Psychology 2301 Midterm Questions & Answers (RATED A+), Exams of Psychology

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Psychology 2301 Midterm Questions & Answers (RATED A+) Structuralist View of Consciousness - ANSWERBreak consciousness down to the lowest level Functionalist View of Consciousness - ANSWERConsciousness is a stream of thought Behaviorist View of Consciousness - ANSWERNo consciousness Modern View of Consciousness - ANSWERAwareness of surrounding and how things are connected together Elements of Consciousness - ANSWERAttention, selective, limited capacity Inattentional Blindness - ANSWERA form of selective attention that describes the blindness of the senses when attention is lacking (the moondancing bear) Selective Attention - ANSWERThe ability to focus awareness on a small segment of information that is available through our sensory systems Cocktail Party Effect - ANSWERA form of selective attention that refers to the unawareness of surrounding noises during a conversation, until an attention grabbing situation occurs (hearing your name in another conversation) Circadian Rhythms - ANSWER24.2 hour biological cycle within our hypothalmus Stage 1 of Sleep - ANSWERIn this stage of the sleep cycle the body begins to relax and core body temperature drops although the body may still be partially aware of the surroundings, resulting in very light sleep and myoclonic jerks. The brain exhibits theta waves and hallucinations may occur. Stage 2 of Sleep - ANSWERIn this stage of the sleep cycle the body has begun to sink into a deeper sleep, with the brain still exhibiting theta waves along with sleep spindles and K-complexes, myoclonic jerks may still occur. Stage 3 of Sleep - ANSWERIn this stage of the sleep cycle the body has reached a deep sleep level in which the brain exhibits delta waves. Stage 4 of Sleep - ANSWERThis stage of the sleep cycle is very similar to the 3rd stage, except for a higher proportion of delta waves, and a great level of hormone secretion. A person in this sleep cycle is capable of sleep walking, and is very hard to awaken (and will be disoriented and groggy if done so) REM Sleep - ANSWERDuring the fifth stage of the sleep cycle the brain will begin to exhibit faster and shorter brain waves similar to those of someone who would be awake, which may cause sleep paralysis. The heart rate and blood pressure increasingly fluctuate often causing sexual arousal and there is a rapid shifting back and forth of the eyes. Another Name for REM Sleep - ANSWERParadoxical Sleep Effects of Lack of Sleep - ANSWERRapid deterioration of mental and physical well being Inability to sustain focused attention Microsleep episodes Fatigue and overall pain in movement Emotional overreaction to threatening situations REM rebound REM Rebound - ANSWERAn increased amount of time spent in REM sleep after lack of sleep Effect of Chronic Sleep Deprivation - ANSWERIncreased risk for heart disease, diabetes, weight gain, and weakened immune system Improving Sleep - ANSWERGetting on a schedule Creating a quiet, dark, and comfortable environment Avoiding heartburn inducing foods, and excessive amounts of alcohol, nicotine, caffein and food intake late in the day Exercise Freud's Theory of Dreaming - ANSWERFreud believed dreams were a form of wish fulfillment which involved two manners of understanding dreams (manifest and latent) Manifest Content - ANSWERApparent meaning of a dream, the remembered story line Latent Content - ANSWERHidden meaning of a dream, concealed by the manifest content Activation Synthesis Model - ANSWER(Bottom-up synthesis) A theory that suggests dreaming is caused by the brain's attempt to make sense of the neural activity Neurocognitive Theory of Dreams - ANSWER(Top-down synthesis) A theory that proposes dreams are caused by a network of neurons throughout the brain, specially within the limbic system and the forebrain, that creates random incongruent sensations which the rest of the brain then interprets Dream Duration - ANSWERThe average human dreams 1-2 hours per night, with most of it occurring during REM sleep Extinction - ANSWERThe diminished conditioned response when an unconditioned response no longer follows the conditioned stimulus Spontaneous Recovery - ANSWERThe reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause, it suggests that extinction suppresses the conditioned response rather than extinguishes it Higher Order Conditioning - ANSWERWith repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus, the second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as well Conditioned Taste Aversion - ANSWERA form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate a particular food or drink with illness Adaptive Value - ANSWERThe degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive Conditional Emotional Response - ANSWERAn emotional reaction acquired through classical conditioning; process by which an emotional reaction becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus (John Watson and Little Albert) Law of Effect - ANSWEREdward Thorndike's principle stating that behaviors are more likely to be repeated when followed by pleasurable outcomes, and those followed by something unpleasant are less likely to be repeated Reinforcers - ANSWERConsequences, such as events or objects, that increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring Reinforcement - ANSWERProcess by which an organism learns to associate a voluntary behavior with its consequences Shaping - ANSWEREncouraging a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations Positive Reinforcement - ANSWERA behavior is more likely to happen by giving the organism something they enjoy Negative Reinforcement - ANSWERA behavior is more likely to happen by taking something away that the organism does not like Positive Punishment - ANSWERA behavior is diminished by giving the organism something they do not enjoy Negative Punishment - ANSWERA behavior is diminished by taking away something that the organism enjoys Albert Bandura - ANSWERCreated the bobo doll experiment John Watson - ANSWERLittle Albert Experiment Edward Thorndike - ANSWERCat in the puzzle box Latent Learning - ANSWERLearning that becomes apparent only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it Cognitive Map - ANSWERA mental representation of the physical features in the environment Memory - ANSWERInformation collected and stored in the brain that is generally retrievable for later use Encoding - ANSWERThe process through which information enters our memory system; memorizing Storage - ANSWERThe process of preserving information for possible recollection in the future Retrieval - ANSWERThe process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory Three Stage Model of Memory - ANSWERSensory input from the environment is recorded as a fleeting sensory memory Novel or attention catching information is processed in short-term memory Information is encoded into long term memory, and is able to be retrieved into working memory to allow consciousness Shallow Memory - ANSWERRecognition Intermediate Memory - ANSWERGeneral detail of an idea Deep Memory - ANSWERAbility to put into own words with understood true meaning, deepest understanding of an idea Iconic Memory - ANSWERAlso known as Eidetic Memroy, a fleeting photographic memory Echoic Memory - ANSWERSensory memory for auditory input that lasts only two to three seconds Chunking - ANSWERGrouping items into meaningful subsets Working Memory - ANSWERActive processing of memory in short term memory Automatic Processing - ANSWERThe unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well-learned information Effortful Processing - ANSWEREncoding that requires attention and conscious effort Explicit Memory - ANSWERAlso known as Declarative Memory; memories within awareness Semantic Memory - ANSWERA form of explicit memory that contains facts Episodic Memory - ANSWERA form of explicit memory that contains personal stories and incidents Flashbulb Memory - ANSWERA form of explicit memory that seems vivid but is not any more reliable than other types of memories Implicit Memory - ANSWERAlso known as Non-Declarative Memory; procedural memories outside of awareness Types of Implicit Memories - ANSWER-Subjects that can't be put into words -Muscle memory Mnemonics - ANSWERA memory aid that helps translate information into a form that is easier to remember (PEMDAS, ROYGBIV, KHDBDCM) Method of Loci - ANSWERMnemonic device in which a person visualizes items to be learned with landmarks in some familiar place (music sheet) Distributed Practice - ANSWERBreaking subjects up into smaller pieces allows the brain time to process information Massed Practice - ANSWERCramming Recall - ANSWERBringing previously learnt information into conscious awareness; fill-in-the-blank question Recognition - ANSWERCorrectly identifying previously learned information when exposed to it again; multiple choice test Mood Congruence - ANSWERMemory is facilitated when psychological and physiological conditions are similar at time of encoding and at time of retrieval Ebbinghaus - ANSWERCreated and memories lists of nonsense syllables Encoding/Storage Failure - ANSWERInformation is never encoded into long term memory Memory Decay - ANSWERMemories decay gradually if they are not used Proactive Interference - ANSWERWhen information from the past interferes with the learning process Retroactive Interference - ANSWERWhen information recently learnt interferes with retrieval of old information Misinformation Effect - ANSWERMemories can be changed in response to new information