled |drinking |that |leads |to |social, |psychological, |and |biomedical |problems |resulting |from |alcohol; |the |problem |drinker |may |show |some |signs |associated |with |alcoholism, |but |typically, |problem |drinking |is |considered |to |be |a |pre-alcoholic |or |a |lesser |alcoholic |syndrome Alcoholism |- |correct |answer |-The |state |of |physical |addiction |to |alcohol |that |manifests |through |such |symptoms |as |stereotyped |drinking, |drinking |to |maintain |blood |alcohol |at |certain |level, |increasing |frequency |and |severity |of |withdrawl, |drinking |early |in |the |day |and |in |the |middle |of |the |night, |a |sense |of |loss |of |control |over |drinking, |and |a |subjective |craving |for |alcohol

Development |of |alcoholism |and |problem |drinking |- |correct |answer |-Genetic |factors |and |low |income |predict |alcoholism Men |are |at |a |greater |risk |than |women, |but |young |women |and |women |employed |outside |the |home |are |catching |up Treatment |of |alcoholism |and |problem |drinking |- |correct |answer |-Treatment |programs |start |with |detoxification |and |then |move |onto |CBT Prevention |of |alcoholism |and |problem |drinking |- |correct |answer |-Introducing |adolescents |to |avoid/control |drinking Smoking |- |correct |answer |-Single |greatest |cause |of |preventable |death Synergistic |effects |of |smoking |- |correct |answer |-Increases |the |risk |of |many |diseases |and |disorders Development |of |smoking |behaviors |- |correct |answer |-Genetic |influences, |less |health |conscious, |less |educated, |less |intelligent, |more |impulsive, |drinking |cues |smoking Dietary |intervention |programs |- |correct |answer |-Education: |portion |size, |snacking, |sugary |drinks Cognitive-behavioral |interventions |including |social |support |and |improving |self-efficacy Motivational |interviewing Implementation |interactions |(dinner |planning |in |morning) Family |and |community |interventions Social |engineering Tailored |to |cultural |identity