Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality and Development, Exams of Career Counseling

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CPCE Exam 88 Questions with Answers 2023

Freud (Type of Theory) - CORRECT ANSWER Psychoanalytic Freud (Stages) - CORRECT ANSWER 0-1 oral stage 2-4 anal stage 5-7 oedipal/ phallic 8-12 latency 13+ genital Oral Stage (Freud) - CORRECT ANSWER 0-18 months, infant uses mouth for gratification and exploration Anal Stage (Freud) - CORRECT ANSWER 1-3: Anus focus of pleasure & toilet training most important activity Anal Retentive (Freud) - CORRECT ANSWER Obsessive over details Anal Expulsive (Freud) - CORRECT ANSWER Careless and impulsive Phallic (Oedipal) Stage (Freud) - CORRECT ANSWER - 3-5 years; Oedipal/Electra conflict for children.

• males want to possess their mother, and fear castration from their father; to resolve conflict, they deal with guilt feelings by identifying with dad, and establishing same values.
• sublimation of libido occurs
• In girls, similar case, but since no castration fear, overall less feminine and morally developed in this theory. Latency Stage (Freud) - CORRECT ANSWER psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious Genital Stage (Freud) - CORRECT ANSWER adolescence - adulthood

hormones rewaken sexual instincts; love object is now nonfamilial Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - CORRECT ANSWER stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth- year)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorbtion (middle age: late 20s-50s)
8. Integrity vs. Dispair (old age: 60s and beyond) Trust vs. Mistrust - CORRECT ANSWER Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - CORRECT ANSWER Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt Initiative vs. Guilt - CORRECT ANSWER Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER 6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires bad: inadequacy, low self esteem identity vs identity confusion - CORRECT ANSWER the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves Intimacy vs. Isolation - CORRECT ANSWER Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation - CORRECT ANSWER Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson) - CORRECT ANSWER 60- death. involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt. Jean Piaget theory of cognitive development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Sensorimotor 0-2 yeas old

• develops primitive logic
• develops intantions
• understands signal meanings
• understands symbol meanings

2. Preoperational 2-7 years old

• comprehends past, present, and future
• imaginary friends
• cant see point-of-views
• thinking is not generalized

3. Concrete operations 7-11 years old

• abstract thoughts
• cause and effect is understood
• thinking is independent
• plays with rules

4. Formal operations 11 through maturity

• higher level of abstract
• planning for the future
• hypothetical thinking
• assumes adult roles and responsibility sensorimotor stage - CORRECT ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

preoperational stage - CORRECT ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic concrete operational stage - CORRECT ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events formal operational stage - CORRECT ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Kohlberg's stages of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER preconventional, conventional, postconventional preconventional morality - CORRECT ANSWER first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior conventional morality - CORRECT ANSWER second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior postconventional morality - CORRECT ANSWER third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms Carl Jung's theory of personality - CORRECT ANSWER Learning style and personality theory: Extraversion vs. introversion Sensation vs. intuition Thinking vs. feeling Judging vs. perceiving

Extraversion vs. Introversion - CORRECT ANSWER whether a person tends toward being outgoing and sociable or shy and quiet Sensing vs. Intuition - CORRECT ANSWER preferring clear and concrete facts and data vs preferring hunches and speculations based on theory and imagination Thinking vs. Feeling - CORRECT ANSWER whether a person tends to rely on logic or emotions in dealing with problems Judging vs. Perceiving - CORRECT ANSWER approaching tasks by planning and setting goals vs preferring to have flexibility and spontaneity when performing tasks Adler's Theory of Individual Psychology - CORRECT ANSWER that we are motived by our goals in life, especially goals to achieve security and overcome feelings of inferiority, to belong and feel significant, humanistic Bowlby and Ainsworth attachment theory - CORRECT ANSWER Attachment has a tremendous impact on later life B.F. Skinner's Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Language develops as a result of reinforcement; it is learned like any other human behavior using reinforcements and Operant Conditioning operant conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses Pavlov's Theory of Classical Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER classical conditioning responses are involuntary and not spontaneous (dog and bell experiment) classical conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Watson's Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations, rather than the internal, mental state of those people. Little Albert Experiment.

Watson's Three Unlearned Emotions - CORRECT ANSWER Fear, Rage, and Love Thorndike's Law of Effect - CORRECT ANSWER responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER personality develops from imitating behhavioral tendencies we observce in others. self efficacy (belief in our ability) influences our behaviors Bobo doll experiment - CORRECT ANSWER nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively Wundt's Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Structuralism Structuralism (Wundt) - CORRECT ANSWER early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind Theory of Work Adjustment - CORRECT ANSWER Satisfaction as an individual's satisfaction with a job based on how well it meets the individual employee's needs. Satisfactoriness refers to the degree to which the employee's skills meet the requirements of the job and to which the employee successfully performs the job. According to TWA, both are influences of employment tenure. Holland's Theory of Occupational Choice - CORRECT ANSWER there are 6 basic personality types starting at top and going to the right: Realistic-Investigative-Artistic-Social- Enterprising-Conventional R.I.A.S.E.C -the ones next to each other are more similar --> if you have two that are next to each other, it's easier to find a job that fits

-professor = social and investigative (not next to each other so harder) *has predicted careers for people in many different countries Super's theory of career development - CORRECT ANSWER Life-span/life-space theory: Individuals develop careers in stages Career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of their lives. Super's Growth Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 1st stage, birth - begins to develop interests, abilities, etc. fantasy, play, thinking about jobs Super's Exploration Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 2nd stage, 15-24 years career choices narrowed trying out careers, part-time work, schooling Super's Establishment Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 3rd stage, 25-44 years establish a permanent position in occupational field change occurs, but not in occupation Super's Maintenance Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 4th stage, 45-64 years concerned with maintaining status, not improving Super's Decline Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 5th stage, 65+ decline in work output & retirement, requires modification of self-concept Savicka's Career Construction Theory - CORRECT ANSWER ● interested in lifespan, how we cope and adapt to certain things across life in certain times ● adaptability ● look at life themes, how they put meaning on what they do ● careers are fluid and developing ● we are fluid, dreams change, we develop, grow, and change ● like Holland's model but don't portray stable traits ● use it as possibilities to consider and explore, to open up discussion ● looks at early recollections

Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation - CORRECT ANSWER Compromise first on field of work, then on social level and lastly on sex-type as the amount of compromise increases. Social Cognitive Career Development - CORRECT ANSWER (1) how basic academic and career interests develop, (2) how educational and career choices are made, and (3) how academic and career success is obtained. The theory incorporates a variety of concepts (e.g., interests, abilities, values, environmental factors) that appear in earlier career theories and have been found to affect career development. Developed by Robert W. Lent, Steven D. Brown, and Gail Hackett in 1994, SCCT is based on Albert Bandura's general social cognitive theory, an influential theory of cognitive and motivational processes that has been extended to the study of many areas of psychosocial functioning, such as academic performance, health behavior, and organizational development. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - CORRECT ANSWER the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky) - CORRECT ANSWER In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction Skinner Box - CORRECT ANSWER A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. Carl Rogers - CORRECT ANSWER 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - CORRECT ANSWER physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization humanistic psychology - CORRECT ANSWER A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory - CORRECT ANSWER (A)_________describes cognitive performance and development as involving interactions between the individual and his or her context, which may produce change in both the individual and the context. Gestalt Psychology - CORRECT ANSWER a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts Functionalism Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Theory that stressed the importance of interdependence among all behavior patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. Wilhelm Wundt - CORRECT ANSWER german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 forms of attachment - CORRECT ANSWER secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment, disorganized attachment Solomon Asch - CORRECT ANSWER 1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures Milgram Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors. Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER A two-week experiment that simulated the prison life of both prisoners and guards that was ended in just six days because of what the simulation was doing to college students who participated John Watson and B.F. Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER founders of behaviorism Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER Therapy technique designed to help clients discover and change the irrational assumptions that govern their emotions, behaviors, and thinking

dialectical behavior therapy - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and skill at managing negative emotions Virginia Satire - CORRECT ANSWER Every person has an innate goodness in them Frank Parsons - CORRECT ANSWER The Father of vocational guidance. Bowen - CORRECT ANSWER Extended family systems that are current and intergenerational. Genograms and ecomaps Ross Kubler - CORRECT ANSWER Theory of grief model Stages of Grief (Kubler-Ross) - CORRECT ANSWER - denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

• staes may not occur in order and may be repeated Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - CORRECT ANSWER a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types Myers-Briggs Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Matches personality traits with careers Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime - CORRECT ANSWER -Criminals have low self control, which is an inability to delay gratification *They seek short term rewards and ignore long-term consequences -Teaching children self-control will decrease crime later in life Gottfredson - CORRECT ANSWER -developmental career theory -circumscription (narrowing the acceptable alternative) vs. compromise (realization that the client will not be able to implement their most preferred choices) -client adjusts aspirations to accommodate Victor Frankl - CORRECT ANSWER Father of Logo therapy, search for meaning

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon - CORRECT ANSWER developed the first intelligence test to identify children who needed remedial education Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device - CORRECT ANSWER Biological endowment that enables children to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics Broca's area - CORRECT ANSWER Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. Locke's Tabula Rasa Theory - CORRECT ANSWER We are all born with a clean slate