PSYCH 412 Health Psychology (VCU) Exam 4 with answers, Exams of Nursing

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PSYCH 412 Health Psychology (VCU) Exam 4

with answers

Coronary |Heart |Disease |(CHD) |- |correct |answer |-Illnesses |caused |by |narrowing |of |coronary |arteries |(atherosclerosis) Largest |cause |of |deaths |in |the |United |States Disease |of |"modernization" |(Only |due |to |diet |changes |and |reduced |exercise |over |time) Manifestation |of |CHD |- |correct |answer |-Angina- |heart |pain |that |occurs |from |insufficient |supply Myocardial |infarction- |heart |attack |from |clot Ischemia- |lack |of |blood |flow Arrhythmia- |irregular |heartbeat Risk |factors |of |CHD |- |correct |answer |-High |cholesterol, |high |blood |pressure, |elevated |levels |of |inflammation, |diabetes, |cigarette |smoking, |obesity, |and |lack |of |exercise Metabolic |syndrome |- |correct |answer |-Increases |risks |for |heart |attack Diagnosed |when |a |person |has |obesity |centered |around |the |waist, |high |blood |pressure, |low |levels |of |HDL |(high |density |lipoproteins), |difficulty |metabolizing |blood |sugar, |and |high |levels |of |triglycerides Biological |reactivity |to |stress |- |correct |answer |-Stress |plays |a |role |in |the |development |of |Coronary |Heart |Disease Cumulative |effects |lead |to |damage |of |the |endothelial |cells |(cells |that |line |arteries) Reflected |in |a |prolonged |recovery |period Stress |and |CHD |- |correct |answer |-Chronic |and |acute |stress |are |both |linked |to |Coronary |Heart |Disease |and |adverse |clinical |events

Stress |interacts |with |genetic |factors |to |increase |likelihood |of |Coronary |Heart |Disease Increased |amount |of |stress |is |associated |with |increased |inflammatory |activity Personality |and |CHD |- |correct |answer |-Negative |emotions |increase |risk |for |metabolic |syndrome |and |Coronary |Heart |Disease Cynical |Hostility; Hostility |can |occur |from |insecure |and |negative |feelings, |bad |child |rearing |practices, |bad |family |environment, |and |genetic |factor Depression |and |CHD |- |correct |answer |-Well |established |link |between |depression |and |Coronary |Heart |Disease Depression |affects |the |development, |progression, |and |mortality |from |Coronary |Heart |Disease Management |of |CHD |- |correct |answer |-Initial |treatment |is |coronary |artery |bypass |graft |(CABG) |surgery |to |treat |blockage |of |major |arteries |and |Patients |are |closely |monitored |following |myocardial |infarction |(MI) Cardiac |rehabilitation |then |helps |patients |to |attain |their |optimal |physical, |medical, |psychological, |social |emotional |vocational, |and |economic |status Treatment |by |medication Self-administration |of |beta-adrenergic |blocking |agents Aspirin- |Prescribed |for |people |recovering |from |or |at |risk |for |heart |attacks Statins- |Prescribed |for |patients |following |an |acute |coronary |event Patients |are |given |dietary |instructions |and |put |on |an |exercise |program Hypertension |(CVD) |- |correct |answer |-Cardiovascular |disease Occurs |when |the |supply |of |blood |through |the |vessels |is |excessive |(Cardiac |output |is |too |high)

Occurs |in |response |to |peripheral |resistance Measured |by |the |levels |of |systolic |(under | 120 |preferred) |and |diastolic |blood |pressure Risk |factors |for |hypertension |- |correct |answer |-Childhood |temperament |and |blood |pressure |reactivity, |gender, |genetic |factors, |emotional |factors, |family |environment, |and |stress Treatment |of |hypertension |- |correct |answer |-Drug |treatments, |low-sodium |diet, |reduction |of |alcohol, |weight-reduction |in |overweight |patients, |exercise, |caffeine |restriction, |cognitive-behavioral |treatments, |biofeedback, |progressive |muscle |relaxation, |hypnosis, |meditation, |deep |breathing/imagery, |and |anger |management Evaluation |of |hypertension |treatment |options |- |correct |answer |-Best |approach |to |the |management |of |hypertension |is |a |combination |of |cognitive-behavioral |techniques |and |drugs Stroke |- |correct |answer |-Two |types: |Ischemic |(interruption) |and |Hemorrhagic |(hemorrhage) Transient |ischemic |attack |(TIA) |- |correct |answer |-Mini |stroke, |Temporary |(less |than | 24 |hours) Can |be |a |sign |of |an |upcoming |major |stroke Consequences |of |stroke |- |correct |answer |-Hemispheric |lateralization |and |control |of |opposite |side |of |the |body Left-side |brain |damage Aphasia |(difficulty |in |expressing |and |understanding |verbal |language), |short-term |memory, |anxiety, |and |depression Right-side |brain |damage Hemispheric |neglect |(inability |to |perceive |equally), |difficulty |reading, |and |alexithymia Diabetes |- |Type |II |- |correct |answer |-Hormone |insulin |is |produced |by |the |pancreas |and |helps |cells |turn |glucose |from |food |into |energy

In |type |II |diabetes, |insulin |is |still |made |but |the |cells |don't |use |it |as |well |as |they |should |(insulin |resistance) At |first, |the |pancreas |makes |more |insulin |to |try |to |get |glucose |into |the |cells, |but |eventually |the |sugar |builds |up |in |your |blood |instead How |does |Type |II |Diabetes |differ |from |Type |I? |- |correct |answer |-Type |I |diabetes |does |not |produce |insulin Management |of |diabetes |- |correct |answer |-Keeping |your |blood |glucose |level |in |a |healthy |range |through |meal |planning |physical |activity, |and |medication, |you |can |avoid |long-term |complications |of |diabetes Psychoneuroimmunology |- |correct |answer |-Study |of |the |interactions |among |behavioral, |neuroendocrine, |and |immunological |processes |of |adaptation How |to |assess |immune |functioning |- |correct |answer |-1 |Assessing |the |function |of |immune |cells 2 |Assessing |the |production |of |antibodies |to |latent |viruses 3 |Assessing |levels |of |immune |system |products |such |as |proinflammatory |cytokins 4 |Using |indirect |measures |such |as |how |quickly |wounds |heal HIV |and |AIDS |- |correct |answer |-Attacks |the |helper |T |cells |and |macrophages |of |the |immune |system How |is |HIV |treated? |- |correct |answer |-Antiretroviral |Therapy Cancer |- |correct |answer |-Malfunctioning |DNA |causes |excessive |cell |growth Extra |cells |sap |energy, |form |tumors, |and |lead |to |metastasis Challenges |for |studying |cancer |- |correct |answer |-Causes, |symptoms, |and |treatment |for |each |cancer |vary Many |cancers |have |long |or |irregular |growth |cycles

It |may |be |difficult |to |identify |precipitating |or |co-occurring |risk |factors Stress |and |cancer |- |correct |answer |-Social |stress |(lack |or |loss |of |social |support) |may |affect |the |onset |and |course |of |cancer Absence |of |close |family |ties |in |childhood |predicts |some |cancer Absence |of |a |current |social |support |network |worsens |the |course |of |illness Women |who |are |socially |isolated |are |at |a |greater |risk |of |dying Other |psychosocial |factors |and |cancer |- |correct |answer |-Avoidance |has |been |tied |to |a |more |rapid |course |of |the |disease Depression |can |progress |and |exacerbate |the |impact |of |other |risk |factors Progression |may |be |related |to |use |of |denial |or |repressive |coping |strategies Pessimism |and |negative |expectations | negatively |predict |rapidity |of |cancer |course |and |survival Altered |functioning |of |the |HPA |and |sympathetic |stress |systems |permit |cancer |to |flourish Intervening |with |cancer |- |correct |answer |-Importance |of |social |support |for |recovery Coping |with |intrusive |thoughts/rumination; |intervening |at |time |of |diagnosis |and |during |treatment Finding |meaning Experiencing |personal |growth |due |to |cancer May |mute |neuroendocrine Individual |therapy |follows |crisis |intervention |format

Rheumatoid |arthritis |- |correct |answer |-Affects |the |small |joints |of |the |hands |and |feet, |wrists, |knees, |ankles, |and |neck Brought |on |by |an |autoimmune |process Main |complications |are |pain, |limitations |in |activities, |and |dependency Stress Plays |a |role |in |development |and |aggravation Role |of |the |spouse |is |critical |to |successful |disease |management Osteoarthritis |- |correct |answer |-Articular |cartilage |begins |to |crack |or |wear |away |because |of |overuse, |injury, |or |other |causes Affects |the |weight-bearing |joints Causes |depression |elevating |pain |and |distress Treatment Keeping |one's |weight |down |and |taking |aspirin/pain |killers cynical |hostility |- |correct |answer |-suspiciousness, |resentment, |frequent |anger, |antagonism, |and |distrust |of |others Heart |attack |incidence |- |correct |answer |-Men |more |often |than |women; | blacks |more |often |than |whites Type |A |personality |- |correct |answer |-personality |type |that |describes |people |who |are |competitive, |driven, |hostile, |and |ambitious Atherosclerosis |- |correct |answer |-condition |in |which |fatty |deposits |called |plaque |build |up |on |the |inner |walls |of |the |arteries

Areas |of |high |incidence |for |ALL |of |these |disorders |in |USA |- |correct |answer |-south/southeast |parts |of |America |(places |of |high |obesity, |more |unhealthy |diet, |less |physical |activity) why |is |CHD, |Hypertension, |Stroke, |and |Diabetes |grouped |together? |- |correct |answer |-co-occur |frequently; | partly |due |to |some |creating |risks |for |the |other |(e.g |diabetes |is |a |risk |factor |for |heart |disease); similar |risk |factors |(obesity, |low |physical |activity, |poor |diet, |smoking, |etc) metabolic |syndrome Alexithymia |- |correct |answer |-A |person's |inability |to, |or |difficulty |in, |describing |or |being |aware |of |emotions |or |mood multi-infarct |dementia |- |correct |answer |-Sporadic |and |progressive |loss |of |intellectual |functioning |caused |by |repeated |temporary |obstruction |of |blood |flow |in |cerebral |arteries. History |of |HIV |in |US |and |abroad |- |correct |answer |-first |appearance |is |unknown; | |began |in |central |Africa |(1970s); spread |rapidly |through |heterosexual |pop. |; high |rate |of |extra |marital |sex; low |rate |of |condom |use; high |rate |of |gonorrhea; medical |clinics |reused |needles |to |promote |vaccinations

first |diagnosed |case |in |US: | 1981 opportunistic |infection |- |correct |answer |-Infections |that |occur |when |the |body's |defenses |are |weakened Progression |of |HIV |- |correct |answer |--Stage |1: |primary |HIV |infection |- |many |are |asymptomatic -Stage |2: |asymptomatic, |level |of |HIV |rises |in |blood -Stage |3: |HIV |symptomatic |diseases -Stage |4: |AIDS |- |immune |system |compromised; |opportunistic |infections common |symptom |for |women: |gynecologic |infection Transmission |of |HIV |- |correct |answer |-Sexual |contact |(receiver |is |more |at |risk) |shared |needles, |contact |with |blood, |mother |to |baby |(during |childbirth, |through |breast |milk) cost |of |treating |aids |(lifetime |in |the |US) |- |correct |answer |-Around |$300, vertical |transmission |- |correct |answer |-Untreated, |an |HIV-positive |mother |has |a |25% |chance |of passing |HIV |during |childbirth With |a |single |dose |of |anti-retrovirals |to |mother |during delivery |and |child |after |birth, |chance |drops |to |10% |($10) With |anti-retrovirals |over |several |weeks, |chance |drops |to 2% |($150-300) antiretroviral |therapy |- |correct |answer |-pharmacological |therapy |that |is |useful |in |battling |a |class |of |viruses |that |tend |to |mutate |quickly; highly |active |antiretroviral |therapy |(HAART)

treatments |are |complex, |adherence |variable Risk |groups |for |HIV |- |correct |answer |-Homosexual |or |bisexual |men IV |drug |abusers Recipients |of |blood |products |(before |1990) Sex |workers Heterosexual |contacts |of |high |risk |groups low-income |minorities

• |adolescents |and |young |adults |(multiple |partners)
• |child |and |adolescent |runaways
• |AIDS |growing |fastest |among |women cancer |vaccines |- |correct |answer |-development |of |cancer |vaccines |is |relatively |new. | Vaccine |currently |approved |in |the |U.S. |is |the |HPV |(human |papillomavirus) |vaccine, |which |may |help |prevent |women |from |getting |cervical |cancer. psychological |stress |effects |on |cancer |- |correct |answer |-- |adversely |affects |ability |of |NK |cells |to |destroy |tumors
• |NK |cell |activity |is |important |in |survival |rates |for |certain cancers, |such |as |breast |cancer

treatment |of |rheumatoid |arthritis |- |correct |answer |-Treatment: Aspirin, |rest, |and |supervised |exercise Cognitive-behavioral |interventions Mindfulness |interventions related |conditions |to |arthritis |- |correct |answer |-gout |and |lupus Gout |- |correct |answer |-build-up |of |uric |acid |crystals treated |by |diet, |fluid |intake |and |exercise lupus |- |correct |answer |-a |chronic |autoimmune |disease |characterized |by |skin |rash |appearance |on |the |face |leading |to |inflammation, |pain, |heat, |redness, |and |swelling |and |can |become |life |threatening cardiovascular |system |- |correct |answer |-made |up |of |heart, |blood |vessels |and |blood

• |transport |system |of |the |body
• |arteries |carry |blood |from |heart |to |other |organs and |tissues
• |veins |return |blood |to |the |heart |after |the |oxygen |has |been |depleted. heart |- |correct |answer |-A |hollow, |muscular |organ |that |pumps |blood |throughout |the |body. | left |takes |in |blood |with |O2 |from |the |lungs blood |is |pumped |into |the |aorta |then |passes |into |smaller |vessels |to |reach |cells |and |oxygen |and |nutrients |are |exchanged |for |waste material

rheumatic |fever |- |correct |answer |-A |bacterial |infection |that |can |be |carried |in |the |blood |to |the |joints |and |heart | | may |cause |endocarditis, |inflammation of |the |membrane |that |lines |the |cavities of |the |heart blood |pressure |(BP) |- |correct |answer |-measurement |of |pressure |exerted |by |blood |against |walls |of |blood |vessel systolic |pressure |- |correct |answer |-Blood |pressure |in |the |arteries |during |contraction |of |the |ventricles. diastolic |pressure |- |correct |answer |-Blood |pressure |that |remains |between |heart |contractions, |during |relaxation blood |- |correct |answer |-adult |body |contains | 5 |liters |of |blood consists |of |plasma |and |cells |manufactured |in |bone |marrow respiratory |system |- |correct |answer |-A |system |of |organs |(nose, |mouth, |pharynx, |trachea, |diaphragm, abdominal |muscles |and |lungs) |which |has | 3 |functions: |

• |to |take |in |oxygen
• |to |excrete |carbon |dioxide
• |to |regulate |the |composition |of |the |blood
• |inspiration |is |active; |expiration |is |passive

Disorders |of |the |Respiratory |System |- |correct |answer |-- |Asphyxia |(condition |of |deficient |supply |of |oxygen |to |the |body |that |arises |from |abnormal |breathing)

• |Anoxia |(an |absence |or |deficiency |of |oxygen |reaching |the |tissues; |severe |hypoxia)
• |Hyperventilation
• |Hay |Fever
• |Viral |infections
• |Bacterial |infections
• |Chronic |Obstructive |Pulmonary |Disease
• |Tuberculosis |and |Pleurisy
• |Lung |Cancer