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A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering various topics in introductory psychology, including the major approaches to psychology, the scientific method, research methods, the nervous system, and the brain. It is a valuable resource for students preparing for their final exam in psychology 1100.
Typology: Exams
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Studyiofibehavioriandimentaliprocessesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Psychology Thei__________iapproachiemphasizesiunconsciousithought,itheiconflict ibetweenibiologicalidrivesi(suchiasitheidriveiforisex)iandisociety'sideman ds,iandiearlyichildhoodifamilyiexperiences.iPractitionersiofithisiapproac hibelieveithatisexualiandiaggressiveiimpulsesiburiedideepiwithinitheiunc onsciousimindiinfluenceitheiwayipeopleithink,ifeel,iandibehave.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Psychodynamic Thei___________iapproachiemphasizesitheiscientificistudyiofiobservabl eibehavioraliresponsesianditheirienvironmentalideterminants.iItifocuse sionianiorganism'sivisibleibehaviors,inotithoughtsiorifeelings.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Behavioral Thei_________iapproachiemphasizesiaiperson'sipositiveiqualities,itheic apacityiforipositiveigrowth,ianditheifreedomitoichooseione'sidestiny.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Humanistic Thei_________iapproachiemphasizesitheimentaliprocessesiinvolvediinik nowing:ihowiweidirectiouriattention,iperceive,iremember,ithink,iandisol veiproblems.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Cognitive
Someipsychologistsiemphasizeiani__________iapproachithatiusesievolu tionaryiideasisuchiasiadaptation,ireproduction,iandinaturaliselectioniasi theibasisiforiexplainingispecificihumanibehaviors.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Evolutionary Someipsychologistsiexamineibehavioriandimentaliprocessesithroughith ei___________iapproach,iwhichiisiaifocusionitheibody,iespeciallyitheibra iniandinervousisystem.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Biological Thei__________iapproachiexaminesitheiinfluencesiofisocialiandiculturali environmentsionibehavior.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Sociocultural Mostiofitheistudiesipsychologistsipublishiiniresearchijournalsifollowithei _______i________,iwhichimayibeisummarizediinitheseifiveisteps: Observingisomeiphenomenon Formulatingihypothesesiandipredictions Testingithroughiempiricaliresearch Drawingiconclusions Evaluatingiconclusionsi-iCorrectiAnswer-ScientificiMethod Ai________iisianythingithaticanichangei-iCorrectiAnswer-Variable
Ai_______iisiaibroadiideaiorisetioficloselyirelatediideasithatiattemptsitoie xplainiobservations.iTheyiseekitoiexplainiwhyicertainithingsiareiasitheyia reioriwhyitheyihaveihappened,iandicanibeiuseditoimakeipredictionsiabo utifutureiobservations.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Theory Ai_______iisiaitestableipredictionithatiderivesilogicallyifromiaitheory.iAit heoryicanigenerateimanyiofithese.iIfimoreiandimorei_________irelatedit oiaitheoryiturnioutitoibeitrue,itheitheoryigainsiinicredibility.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Hypothesis _______iresearchiisiinterestediinidiscoveringirelationshipsibetweenivari ables.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Correlational. Theidegreeiofirelationshipibetweenitwoivariablesiisiexpressediasiainum ericalivalueicallediaicorrelationalicoefficient,iwhichiisimosticommonlyire presentedibyitheiletterir.iTheicorrelationicoefficientiisiaistatisticithatitell siusitwoithingsiaboutitheirelationshipibetweenitwoivariables — itsistrengthiandiitsidirection.iTheivalueiofiaicorrelationialwaysifallsibetw eeni − 1.00iandi+1.00.iTheinumberiorimagnitudeiofitheicorrelationitellsiusi aboutitheistrengthiofitheirelationship.iTheicloseritheinumberiisitoi±1.00,i theistrongeritheirelationship.iTheisigni(+iori − )itellsiusiaboutitheidirectioni ofitheirelationshipibetweenitheivariables.iAipositiveisignimeansithatiasio neivariableiincreases,itheiotherialsoiincreases,ioriasioneidecreasesitheiot heridoesiasiwell.iWhenivariablesiareipositivelyicorrelated,itheyichangeii nitheisameidirection.iAinegativeisignimeansithatiasioneivariableiincrease s,itheiotheridecreases.iNegativelyicorrelatedivariablesichangeitogetheri butidoisoiinitheioppositeidirection.iAizeroicorrelationimeansithatithereiis inoisystematicirelationshipibetweenitheivariables.
__________iresearchiinvolvesifindingioutiaboutitheibasicidimensionsiofi someivariable.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Descriptive Ai_____i______iisianiin-depthilookiatiaisingleiindividual.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Caseistudy Airelatedimethodithatiisiespeciallyiusefuliwheniinformationifromimanyi peopleiisineedediisiai________,ioriquestionnaire,iwhichipresentsiaistand ardisetiofiquestions,ioriitems,itoiobtainipeople'siself- reportediattitudesioribeliefsiaboutiaiparticularitopic.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Survey. Surveysicanimeasureionlyiwhatipeopleithinkiaboutithemselves.iFurther more,ipeopleidoinotialwaysiknowitheitruthiaboutithemselves.iIfiyouiwer eiansweringiaisurveyithatiasked,i"Areiyouiaigenerousiperson?"ihowimig htiyourianswericompareitoithatiofiaifriendiwhoiisiaskeditoimakeithatisa meiratingiaboutiyou?iOneiparticulariproblemiwithisurveysiandiintervie wsiisitheitendencyiofiparticipantsitoiansweriquestionsiiniaiwayithatiwilli makeithemilookigoodiratherithaniiniaiwayithaticommunicatesiwhatitheyi trulyithinkiorifeel.iAnotherichallengeiinisurveyiconstructioniisithatiwheni questionnairesiareiuseditoioperationallyidefineivariables,iitiisicrucialitha titheiitemsipreciselyiprobeitheispecificitopiciofiinterestiandinotisomeioth ericharacteristic.iTheilanguageiusediinisurveysithereforeimustibeiclearia ndiunderstandableiifitheiresponsesiareitoireflectitheiparticipants'iactuali feelings.
Ani________iisiaidata- gatheringimethodologyithatiinvolvesiaistandardisetiofiquestionsiaskedii nitheisameimanneriandiorder.iForiexample,iwhenidoingiresearch,iyouim ayidoithisiinsteadiofiaskingithemitoifillioutiaiquestionnaire.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Interview Theiobservationiofibehavioriiniaireal-worldisetting.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Naturalisticiobservation Theisoundnessiofitheiconclusionsithatiairesearcheridrawsifromianiexperi ment.iInitheirealmiofitesting,itheiextentitoiwhichiaitestimeasuresiwhatiiti isiintendeditoimeasure.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Validity Theioutcome;itheifactorithaticanichangeiinianiexperimentiiniresponseitoi changesiinitheiindependentivariablei-iCorrectiAnswer- Dependentivariable Aimanipulatediexperimentalifactor;itheivariableithatitheiexperimenteric hangesitoiseeiwhatiitsieffectsiare.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Independentivariable Researchers'iassignmentiofiparticipantsitoigroupsibyichance,itoireduceit heilikelihoodithatianiexperiment'siresultsiwillibeidueitoipreexistingidiffe rencesibetweenigroups.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Randomiassignment Theibrain'sispecialicapacityiforichangei-iCorrectiAnswer-Plasticity
Theinerveicellsithatihandleitheiinformation-processingifunction.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Neurons Chemicalisubstancesithatiareistorediinitinyisacsiinsideineuron'siterminali buttonsiandiareiinvolvediinitransmittingiinformationiacrossitheisynaptic igapitoitheinextineuron.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Neurotransmitters Theipartiofitheineuronithaticontainsitheinucleus,iwhichidirectsitheimanu factureiofisubstancesithatitheineuronineedsiforigrowthiandimaintenanc e.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Cellibody Treelikeifibersiprojectingifromiaineuron,iwhichireceiveiinformationiandi orientiititowarditheineuron'sicellibody.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Dendrites Theipartiofitheineuronithaticarriesiinformationiawayifromitheicellibodyit owardiothericells.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Axon Ailayeriofifaticellsithatiencaseiandiinsulatesimostiaxonsi- iCorrectiAnswer-Myelinisheath Theinetworkiofinervesithaticonnectsitheibrainiandispinalicorditoiotherip artsiofitheibodyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Peripheralinervousisystem
Theinetworkiofinervesithaticonnectsitoitheibrainiandispinalicordi- iCorrectiAnswer-Centralinervousisystem Theibodyisystemiconsistingiofitheisensoryinerves,iwhoseifunctioniisitoic onveyiinformationifromitheiskiniandimusclesitoitheicentralinervousisyst emiabouticonditionedisuchiasipainianditemperature,ianditheimotorinerv es,iwhoseifunctioniisitoitellimusclesiwhatitoido.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Somaticinervousisystem Theibodyisystemithatitakesimessagesitoiandifromitheibody'siinternaliorg ans,imonitoringisuchiprocessesiasibreathing,iheartirate,iandidigestioni- iCorrectiAnswer-Autonomicinervousisystem Theipartiofitheiautonomicinervousisystemithatiarousesitheibodyitoimobi lizeiitiforiactioni(fightioriflight)i-iCorrectiAnswer- Sympatheticinervousisystem Theipartiofitheiautonomicinervousisystemithaticalmsitheibodyi- iCorrectiAnswer-Parasympatheticinervousisystem Locatediatitheiskull'sirear,itheilowestiportioniofitheibrain,iconsistingiofit heibrainstem,imedulla,icerebellum,iandiponsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Hindbrain
Theistemlikeibrainiareaithatiincludesimuchiofitheihindbrain.iBasicilifeisu pportifunctions;isleeping,ieating,ibreathing,ibodyitemperatureiregulati on.iInjuryitoithisiareaicanikilliyou!i-iCorrectiAnswer-Brainstem Associatediwithibalanceiandifineimotorimovementsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Cerebellum Brainistructuresicentralitoiemotion,imemory,iandirewardiprocessing,ian dihousesihabitsiandimemories.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Theilimbicisystem Thei__________iisiimportantiforipracticedimovementi-iCorrectiAnswer- Cerebellum Theistructureiofitheilimbicisystemithatihasiaispecialiroleiinitheistorageiofi memoriesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Hippocampus Involvediinitheidiscriminationiofiobjectsithatiareinecessaryiforitheiorgan ism'sisurvival,isuchiasiappropriateifood,imates,iandisocialiroles;iSensesia ndiinterpretsithreatsiinisurroundingienvironment.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Amygdala Thei________imonitorsithreeipleasurableiactivities — eating,idrinking,iandisexiandiisiairegulatoriforitheibody'siinternalistate.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Hypothalamus
Partiofitheiforebraini(outerilayer)iresponsibleiforimosticompleximentalif unctions,isuchiasithinkingiandiplanning.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Cerebralicortex Theicerebrumiisidividediintoileftiandirightihemispheres.iWhatidoesitheiR IGHTisideiofitheibrainicontrol?i-iCorrectiAnswer- MovementsionitheiLEFTisideiofitheibody,ialsoilanguage/ispeech,ilogic,im ath. Theicerebrumiisidividediintoileftiandirightihemispheres.iWhatidoesitheiL EFTisideiofitheibrainicontrol?i-iCorrectiAnswer- MovementsionitheiRIGHTisideiofitheibody,ialsoispacialiskillsi(spaceiarou ndius),imusic,iandiart Theibrain,iiniadditionitoibeingidividediintoitheileftiandirightihemisphere s,icanialsoibeidividediintoilobes.iThesei 4 ilobesiareiwhich?i- iCorrectiAnswer-Frontal,iparietal,itemporal,iandioccipital. Whichilobeiisiassociatediwithivision,icontainingitheivisualicortex?i- iCorrectiAnswer- Theioccipitali(back)ilobei(Leftiandirightilobe,ileftivisioniisirightilobe,irighti visioniisileftilobe). Whichilobeiprocessesitheisenseiofitouch,icontainingithei"sensoryicortex "?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Parietalilobe,ilocatedionitheisidesiofitheihead.iTouchingiwithirightihandis timulatesitheileftiparietalilobe).
Whatiareitheifrontalilobesiassociatediwith?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Controliofimovement;iPortioniofitheicerebralicortexibehinditheiforebrai n,iinvolvediinipersonality,iintelligence,ianditheicontroliofivoluntaryimus cles. Whichicortexiprocessesiinformationiaboutibodyisensationsiandiisilocate diatitheifrontiofitheiparietalilobe?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theisomatosensoryicortex Motoricortexicontrolsiwhatikindiofimovement?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Voluntary Theiprocessiofireceivingistimulusienergiesifromitheiexternalienvironme ntianditransformingithoseienergiesiintoineuralienergyi(theioperationiinis ensationiiniwhichisensoryireceptorsiregisteriinformationiaboutitheiexte rnalienvironmentiandisendiitiupitoitheibrainiforiinterpretation)i- iCorrectiAnswer-Sensationi(Bottom-upiprocessing) Theibrainigivesimeaningitoisensationithroughi________.i_______iisithei processiofiorganizingiandiinterpretingisensoryiinformationisoithatiitima kesisense,istartsiwithicognitiveiprocessingiinitheibrain.iInitop- downiprocessingiweibeginiwithisomeisenseiofiwhatiisihappeningi(theipr oductiofiouriexperiences)iandiapplyithatiframeworkitoiincomingiinform ationifromitheiworld.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Perceptioni(Top- downiprocessing)
Theiminimumiamountiofistimulusienergyithatiaipersonicanidetecti- iCorrectiAnswer-Absoluteithreshold TheidegreeiofidifferenceithatimustiexistibetweeniTWOistimuliibeforeith eidifferenceiisidetectedi-iCorrectiAnswer-Differenceithreshold Aichangeiinitheiresponsivenessiofitheisensoryisystemibasedionitheiavera geileveliofisurroundingistimulationi-iCorrectiAnswer-Sensoryiadaptation Partiofiretinaithatiareisensitiveitoilightibutinotiveryiusefuliforicolorivision i(twilightivision)i-iCorrectiAnswer-Rods Partiofitheiretinaithatiallowiforicoloriperceptioni(dayivision)i- iCorrectiAnswer-Cones Theoryistatingithaticoloriisiproducedibyithreeitypesioficoneireceptorsiinit heiretinaithatiareiparticularlyisensitiveitoidifferent,ibutioverlapping,iwa velengths.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Trichromaticitheory Theoryithatistatesithaticellsiinitheivisualisystemiresponditoired- greeniandiblue- yellowicolors;iaigivenicellimightibeiexcitedibyirediandiinhibitedibyigreen,i whereasianothericellimightibeiexcitedibyiyellowiandiinhibitedibyiblue.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Opponentiprocessitheory
______ideterminesitheisoundiwave'sifrequency,ithatiis,itheinumberiofic yclesi(fulli________)ithatipassithroughiaipointiiniaigivenitimeiinterval.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Wavelength _____iisitheiperceptualiexperienceiofitheifrequencyiofiaisound,iwhetheri itiisihighilikeiaiwhistleiorilowilikeiaibassihorn.iWeiperceiveihigh- frequencyisoundsiasihavingiaihighi______,iandilow- frequencyisoundsiasihavingiailowi______.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Pitch Sensesithatiprovideiinformationiaboutimovement,iposture,iandiorienta tion.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Kinestheticisenses Sensesithatiprovideiinformationiaboutibalanceiandimovementi- iCorrectiAnswer-Vestibularisenses Theiliningiofitheiroofiofitheinasalicavity,icontainingiaisheetiofireceptorice llsiforismelli-iCorrectiAnswer-Olfactoryiepithelium Roundedibumpsiaboveitheitongue'sisurfaceithaticontainitheitasteibuds,i theireceptorsiforitaste.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Papillae Theiactiofifocusingioniaispecificiaspectiofiexperienceiwhileiignoringiothe rsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Selectiveiattention
Theirecognitionithatiobjectsiareiconstantiandiunchangingievenithoughis ensoryiinputiaboutithemiisichangingi-iCorrectiAnswer- Perceptualiconstancy Psychoactiveidrugsithatimodifyiaipersonsiperceptualiexperiencesiandipr oduceivisualiimagesithatiareinotireal.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Hallucinogens Psychoactiveidrugsithatislowidownimentaliandiphysicaliactivity.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Depressants Psychoactiveidrugs,iincludingicaffeine,inicotine,iamphetamines,iandicoc aine,ithatiincreaseitheicentralinervousisystem'siactivity.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Stimulants Theiphysiologicalineediforiaidrugithaticausesiunpleasantiwithdrawalisy mptomsisuchiasiphysicalipainiandiaicravingiforitheidrugiwheniitiisidiscont inued.i-iCorrectiAnswer-PhysicaliDependence Theistrongidesireitoirepeatitheiuseiofiaidrugiforiemotionalireasonireason s,isuchiasiaifeelingiofiwell-beingiandireductioniofistress.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Psychologicalidependence AccordingitoiFreud,iaireservoiriofiunacceptableifeelings,iwishes,ianditho ughtsithatiareibeyondiconsciousiawareness.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Unconsciousithought/iprocessing
Aniindividual'siawarenessiofiexternalieventsiandiinternalisensationsiun deriaiconditioniofiarousal,iincludingiawarenessiofitheiselfiandithoughtsia boutione'siexperiences.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Consciousness ________i________iareidailyibehavioralioriphysiologicalicycles.iDailyi__ ______i________iinvolveitheisleep/wakeicycle,ibodyitemperature,ibloo dipressure,iandibloodisugarileveli-iCorrectiAnswer-Circadianirhythms Theidisorderi__________iinvolvesitheisudden,ioverpoweringiurgeitoisle epi-iCorrectiAnswer-Narcolepsy ______i______iisiaisleepidisorderiiniwhichiindividualsistopibreathingibec auseitheiwindpipeifailsitoiopenioribecauseibrainiprocessesiinvolvediinire spirationifailitoiworkiproperlyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Sleepiapnea Aicommonisleepiproblemiisi_______,itheiinabilityitoisleep.i______icaniin volveiaiproblemiinifallingiasleep,iwakingiupiduringitheinight,ioriwakingiu pitooiearlyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Insomnia Aniactiveistageiofisleepiduringiwhichidreamingioccursi-iCorrectiAnswer- REMiSleep Inisleepistagei__idrowsyisleep,ijerkingimovement,iveryirelaxedibodyi- iCorrectiAnswer- 1
Inistagei__imuscleiactivityidecreases,ianditheipersoniisinoilongericonscio uslyiawareiofitheienvironmenti-iCorrectiAnswer- 2 Stagesi__iandi__iofisleepiareicharacterizedibyideltaiwaves,itheislowestia ndihighest-amplitudeibrainiwavesiduringisleep.i-iCorrectiAnswer- 3 iandi 4 Learningiprocessiiniwhichianineutralistimulusibecomesiassociatediwithia niinnatelyimeaningfulistimulusiandiacquiresitheicapacityitoielicitiaisimila riresponsei-iCorrectiAnswer-Classicaliconditioning Ai____istimulusiisiaistimulusiwhichiinitiallyiproducesinoispecificirespons eiotherithanifocusingiattention.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Neutralistiumulus Aistimulusithatiproducesiairesponseiwithoutipriorilearningi- iCorrectiAnswer-Unconditionedistimulus Aniunlearnedireactionithatiisiautomaticallyielicitedibyitheiunconditione distimulusi-iCorrectiAnswer-Unconditionediresponse Aipreviouslyineutralistimulusithatieventuallyielicitsiaiconditionedirespo nseiafteribeingipairediwithitheiunconditionedistimulusi- iCorrectiAnswer-Conditionedistimulus
Theilearnediresponseitoitheiconditionedistimulusithatioccursiafteriaicon ditionedistimulus-unconditionedistimulusipairing.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Conditionediresponse Aiformiofiassociativeilearningiiniwhichitheiconsequencesiofiaibehavioric hangeitheiprobabilityiofitheibehavior'sioccurrencei-iCorrectiAnswer- Operanticonditioning ___________-- iisitheiprocessibyiwhichiaistimulusiorieventi(aireinforcer)ifollowingiaipart icularibehavioriincreasesitheiprobabilityithatitheibehavioriwillihappenia gain.iSuchiconsequencesiofiaibehaviorifalliintoitwoitypes,icalledipositivei andinegative.iBothitypesioficonsequencesiincreaseitheifrequencyiofiaibe havior.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Reinforcement __________iisiaiconsequenceithatidecreasesitheilikelihoodithatiaibehavi oriwillioccur.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Punishment Rewardingisuccessiveiapproximationsiofiaidesiredibehaviori- iCorrectiAnswer-Shaping Theiorganism,iexposeditoiuncontrollableiaversiveistimuli,ilearnsithatiitih asinoicontrolioverinegativeioutcomesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Learnedihelplessness
Learningithatioccursiwheniaipersoniobservesiandiimitatesibehaviori- iCorrectiAnswer-Observationalilearning Insightilearningiisiaiformiofiproblemisolvingiiniwhichitheiorganismidevel opsiaisuddeniinsightiintoioriunderstandingiofiaiproblem'sisolution.i- iCorrectiAnswer-Insightilearning ________ilearningi(oriimplicitilearning)iisiunreinforcedilearningithatiisin otiimmediatelyireflectediinibehavior.i_______ilearningiisisometimesicall ediincidentalilearningibecauseiiti"justihappens"iasiairesultiofiexperience .i-iCorrectiAnswer-Latent Theifirstistepiinimemory;itheiprocessibyiwhichiinformationigetsiintoime moryistorage.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Encoding Theiretentioniofiinformationioveritimeiandihowithisiinformationiisirepre sentediinimemoryi-iCorrectiAnswer-Storage Theimemoryiprocessithatioccursiwheniinformationithatiwasiretainediini memoryicomesioutiofistoragei-iCorrectiAnswer-Retrieval Theoryistatingithatimemoryistorageiinvolvesithreeiseparateisystems:ise nsoryimemory,ishort-termimemory,iandilong-termimemoryi- iCorrectiAnswer-Three-stageimemoryimodeli(Atkinson-ShiffriniTheory)
Memoryisystemithatiinvolvesiholdingiinformationifromitheiworldiiniitsio riginalisensoryiforiforionlyianiinstant,inotimuchilongerithanitheibriefitim eiitiisiexposeditoitheivisual,iauditory,iandiotherisensesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Sensoryimemory Limitedicapacityimemoryisystemiiniwhichiinformationiisiusuallyiretaine diforionlyi 30 iseciunlessistrategiesiareiuseditoiretainiitilongeri- iCorrectiAnswer-Short-termimemory Aicombinationioficomponentsiincludingishort- termimemoryiandiattention,ithatiallowiindividualsitoiholdiinformationit emporarilyiasitheyipreformicognitiveitasks;iaikindiofimentaliworkbenchi oniwhichitheibrainimanipulatesiandiassemblesiinformationitoiguideiund erstanding,idecisionimaking,iandiproblemisolving.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Workingimemory Airelativelyipermanentitypeiofimemoryithatistoresihugeiamountsiofiinfo rmationiforiailongitimei-iCorrectiAnswer-Long-termimemory Likeiotherisortsiofimemories,imayicontainierrors,iandifaultyimemoryiinic riminalimattersihasiespeciallyiseriousiconsequences.iWheni________i__ ________iisiinaccurate,itheiwrongipersonimightigoitoijailiorievenibeiputit oideath,ioritheiperpetratoriofitheicrimeimightinotibeiprosecuted.iItiisiim portantitoinote,ihowever,ithatiwitnessingiaicrimeiisioftenitraumaticiforit heiindividual,iandisoithisitypeiofimemoryitypicallyifitsiinitheilargericateg oryiofimemoryiforihighlyiemotionalievents.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Eyewitnessitestimony
Aidefenseimechanismibyiwhichiaipersoniisisoitraumatizedibyianieventith atiheiorisheiforgetsiitianditheniforgetsitheiactiofiforgetting.iAccordingitoi psychodynamicitheory,irepression'simainifunctioniisitoiprotectitheiindiv idualifromithreateningiinformation.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Repressedimemories Theoryithatipeopleiforgetinotibecauseimemoriesiareilostifromistorageib utibecauseiotheriinformationigetsiinitheiwayiofiwhatitheyiwantitoireme mberi-iCorrectiAnswer-Interference Theoryistatingithatiwhenianiindividualilearnsisomethinginew,iaineuroch emicalimemoryitraceiforms,ibutioveritimeithisitraceidisintegrates;isugge stsithatitheipassageiofitimeialwaysiincreasesiforgettingi- iCorrectiAnswer-Decay Theiprocessiofimaniulatingiinformationimentallyibyiformingiconcepts,ic olvingiproblems,imakingidecisions,iandireflectingicriticallyioricreativelyi- iCorrectiAnswer-Thinking Aimentalicategoryithatiisiuseditoigroupiobjects,ievents,iandicharacteristi csi-iCorrectiAnswer-Concept Aimodeliemphasizingithatiwhenipeopleievaluateiwhetheriaigiveniitemir eflectsiaicertainiconcept,itheyicompareitheiitemiwithitheimostitypicaliite
msiinithaticategoryiandilookiforiai"familyiresemblance"iwithithatiitemsip ropertiesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Prototype Theimentaliprocessiofifiningianiappropriateiwayitoiattainiaigoaliwhenith eigoaliisinotireadilyiavailablei-iCorrectiAnswer-Problemisolving Theimentaliactivityiofievaluatingialternativesiandichoosingiamongithemi
Failingitoisolveiaiproblemsiasiairesultiofiaifixationioniaithingsiusualifuncti onsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Functionalifixedness Aiformioficommunication-iwhetherispoken,iwritten,iorisigned- ithatiisibasedioniaisystemiofisymbolsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Language Whatitheoryiisithisiandiwhoimadeiit?;iAccordingitoi(thisiman)iandimanyi otherilanguageiexperts,itheistrongestievidenceiforilanguage'sibiologicali basisiisitheifactithatichildreniallioveritheiworldireachilanguageimilestone siatiaboutitheisameitimeiandiiniaboutitheisameiorder,idespiteivastivariat ionsiinitheilanguageiinputitheyireceiveifromitheirienvironments.iForiexa mple,iinisomeiculturesiadultsineveritalkitoiinfantsiunderi 1 iyeariofiage,iye titheseiinfantsistilliacquireilanguage.iHeiproposedisomeiideasithatiwerei newiwaysiofithinkingiaboutilanguage:itheitheoryiofiuniversaligrammar,it heiideaithatilanguageiisiinnateianditheinotionithatilanguageiacquisitioni occursiduringicriticalidevelopmentistages.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Chomsky'silanguageiacquisitionitheory Arguedithatilanguageiacquisitioniandidevelopmentiareilearnedibehavio rs.iBehavioristsibelieveiweilearnibyiassociatingievents,iknowniasiclassica liconditioning.iWeialsoilearnithroughirewardsiandipunishments,iaiproce ssiknowniasioperanticonditioning.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Skinner'silanguageiacquisitionitheory
All- purposeiabilityitoidoiwellionicognitiveitasks,itoisolveiproblems,ianditoile arnifromiexperience.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Intelligence Theisoundnessiofitheiconclusionsithatiairesearcheridrawsifromianiexperi ment.iInitheirealmifitesting,itheiextentitoiwhichiaitestimeasuresiwhatiitiis iintendeditoimeasure.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Validity Theiextentitoiwhichiaitestiyieldsiaiconsistent,ireproduceableimeasureiofi performance.i-iCorrectiAnswer-Reliability Aisymmetrical,ibell- shapedicurve,iwithiaimajorityiofitheiscoresifallingiinitheimiddleiofitheipo ssibleirangeiandifewiscoresiappearingitowarditheiextremesiofitheirange.i
Theiideaithatiintelligenceicapturesiaicommonigeneraliabilityithatiisirefle ctediiniperformanceionivariousicognitiveitestsiwasiintroducedibyi(who?) ;iheinotedithatischoolchildreniwhoididiwelliinimathialsoididiwelliinireadi ng,iandiheicameiupiwithitheiideaithatiintelligenceiisiaigeneraliability.iThis iviewiofiintelligenceisuggestsithati(thisiconcept)iunderliesiperformanceii niaivarietyiofiareas,iwhetheriitiisimathematics,iverbaliability,ioriabstracti reasoning.iItiessentiallyiassumesithatitheiintelligentipersoniisiaijack-of- all-cognitiveitrades.i-iCorrectiAnswer- Spearman'sitheoryiofiGeneraliIntelligencei(G) Sterberg'sitheoryithatiintelligenceicomesiinithreeiforms:ianalytical,icrea tive,iandipracticali-iCorrectiAnswer- Sternberg'siTriarchicitheoryiofisuccessfuliintelligence Suggestsithereiareinineitypesiofiintelligence,iori"framesiofimind."iThesei areidescribedihere,iwithiexamplesiofitheitypesiofivocationsiiniwhichithe yiareireflectediasistrengths. Verbal:iTheiabilityitoithinkiiniwordsiandiuseilanguageitoiexpressimeanin g.iOccupations:iauthor,ijournalist,ispeaker. Mathematical:iTheiabilityitoicarryioutimathematicalioperations.iOccupa tions:iscientist,iengineer,iaccountant. Spatial:iTheiabilityitoithinkithree- dimensionally.iOccupations:iarchitect,iartist,isailor.
Bodily- kinesthetic:iTheiabilityitoimanipulateiobjectsianditoibeiphysicallyiadept.i Occupations:isurgeon,icraftsperson,idancer,iathlete. Musical:iTheiabilityitoibeisensitiveitoipitch,imelody,irhythm,ianditone.iO ccupations:icomposer,imusician. Interpersonal:iTheiabilityitoiunderstandiandiinteractieffectivelyiwithioth ers.iOccupations:iteacher,imentalihealthiprofessional. Intrapersonal:iTheiabilityitoiunderstandioneself.iOccupatioi- iCorrectiAnswer-Gardener'siMultipleiIntelligence'sitheory Theipatternioficontinuityiandichangeiinihumanicapabilitiesithatioccursit hroughoutilife,iinvolvingibothigrowthiandideclinei-iCorrectiAnswer- Development Aniindividualsibiologicaliinheritance,iespeciallyiherigenesi(nurtureiorina ture?)i-iCorrectiAnswer-Nature Aniindividualsienvironmentaliandisocialiexperiencesi(nurtureiorinature? )i-iCorrectiAnswer-Nurture
Aipersonsiabilityitoirecoverifromioriadaptitoidifficultitimesi- iCorrectiAnswer-Resilience Aniindividualsiincorporationiofinewiinformationiintoiexistingiknowledg ei-iCorrectiAnswer-Assimilation Aniindividualsiadjustmentiofiherischemasitoinewiinformationi- iCorrectiAnswer-Accomodation AccordingitoiPiaget,iweigoithroughifouristagesiiniunderstandingitheiwor ld.iEachistageiinvolvesiaiqualitativelyidifferentiwayiofimakingisenseiofith eiworldithanitheioneibeforeiit. Sensorimotoristagei(objectipermanence,iunderstandingitheiworld,ibirth
Preoperationalistagei(thinkingiandiwordiformation,i 2 - 7) Concreteioperationalistagei(logicalireasoning,iclassifyiobjectsiintoisets,i 7 - 11) Formalioperationalistagei(reasoningilogicallyiandiidealistically,i 11 - adulthood)i-iCorrectiAnswer-Paiget'siDevelopmentaliTheoryi(4istages) ________i__________iinvolvesichangesithatioccuriwithiageiinipeople'sit houghts,ifeelings,iandibehaviorsiregardingitheiprinciplesiandivaluesithat iguideithemiasitheyiinteractiwithiothers.iKohlbergiproposediaicognitive- developmentalitheoryiofi______i_________iwithithreeilevelsi(preconve ntional,iconventional,iandipostconventional)i-iCorrectiAnswer- Moralidevelopment