PSYCHOLOGY COMPS PREP- EPPP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NEWEST UPDATE 2024/2025 ALL ANSWERS 100%, Exams of Psychology

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An 85-year-old patient presents with insidious onset of memory and word finding problems that are getting progressively worse. All blood work is normal, and there is no sign of infection. There is no evidence of tremor or major changes in motor functioning. The primary site of brain deterioration is most likely the - CORRECT ANSWERS Medial temporal lobe Which of the following answers correctly pairs the stage of Alzheimer's disease with the corresponding symptom presentation? - CORRECT ANSWERS Stage 1: Declines in memory, visuospatial function, and language Stage 2: Apraxia, aphasia, and/or acalculia Stage 3: Impaired intellectual functioning and minimal verbal output A 57-year-old man presents with insidious onset of behavior changes. His family reports that he has been making inappropriate jokes around strangers and has given money away to several suspicious online solicitors. He has also had more trouble using his computer, and his house is extremely messy and cluttered. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

• CORRECT ANSWERS Pick's disease The primary brain region affected in Huntington's disease is the - CORRECT ANSWERS Caudate nucleus A 78-year-old woman recently hospitalized with a urinary tract infection presents with rather abrupt onset of confusion and memory problems. Her family reports that she seems fine at times, but then becomes disoriented. She is having difficulty following conversations. Her family feels these behaviors represent a marked change for her and that she was functioning well and living independently prior to her hospitalization. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
• CORRECT ANSWERS Delirium A seizure that is due to abnormal electrical activity in the left temporal lobe and is characterized by an alteration in consciousness and repetitive movements such as lip smacking or undoing a button would most likely be referred to as what type of seizure? - CORRECT ANSWERS Complex partial seizure

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A 75-year-old woman is being seen for a neuropsychological consultation following a left hemisphere tempero-parietal stroke two weeks earlier. On your examination you find essentially normal verbal intelligence, intact rapid naming, but poor confrontational naming when presented with pictures of items. At this point, you suspect a deficit in which processing region? - CORRECT ANSWERS Tertiary visual processing region of the temporal lobe A 57-year-old male with a long-standing history of alcohol use disorder presents with a gradual onset of manual tremor. The neurologist orders an MRI which reveals bilateral lesions of the basal ganglia. On her examination, all of the following clinical findings on the neurological examination raised her suspicion of basal ganglia involvement, EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWERS Paralysis As the prototypical demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS) involves a gradual degradation of the myelin sheath. The resulting neurological findings in MS are associated with which of the following functions - CORRECT ANSWERS Augmenting speed of the action potential An acute intracranial hemorrhage will appear ______ on a CT scan, which is often referred to as a ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS White; hyperdensity Your patient is a 7-year-old child. His mother reports that he frequently exhibits staring spells during which time he is unresponsive. These spells last several seconds, and he subsequently appears lethargic. The first diagnostic tool you should recommend is - CORRECT ANSWERS An EEG The person who spontaneously utters the following phrase, "window...break...ball" but who cannot repeat the phrase, "The ball broke the glass window" most likely has which of the following disorders of speech - CORRECT ANSWERS Broca's aphasia Which of the following are regions of primary sensory processing? - CORRECT ANSWERS Occipital lobe and temporal lobe (A and C)

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Which of the following structures is NOT considered part of the basal ganglia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Pineal An impulse traveling away from the cell body of the neuron travels along the - CORRECT ANSWERS Axon The process by which incoming stimuli cross over and are transmitted to the contralateral hemisphere is known as - CORRECT ANSWERS Decussation An isolated lesion of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus will most likely result in which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWERS Disrupted projection of visual information to the occipital lobe resulting in visual impairment The telencephalon, or cerebrum, includes which of the following structures? - CORRECT ANSWERS Frontal lobes and occipital lobes (A and B) A 9-year-old boy with moderate Autism Spectrum Disorder presents with severe deficits in psychosocial functioning. He is placed in special education for math and reading but is in general education settings for social studies, science, and physical education. Presenting features at the time of your assessment include deficiencies in empathy evident in peer and family interactions. He also shows significant difficulties imitating his teachers examples in physical education class. From a neuropsychological perspective, you suspect deficits involving - CORRECT ANSWERS Premotor cortex and mirror neurons (A and D) The case of H.M. involved the bilateral resection of portions of the hippocampi. As part of the limbic system, resection of these areas severely impacted H.M.'s - CORRECT ANSWERS Memory formations and transfer to longer-term storage resulting in a dense amnestic syndrome

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Multiple sensory modalities are integrated in cortical regions that are sometimes considered "silent" since lesions here can exist despite intact primary and secondary processing. These regions are known as - CORRECT ANSWERS Heteromodal cortex A 65-year-old man presents with fluent but nonsensical speech. He is able to repeat but not follow commands. You suspect which area of involvement - CORRECT ANSWERS Secondary auditory processing and Wernicke's area ______ has/have increasingly replaced ______ for the first-line treatment of chronic anxiety.

• CORRECT ANSWERS SSRIs; benzodiazepines Cardiac/autonomic, severe anticholinergic, and neurobehavioral are types of side effects of - CORRECT ANSWERS TCAs A drug known for having a narrow therapeutic index is - CORRECT ANSWERS Lithium According to Harry Stack Sullivan, ______ distortions form the basis of neurotic disorders. - CORRECT ANSWERS Parataxic According to Freud, replacing one unconscious desire with its opposite is known as - CORRECT ANSWERS Reaction Formation Who founded the Theory of Circumscription and Compromise? - CORRECT ANSWERS Gottfredson A client who rates high on the Holland code of Conventional may find which career fields most appealing? - CORRECT ANSWERS Structured work in an office setting Which of the following was NOT one of Irvan Yalom's 11 therapeutic factors in group therapy? - CORRECT ANSWERS Diffusion

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The order of Freud's stages of psychosexual development are - CORRECT ANSWERS Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital GT is based on - CORRECT ANSWERS Field theory Carl Rogers believed that psychopathology developed because individuals internalized - CORRECT ANSWERS Conditions of worth Dichotomous thinking, magnification, and selective abstraction are examples of - CORRECT ANSWERS Cognitive distortions Circular questioning is a technique used in family therapy, which was developed by - CORRECT ANSWERS Jay Haley Typically, ______ members are ideal for group therapy. - CORRECT ANSWERS Seven to eight The order of Prochaska & DiClemente's stages of change are - CORRECT ANSWERS Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance The "Dodo Bird Effect" is associated with - CORRECT ANSWERS The Common Factors Approach Which of the following is NOT true of the Neo-Freudians? - CORRECT ANSWERS Erich Fromm countered Freud's idea of "penis envy" with "womb envy" The constructs of the creative self and style of life are associated with - CORRECT ANSWERS Alfred Adler

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Differentiation of self refers to - CORRECT ANSWERS An individual's ability to distinguish between their feelings and thoughts In the Cognitive Information Processing approach, where does the CASVE cycle occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS The gap between self and occupation knowledge Which common factor varies the most widely across different psychotherapies? - CORRECT ANSWERS The role of the therapeutic relationship According to systems theory, families tend toward - CORRECT ANSWERS Homeostasis In Gestalt Therapy, clients can only change once they are truly themselves. This is known as - CORRECT ANSWERS Paradoxical theory of change ______ is a form of therapy that aims to help clients identify "stuck points" by writing impact statements. - CORRECT ANSWERS Cognitive Processing Therapy All are examples of risk-reducing behaviors to promote wellness EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWERS Use of tobacco products A major challenge to the therapeutic process in telepsychological services is - CORRECT ANSWERS Difficulty establishing rapport Practitioners have a responsibility to help clients make cost-benefit decisions because - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient decisions are not always grounded in knowledge Telepsychological services include all of the following benefits EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased wait-times for services

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Schemas are organized patterns of thought and behavior that help us derive hypotheses about incoming stimuli and provide a sense of prediction and control. Schemas function as ALL of the following except - CORRECT ANSWERS Acculturation-- defines how others are like you Schemas are self-sustaining and exist in the face of contradictory evidence. Research has focused on four types of schemas, though there are many types. Which of the following is not identified as a schema? - CORRECT ANSWERS Mental In making attributions about behavior, we tend to commit biases and errors. Fundamental attribution error is a common bias that states - CORRECT ANSWERS The tendency to overvalue personal factors and undervalue situational factors when explaining the behavior of others There are several types of social influence. Which of the following is not a type of social influence? - CORRECT ANSWERS Social power The Zimbardo prison experiments represent which type of social influence? - CORRECT ANSWERS Obedience Which of the following human-mating strategies occurs when females compete for access to numerous males, and after mating with one male, leave him and the offspring? - CORRECT ANSWERS Polyandry Motivations underlying empathy-induced behavior include - CORRECT ANSWERS Altruistic and egoist (Both A and B) Empathy is evoked under all of the following situations except - CORRECT ANSWERS Seeking others who are dissimilar Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality posits that the ______ develops at age 4 or 5 years to block the ______ socially unacceptable drives. - CORRECT ANSWERS Superego; id's

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A therapist who conceptualizes a client's behavior as the result of learned consequences likely ascribes to which theory of personality? - CORRECT ANSWERS Behavioral Someone who views disability as the result of a loss of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community likely ascribes to what model of disability? - CORRECT ANSWERS Social model Which of the following is not consistent with the requirements established by the Americans with Disabilities Act? - CORRECT ANSWERS Drug tests must be given to all applicants, not just those with disabilities According to Berry's Model of Acculturation, a woman who withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts her own culture is in what category of acculturation status? - CORRECT ANSWERS Separation The tendency of a patient to attribute his past job success to his intelligence, skill, and hard work, and to attribute recent failures to situational factors, can be described using the - CORRECT ANSWERS Self-serving bias Crowding has been linked with a number of negative outcomes, including all of the following except - CORRECT ANSWERS Poor performance on simple tasks A conflict that arises when a person must choose between two jobs that both have positive and negative aspects is what type of conflict? - CORRECT ANSWERS Double approach- avoidance ______ is a technique that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first having them agree to a smaller request. - CORRECT ANSWERS Foot-in-the-door technique

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According to Cross and Vandiver, which stage of identify development is associated with an awareness and interest in developing a Black identity? - CORRECT ANSWERS Encounter Sexual prejudice is correlated with all of the following except - CORRECT ANSWERS Heterosexual women A graduate school applicant tells her friend that she's nervous because of her upcoming graduate school interviews. When the applicant sees other nervous-looking applicants in the waiting room before her interview, she believes that they are generally nervous people. This is an example of - CORRECT ANSWERS Actor-observer effect According to Berry's model of acculturation, a person who does not identify with his or her own culture or the majority culture is in what status? - CORRECT ANSWERS Marginalization The gain-loss theory of attraction posits that attraction is maximized when the individual's evaluation of a person is at first ______ and then changes to ______ - CORRECT ANSWERS Negative; positive The Bobo doll studies demonstrated that aggressive behaviors arise through the observation of others. This research supports which theory of aggression? - CORRECT ANSWERS Social learning ______ is defined as intolerant, unfair, or negative attributes toward an individual because of his or her group membership. - CORRECT ANSWERS Prejudice Allport argued that intergroup prejudice arises from a combination of all the following factors except - CORRECT ANSWERS Geographic Human development is best described as - CORRECT ANSWERS A variable process in which individual differences in genetics, environment, and life experiences interact in complex ways

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Developmental scientists generally agree that human development is influenced - CORRECT ANSWERS By the interaction between genes and the environment An individual's genotype is - CORRECT ANSWERS The set of genes inherited from one's parents Which of the following statements about development is true? - CORRECT ANSWERS Development is both multidimensional and multidirectional Periods of heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli or experiences that have a more pronounced effect on the individual's development than at other times are known as - CORRECT ANSWERS Sensitive periods A 3-year-old had been living in an orphanage in an extremely deprived environment since he was a newborn. He had a vocabulary of 10 words when he was adopted by parents who give him a stimulating environment. He is slowly starting to speak in two-word sentences. This is an example of the brain's ability of - CORRECT ANSWERS Plasticity Poverty is a ______ factor for poor academic achievement. - CORRECT ANSWERS Risk Which of the following demonstrates current developmental science and practice about a child and her environment? - CORRECT ANSWERS A child shapes and is shaped by her environment The concept of continuity refers to - CORRECT ANSWERS Development as a gradual, continuous process of change Which developmental theory was dominant during the earlier phases of the field of developmental science, but no longer serves as an underpinning of current practice? - CORRECT ANSWERS Freud's psychosexual theory

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Which of the following is a cornerstone of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory? - CORRECT ANSWERS Symbolic representation According to Piaget, the mental structures children build to understand the word are called - CORRECT ANSWERS Schemas How does an individual move from one stage of thought to the next in Piaget's cognitive- developmental theory? - CORRECT ANSWERS When equilibrium between assimilation and accommodation has been achieved A rattle that a 4-month-old is playing with is hidden underneath a blanket in front of the child. She looks at her mother. This child has not yet developed - CORRECT ANSWERS Object permanence During which of Piaget's cognitive-developmental stages do children understand the concept of conservation? - CORRECT ANSWERS Concrete operational Which concept and stage are appropriately matched according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypothetical-deductive reasoning-- Formal operational stage What is the biggest criticism of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory? - CORRECT ANSWERS Piaget underestimated young children's competence When a teacher adjusts her instruction to a child's increasing skill level, she is providing - CORRECT ANSWERS Scaffolding A child's mother recently lost her full-time job and has begun to work the night shift at the local drugstore. The stress has caused his parents to fight more. He now sees his mother occasionally at breakfast but she is usually so tired from work that she sleeps in. In regard to

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Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the mother's change in jobs is categorized as a(n) ______ influence on her son's development. - CORRECT ANSWERS Exosystem The individual health insurance mandate of the 2010 Affordable Care Act is a(n) ______ influence on development. - CORRECT ANSWERS Macrosystem Which of the following statements accurately portrays the basis of Thelen's dynamic systems theory? - CORRECT ANSWERS Change in one developmental domain disrupts the individual's integrated mind, body, and social world system, leading to more adaptive functioning Which developmental theory focuses on the later stages of life and describes how older individuals mitigate the effects of losses in functioning? - CORRECT ANSWERS Selective optimization with compensation theory Crossing over during cell division leads to - CORRECT ANSWERS Genetic variation in the resulting cells Which of the following is a result of chromosomal abnormalities during meiosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS Down syndrome Neurogenesis refers to - CORRECT ANSWERS The formation and migration of neurons to major parts of the brain Which of the following statements regarding multisensory stimulation is true? - CORRECT ANSWERS Presenting stimulus across multiple senses is advantageous for learning Which of the following is the best definition of reflexive attention? - CORRECT ANSWERS Bottom-up processing, wherein information is captured in a stimulus-driven fashion

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All of the following terms are related to selective attention EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWERS Wakefulness Which of the following statements regarding executive functions is false? - CORRECT ANSWERS Executive function is not related to emotional distress Which of the following is NOT part of David Wechsler's definition of intelligence? - CORRECT ANSWERS Capacity to acquire information through acculturation Which of the following is the only true statement applying to the filed of intelligence? - CORRECT ANSWERS Cattell made a major contribution by identifying fluid and crystallized forms of intelligence Identify the one statement regarding intelligence tests that is NOT true - CORRECT ANSWERS Abbreviated tests of intelligence have not been developed due to validity concerns They have been developed Which of the following statements regarding bias in intelligence testing is false? - CORRECT ANSWERS Cross-cultural psychologists discourage use of ethnic group measurement norms Of these, the only one NOT identified as a protective factor against the deleterious effects of aging on cognition is - CORRECT ANSWERS Agreeableness A negative reinforcer is found in ______ and causes response rate to ______ - CORRECT ANSWERS Classical conditioning; increase

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To produce the fastest rates of response, one would employ a/an ______ schedule of reinforcement. - CORRECT ANSWERS Ratio For the fastest learning rates, one would employ a ______ schedule of reinforcement. - CORRECT ANSWERS Continuous reinforcement A young child cleans her room only on Saturday nights, as she knows she receives an allowance every Sunday. What type of schedule of reinforcement is occurring in this scenario? - CORRECT ANSWERS Fixed interval schedule What neuroanatomical structure manages movement, and if damaged can cause difficulties in learned motor skills (e.g., walking)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Basal ganglia B.F. Skinner argued that ______ creates wanted behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWERS Extrinsic reward Working memory is best described as - CORRECT ANSWERS A component of short-term memory that allows you to manipulate information Which statement best describes the critiques of James-Lange theory? - CORRECT ANSWERS Physiological responses are not necessary precursors to the experience of emotion Nondeclarative memory is characterized by being - CORRECT ANSWERS Memories we do not know we have H.M. was a man who had lost his ability to form new memories. Damage to which structure in his brain was mainly responsible for this condition? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hippocampus This theory of emotion postulates that physiological sensations are the primary element of emotional experience - CORRECT ANSWERS James-Lange theory

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The interpretation of emotional experience through cognitive processes is known as - CORRECT ANSWERS Cognitive appraisal Which brain region is the primary center of fear-related processing? - CORRECT ANSWERS Amygdala Which of the following is NOT considered to be a component of motivation? - CORRECT ANSWERS Valence Clark Hull considered drive reduction to be - CORRECT ANSWERS Reinforcing Which of the following is NOT part of cognitive therapy as described by Aaron Beck? - CORRECT ANSWERS Self-defeating thoughts