Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Psychology 295 Final Exam-Mahadevan-UTK With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

Ebbinghaus - Correct Answer-created the forgetting curve and serial position effect in memory meaningful elaboration - Correct Answer--connect concept with as much knowledge as you have and link to other concepts What is science? - Correct Answer-A way of systematically observing some phenomena to gain a deep understanding of how it works Participants are - Correct Answer-humans Subjects are - Correct Answer-non-humans Theories - Correct Answer-Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest behavior is - Correct Answer-overt-can be observed mental processes are - Correct Answer-covert-cannot be observed

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/12/2024

Qualityexam
Qualityexam 🇰🇪

2.5

(4)

2.9K documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Psychology 295 Final Exam-Mahadevan-UTK With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

Psychology 295 Final Exam-Mahadevan-

UTK With 100% Correct And Verified

Answers 2024

Ebbinghaus - Correct Answer-created the forgetting curve and serial position effect in memory meaningful elaboration - Correct Answer--connect concept with as much knowledge as you have and link to other concepts What is science? - Correct Answer-A way of systematically observing some phenomena to gain a deep understanding of how it works Participants are - Correct Answer-humans Subjects are - Correct Answer-non-humans Theories - Correct Answer-Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest behavior is - Correct Answer-overt-can be observed mental processes are - Correct Answer-covert-cannot be observed APA - Correct Answer-American Psychological Association 56 divisions governing body of psychology Wihelm Wundt - Correct Answer-Known as the "Father of Psychology," he established first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Father of Structuralism. Psychology studies - Correct Answer-the full range of behavior and mental processes in humans/non-humans with scientific methods Inferences in science are - Correct Answer-conservative and cautious hypothetical construct - Correct Answer-A presumed but unobserved process or entity ex: mental processes operational definitions - Correct Answer-a method of defining a hypothetical construct in such a way that you can measure it

Robert Sternberg - Correct Answer--cognitive psychology -three types of intelligence: analytical, practical, creative types of data in psychological research - Correct Answer--speed -accuracy -confidence ratings (false memories-the neisser example) -error analysis (ny and chicago) what did the chess experiment reveal? - Correct Answer-experts have an excellent memory in areas of their field, but outside of that field, their memory is average Graf, Squire and Mandler - Correct Answer-two groups: amnesiacs and "normals" two memory tasks: word recall and word completion results: -The normals did much better than the amnesiacs on the word recall -The normals and amnesiacs did about the same on the word completion Demonstrates: amnesiacs are capable of learning type of memory test is important basic research - Correct Answer-pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon applied research - Correct Answer-scientific study that aims to solve practical problems the value of basic research - Correct Answer--control nuisance variables and reduce noise in the data -good quality basic research is the stepping stone to applied research Ebbinghaus Curve (example of basic and applied research) - Correct Answer- Basic research: learning meaningless material-jub, fum, etc... why? 60% of newly-learned info. is forgotten in 8 to 9 hurs Applied Research: what should we do to remember newly-learned material? -periodic review is the first few hours after learning Attention (example of basic and applied research) - Correct Answer-Basic Research: how many things can we attend to at one moment The dichotic listening task Applied research: cockpit design cellphone and driving modern flight management systems

Eye-witness testimony (example of basic and applied research) - Correct Answer-Basic Research: The Loftus paradigm Applied research: DOJ guidelines for law enforcement personnel correlation - Correct Answer-A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (linear relationship) in psychological research, a correlation of _ is high - Correct Answer-.4 or -. Why do we calculate it? - Correct Answer-Netflix Example SAT-HS GPA and College GPA example How do we calculate R? - Correct Answer--The rank difference correlation (1- [avg rank diff]) When the variability of scores is restricted either for the x or the y variable then the correlation - Correct Answer-decreases example: correlation between achievement test scores for NYC public children... what about the highly gifted? a non-linear relationship does not have a - Correct Answer-correlation The Framingham Heart Study - Correct Answer-longitudinal study launched in 1948 to investigate causal factors of heart disease in general population Problems with correlational research - Correct Answer-•Directionality problem -Cannot determine causation. •Third variable problem -Another variable that can be the culprit. Ethics - Correct Answer-the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions in business/workplace Morals - Correct Answer-Beliefs about what is fair and what is right or wrong Laws - Correct Answer-Enforceable rules of conduct in a society Ethical codes in medical research - Correct Answer--The Hippocratic Oath -The Nuremborg Code -The Declaration of Helsinki The Belmont Report - Correct Answer--Made after The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1930's-1970's)

-respect for persons, beneficence, justice Respect for persons - Correct Answer-treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy. given informed consent Beneficence - Correct Answer-Take precautions to protect your participants from harm and ensure their well-being assess risks and benefits who else might benefit or suffer from the study? ex: is it okay to withhold treatment from a placebo group? Justice - Correct Answer-Find a fair balance between people who participate and the kinds of people who benefit from the results -find a representative sample: can we generalize results from the sample? -Don't just recruit whoever is most convenient APA Ethical Principles - Correct Answer-1-3 of the Belmont Report integrity- strive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one's role as a researcher, teacher, or practitioner fidelity and responsibility- establish relationships of trust, accept responsibility for professional behavior IRB - Correct Answer--consists of a panel of 5 people -one scientist, one academic with interests outside of science, and a community member with no ties to the institution IACUC - Correct Answer-charged with reviewing animal research procedures and ensuring that all regulations are adhered to -vet -practicing scientist -community member refinement- care for them humanely reduction- use as few as possible replacement- use alternatives whenever possible Informed Consent is not need when - Correct Answer--using anonymous questionaires -making naturalistic observations -when there is no risk -takes place in an academic study Debriefing - Correct Answer-the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants if deception was used, explain why it was useful

Data Fabrication - Correct Answer-a form of research misconduct in which a researcher invents data that fit the hypothesis data falsification - Correct Answer-a form of research misconduct in which a researcher influences a study's results, perhaps by deleting observations from a data set or by influencing participants to act in the hypothesized way Sir Cyril Burt - Correct Answer-• Conducted large scale study of twins reared apart

  • He reported that the heritability coefficient of intelligence was 1 - i.e. All variation in intelligence is due to genetics
  • Turns out he made the data up Nominal Scales - Correct Answer-scales that partition data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories ex: gender and ethnicity Ordinal Scales - Correct Answer-ranking scales allowing things to be arranged based on how much of some concept they possess ex: ranks in a competition what mathematical operations are possible? correlations(rank-difference) Ratio Scales - Correct Answer-Absolute zero- means nothing ex: distance, test scores, height All mathematical operations are possible Interval Scales - Correct Answer-Relative zero- refers to an actual quantity ex: temperature in F* what mathematical operations are possible? addition and subtraction, but not multiplication and division Z-scores - Correct Answer-measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation z= score-mean/standard deviation Experiment vs Quasi Experiment - Correct Answer-Experiment-uses random assignment Quasi Experiment-does not use random assignment example: studying hippocampus damage Experiment: randomly assign rats to one of two groups (damage or no damage) -uses independent variables (manipulated)

Quasi Experiment: Look for people without brain damage and with brain damage and put in different groups -uses quasi independent variables (measured) Oliver Sacks - Correct Answer-Best-selling case histories of patients with neurological disorders -Dr. P Study: "The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat" -had condition known as visual agnosia-inability to recognize one or more types of objects by sight two types of pathways in the brain: "what" and "where" Characteristics of Case Studies - Correct Answer--in depth study of a single or few cases -long history in psychology -they are usually quasi experiments Robbie - Correct Answer-Disruptive child in the classroom -Behavior Modification -ABAB Design A=baseline B=intervention results: Robbie's percentage of study behavior increased dramatically Kanzi - Correct Answer-A bonobo who received linguistic attention and consequently developed a remarkable ability to communicate using lexigrams and to understand spoken English. Victor Leborgne (Tan) - Correct Answer--He had a stroke at 30 and suffered left hem. damage -speech production problem, but speech comprehension was intact -they found that a specific region of his brain was damaged Broca's area: named after neurologist, Paul Broca -Homogenous vs Specialized brain function Typically, damage to Broca's area results in telegraphic speech-made of content vocabulary ex: Drive store mom. Freud - Correct Answer--neurologist -developed the free-association method -formulated the theory of motivation Solomon Shereshevsky (S) - Correct Answer--Most unusual memory known to science -interfered with his ability to think -sent to A.R. Luria- distinguished psychologist -studied his mental capabilities for 30 years

-wrote "The mind of a mnemonist" S had: - Correct Answer-1.) visual imagery capability 2.) No STM and unlimited LTM 3.) 5-sense Synesthesia: condition where percepts in one modality reliably elicit secondary perceptions that are not in the stimulus. Autocorrelation - Correct Answer-In a longitudinal design, the correlation of one variable with itself, measured at two different times. Cross-sectional correlation - Correct Answer-in a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time Cross-lag correlation - Correct Answer-in a longitudinal design, a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable Bimodal - Correct Answer-two modes Cohen's d - Correct Answer-a measure of effect size that assesses the difference between two means in terms of standard deviation, not standard error confounding variable - Correct Answer-a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment criterion validity - Correct Answer-A property exhibited by a test that accurately measures performance of the test taker against a specific learning goal. categorical variable - Correct Answer-places an individual into one of several groups or categories mediator variable - Correct Answer-a variable that provides a causal link in the sequence between an independent variable and a dependent variable ex: x-advanced degree y-health insurance benefits mediator: they have good jobs/more money moderator variable - Correct Answer-A third variable that changes the nature of a relationship between the original independent and dependent variables. ex: x-stress level y-negative symptoms mediator: social support Perry London - Correct Answer--clinical psychologist -studied altruism (selflessness) -inspired by Hannah Arend'ts work of Nazi war criminals

-Interested in the characteristics of Christians in Germany who saved Jews from the Nazis in ww -27 rescuers-who rescued a total of 42 people -not a random sample -no simplistic definition of who could be a rescuer -motives were hard to pin down -three clues emerged: 1.) a spirit of adventure 2.) intense identification with a parental model of moral conduct 3.) socially marginal in terms of German Culture (excluded from social circles) Rajan Mahadevan - Correct Answer--Quasi Experiment -control participants: evaluated the magnitude of improvement -talent or practice? -experts: 10,000 hours of deliberate practice over 10 years What about talent? -only the people with "talent" will complete those hours of deliberate practice Phineas Gage - Correct Answer--railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function -social recovery hypothesis: rehab can be effective, even in difficult cases Henry Molaison (H.M.) - Correct Answer--perhaps the most important case study in the history of psychology -Epilepsy after someone ran a bicycle over him at 9 yrs old -Brain surgery: hippocampus was removed -epilepsy was cured, but memory was compromised -first evidence that the hippocampus is important for memory His episodic memory was: - Correct Answer-impaired His procedural memory was: - Correct Answer-not affected His already learned material before surgery and motor skills - Correct Answer-were largely intact His IQ score: - Correct Answer-118-93rd percentile Generalizability problem - Correct Answer-case may be unique heuristic value - Correct Answer-guides researchers to important new discoveries

Idiographic approach - Correct Answer-approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person Nomothetic approach - Correct Answer-approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals Clinical psychology example: - Correct Answer--nomothetic approach is helpful in diagnosis -then you switch to the idiographic approach to focus on the individual's unique traits Extraneous variables - confounding of variables - Correct Answer-Any variable, apart from the independent variable, that can cause change in the development variable and therefore affect the results of an experiment in an unwanted way. situation noise - Correct Answer-unrelated events or distractions in the external environment that create unsystematic variability within groups in an experiment Ceiling effect - Correct Answer-all the scores are squeezed together at the high end Floor effect - Correct Answer-all the scores cluster at the low end speed-accuracy trade-off - Correct Answer-a characteristic of motor skill performance in which the speed at which a skill is performed is influenced by movement accuracy demands; the trade-off is that increasing speed yields decreasing accuracy, and vice versa manipulation check - Correct Answer-In an experiment, an extra dependent variable researchers can include to determine how well an experimental manipulation worked. pilot testing - Correct Answer-preliminary, exploratory testing that is done prior to the complete research project The placebo effect - Correct Answer-experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. single-blind study - Correct Answer-study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

double-blind study - Correct Answer-An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo The relevant question is not whether a treatment works, but - Correct Answer-whether it works better than a placebo treatment or no treatment at all Factorial Designs - Correct Answer-Multiple independent variables Advantages of a single IV - Correct Answer--least complex -fewer participants Disadvantages of a single IV - Correct Answer--behavior can be influence by a combination of variables and we want to know how they interact Main effect - Correct Answer-In a factorial design, the overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the levels of the other independent variable. Interaction - Correct Answer-the effect of one IV change across the levels of another IV If the lines are parallel - Correct Answer-there is no interaction Golden and Baddeley - Correct Answer--learning on dry water and under water -2x2 design -IV's: learning environment and test environment -DV: words remembered results: memory performance is best when you are tested in the same environment you were tested in also, being under water may impair memory encoding specificity principle - Correct Answer-the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it Long-term retention of spanish study - Correct Answer-No interaction in the the number of courses and time since classes were taken two main effects: time and intensity between-subjects design - Correct Answer-A research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions.

within-subjects design - Correct Answer-a research design that uses each participant as his or her own control; for example, the behavior of an experimental participant before receiving treatment might be compared to his or her behavior after receiving treatment advantages of within subjects design - Correct Answer-1. allows the use of fewer subjects to obtain the same number of observations

  1. allows for greater statistical power than a between subjects design disadvantages of within subjects design - Correct Answer-fatigue, attrition, carryover effects, order effects, practice effects carryover effects - Correct Answer-some form of contamination carries over from one condition to the next Counterbalancing - Correct Answer-A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject Latin square design - Correct Answer-a counterbalancing strategy where each experimental condition appears at every position in the sequence order equally often sources of carryover effects - Correct Answer-learning, fatigue, and habituation Mixed Designs (Between and Within) - Correct Answer-one is a between factor and one is a with-in factor simplest pretest-posttest design - Correct Answer-group 1: pretest, treatment, posttest group 2: pretest, , posttest basic time series design - Correct Answer-o1, o2 treatment o4, 05 o=observation -commonly used in medicine equivalent time samples design - Correct Answer-treatment, o1, no treatment, o2, treatment, o interrupted time series design - Correct Answer-o1, o2 (change in law or naturally occurring event) o3, o