Psychology Concepts and Theories, Exams of Physiology

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Psychology Final Exam Test Bank with

correct question and answers

Critical thinking is ________. - Correct answer applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

2. Psychology refers to the ________. - Correct answer scientific study of the mind
3. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? - Correct answer 1800s
4. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. - Correct answer Their own conscious experience
5. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. - Correct answer a person's unconscious
6. Behaviorists study ________. - Correct answer Learned behavior
7. Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? - Correct answer hypothesis
8. Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? - Correct answer Dr.Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates
9. A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. - Correct answer Gestalt psychology
10. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. - Correct answer basic survival needs
11. The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. - Correct answer the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
12. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. - Correct answer thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
13. Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts.

Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. - Correct answer social psychology

32. Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. - Correct answer studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
33. When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. - Correct answer neuroticism
34. When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. - Correct answer agreeableness
35. Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? - Correct answer favoring women over men
36. According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? - Correct answer interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
37. Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. - Correct answer independent; dependent
38. A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. - Correct answer theory
39. Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? - Correct answer whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions
40. Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. - Correct answer case studies
41. Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________. - Correct answer sample; population; generalization
42. The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. - Correct answer between -1 and +
43. Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? - Correct answer +0.
44. Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does

a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. - Correct answer confirmation bias

26. The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. - Correct answer control
27. A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. - Correct answer is large and randomly selected
28. ________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. - Correct answer reliability
29. ________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. - Correct answer validity
30. Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? - Correct answer explaining the hypothesis to the participants
31. Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design? - Correct answer They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured
32. A major advantage of case studies is ________. - Correct answer detailed information
33. ________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. - Correct answer surveys
34. Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. - Correct answer the scientific method
35. Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? - Correct answer empirical studies
36. A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. - Correct answer genetics
37. Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. - Correct answer chromosomes; DNA

4. Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. - Correct answer more than one gene
5. The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. - Correct answer terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles
6. The space between two neurons is called the ________. - Correct answer synapse
7. A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. - Correct answer undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration
8. ________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. - Correct answer beta-endorphin
9. The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. - Correct answer parasympathetic
10. Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. - Correct answer Somatic
11. Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? - Correct answer broca's area
12. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? - Correct answer Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors
13. Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? - Correct answer Wernicke's area
14. Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? - Correct answer audition
15. Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? - Correct answer hypothalamus
16. The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. - Correct answer amygdala

44. The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. - Correct answer fast; long lasting
45. The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. - Correct answer pituitary
46. Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. - Correct answer Folds; grooves
47. The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. - Correct answer circadian rhythm
48. The sleep debt is the result of ________. - Correct answer insuffient sleep on a chronic basis
49. The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. - Correct answer alpha
50. Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? - Correct answer Sigmund Freud
51. Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? - Correct answer Rosalind Cartwright
52. Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. - Correct answer somnambulism
53. Sleep apnea is defined by ________. - Correct answer episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops
54. Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. - Correct answer circadian
55. Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli. - Correct answer external
56. Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. - Correct answer suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
57. Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. - Correct answer Narcolepsy
58. Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. - Correct answer changes in normal bodily function
59. Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. - Correct answer tolerance

32. Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. - Correct answer usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors
33. Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. - Correct answer stimulant
34. Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. - Correct answer darkness; light
35. Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? - Correct answer They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control
36. According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________. - Correct answer effectively a dissociated state of consciousness
37. What is described by the concept of perception? - Correct answer how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
38. Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? - Correct answer top-down
39. Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. - Correct answer ultraviolet
40. Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? - Correct answer optic
41. Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. - Correct answer since birth
42. The ________is also known as the anvil. - Correct answer incus
43. Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? - Correct answer Gestalt
44. Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. - Correct answer transduction
45. Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. - Correct answer motivation

23. Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. - Correct answer signal detection
24. Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? - Correct answer smelling cookies in the oven
25. Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. - Correct answer lower; higher
26. Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. - Correct answer longer wavelengths
27. ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. - Correct answer high; low
28. Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? - Correct answer afterimage
29. Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. - Correct answer cornea; pupil
30. What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? - Correct answer Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
31. Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? - Correct answer Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes
32. Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. - Correct answer negative reinforcement
33. In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. - Correct answer neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
34. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? - Correct answer learning
35. In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. - Correct answer Classical Conditioning

14. ________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. - Correct answer Primary reinforcers
15. When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. - Correct answer Continuous reinforcement
16. Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. - Correct answer observational learning
17. Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. - Correct answer learning
18. In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). - Correct answer unconditioned response
19. Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? - Correct answer William was in an accident with a red car last month. Now he gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.
20. Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? - Correct answer fixed interval
21. Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? - Correct answer variable ratio reinforcement
22. Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? - Correct answer Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
23. Which of the following is an example of latent learning? - Correct answer remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
24. What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? - Correct answer emotion can be a conditioned response
25. What is the main idea of social learning theory? - Correct answer One can learn new behaviors by observing others
26. What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? - Correct answer Emotions can be a conditioned response

50. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? - Correct answer He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
51. From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. - Correct answer thinking
52. ________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. - Correct answer concepts
53. Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? - Correct answer semantics
54. A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. - Correct answer mental set
55. Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? - Correct answer functional fixedness
56. The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. - Correct answer analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
57. Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? - Correct answer Robert Sternberg
58. Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. - Correct answer role
59. Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. - Correct answer confirmation
60. Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. - Correct answer hindsight bias
61. Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. - Correct answer creative
62. Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. - Correct answer logical-mathematical

38. Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? - Correct answer dyslexia
39. In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. - Correct answer interpersonal; intrapersonal
40. Schemata are a(an) ________. - Correct answer method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.
41. What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. - Correct answer mastery of the grammatical aspects of language
42. The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. - Correct answer one standard deviation above the mean
43. Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? - Correct answer modest
44. Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. Heremembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat,and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. - Correct answer semantic
45. Encoding information occurs through ________. - Correct answer automatic processing and effortful processing
46. Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of thewords are written in bold and some are written in italic. His abilityto remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. - Correct answer visual
47. ________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. - Correct answer acoustic
48. The act of getting information out of memory storage and back intoconscious awareness is known as ________. - Correct answer retrieval
49. What is semantic memory? - Correct answer knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
50. What are the two components of declarative memory? - Correct answer semantic and episodic

18. Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. - Correct answer thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
19. What is episodic memory? - Correct answer information about events we have personally experienced
20. Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? - Correct answer being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics
21. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memoryfor events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. - Correct answer retrograde; anterograde
22. Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in hiseighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after thepresentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. Thisis an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. - Correct answer transience
23. The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, andthe process of bringing up old memories is called ________. - Correct answer construction; reconstruction
24. Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets toknow her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear thatshe has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has________ amnesia. - Correct answer retrograde
25. Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? - Correct answer Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
26. Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? - Correct answer Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself where she came from, or what happened to her.
27. Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories andweak emotional experiences form weak memories? - Correct answer Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.
28. How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? - Correct answer Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
29. ________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal. - Correct answer motivation

3. ________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individualmaintaining body weight that is well below average through starvationand/or excessive exercise. - Correct answer anorexia nervosa
4. ________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather thanexternal rewards. - Correct answer intrinsic motivation
5. The satiety hormone is called ________. - Correct answer lepti
6. The ________ response cycle includes four phases includingexcitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. - Correct answer sexual response cycle
7. Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior towarda goal. In the following sentence, what is the motivation? Sheila wantsto complete a marathon so she buys new running shoes and spends everyday timing how long it takes her to run the high school track. - Correct answer completing a marathon
8. Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? - Correct answer Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting
9. Which of the following is an example of the overjustificationeffect? - Correct answer Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.
10. The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of theamygdala. - Correct answer basolateral; nucleus
11. Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? - Correct answer Naomi believes she can complete law school
12. Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and thesecretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as asignal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________. - Correct answer how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger
13. Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both menand women. Jude is ________. - Correct answer bisexual
14. Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is________. - Correct answer obese
15. If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then youbelieve the ________. - Correct answer facial feedback hypothesis

43. Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory ofemotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? - Correct answer According to the James- Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter- Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.
44. What does set point theory suggest about the probable results ofbariatric surgery? - Correct answer It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.
45. What is the main idea of drive theory? - Correct answer deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs
46. How is homosexuality similar to bisexuality? - Correct answer Both types of sexuality involve loving another person
47. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. - Correct answer In which people are presented with ambiguous images
48. Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by ourgenetic inheritance? - Correct answer Hans and Sybil Eysenck
49. The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic,thoughtful, quiet, and private. - Correct answer ectomorph
50. ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our realand ideal selves are very similar. - Correct answer congruence
51. Who proposed the locus of control concept? - Correct answer Julian Rotter
52. Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. - Correct answer Persona
53. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. - Correct answer id
54. Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patientrespond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses,and desires. - Correct answer
55. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblotcards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort toreveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. - Correct answer Rorschach
56. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage ofpsychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to societyand focus on being a part of a family? - Correct answer generativity, vs stagnation

38. In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to________. - Correct answer anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
39. Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks tobe mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment tobecoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teachingpraxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. AlbertBandura would say Tammy has ________. - Correct answer high self efficacy
40. According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. - Correct answer self acualization
41. As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as areaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and tothe behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. - Correct answer humanism
42. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? - Correct answer neo fruedians reduce emphasis on sex
43. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? - Correct answer shaped by reinforcements and consequences
44. Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? - Correct answer personal factors determine behaviors
45. Which question was central to the marshmallow test? - Correct answer Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to receive a big one later
46. The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonallevel. These topics include ________. - Correct answer emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
47. ________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors. - Correct answer Dispositionism
48. Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal andintrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example ofinterpersonal behavior? - Correct answer group processes
49. Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable usto see ourselves in favorable light. - Correct answer self-serving bias
50. When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________. - Correct answer person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

12. What is a social role? - Correct answer socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
13. A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person,idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. - Correct answer attitude
14. Who was Stanley Milgram? - Correct answer social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of " I was just following order" typically used by accused Nazis
15. What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment? - Correct answer Zimbardo did not use a control group
16. Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? - Correct answer opinions
17. Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and arephysically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain anyexpectations beyond that. Their love is called ________. - Correct answer romantic
18. Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no realphysical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Theirlove is called ________. - Correct answer empty
19. According to the frustration aggression theory, which of thefollowing is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilettraining? - Correct answer Simon bites his mother
20. ________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individualsbased solely on their same-sex orientation. - Correct answer homophobia
21. If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potatochips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approachis that person using to explain attitude change? - Correct answer Yale attitude change
22. The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________to play the part of the person being shocked because the experimentwould be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shocktreatment was faked. - Correct answer confederate
23. Which of the following is the best example of central routepersuasion? - Correct answer anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

49. Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her goodacting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames thecasting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of________. - Correct answer self-serving bias
50. A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ______. - Correct answer stressor
51. A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________. - Correct answer anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence
52. ________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance. - Correct answer eustress
53. The concept of perceived control refers to ________. - Correct answer 12. The concept of perceived control refers to ________.
54. Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? - Correct answer coping
55. Which of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress? - Correct answer Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife
56. People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline. - Correct answer distress
57. Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. - Correct answer cognitive
58. Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. - Correct answer physiological
59. Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? - Correct answer A burst of energy enable Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path
60. Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________. - Correct answer daily hassle
61. Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________. - Correct answer job burnout

39. Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________. - Correct answer social support
40. Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________. - Correct answer adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration
41. Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases. - Correct answer significantly elevated rates of heart disease
42. Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. - Correct answer high blood pressure
43. Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

• Correct answer Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.

50. Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism? - Correct answer Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.
51. A psychological disorder is a ________. - Correct answer condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
52. Etiology is another word for ________. - Correct answer causes
53. A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks. - Correct answer anxiety
54. People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. - Correct answer obsessive-compulsive
55. Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD? - Correct answer orbitofrontal cortex
56. ________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt. - Correct answer suicidal ideation
57. Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? - Correct answer shizophrenia

18. Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder. - Correct answer dissociative identity
19. Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________. - Correct answer being outside the home alone
20. Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder. - Correct answer body dsymorphic
21. Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. - Correct answer post-traumatic stress
22. Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have? - Correct answer seasonal pattern
23. Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day- to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with? - Correct answer shizophrenia
24. If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________. - Correct answer often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
25. Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feelsuncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality? - Correct answer dependent personality disorder
26. Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________. - Correct answer attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

41. Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality? - Correct answer avoidant personality disorder
42. Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders? - Correct answer All neurodevelopment disorders are diagnosed in early childhood
43. Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________. - Correct answer race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
44. Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease. - Correct answer chronic
45. During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs. - Correct answer intake
46. Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy. - Correct answer client- centered
47. Aversive conditioning is a ________. - Correct answer counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior
48. Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? - Correct answer behavior
49. Exposure therapy is a ________ technique. - Correct answer counterconditioning
50. ECT stands for ________. - Correct answer electroconvulsive therapy
51. Who developed psychoanalysis? - Correct answer Sigmund Freud
52. Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________. - Correct answer process of closing large asylums
53. In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? - Correct answer cognitive-behavioral therapy
54. Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange

the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________. - Correct answer token economy

30. Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this? - Correct answer active listening
31. Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. - Correct answer antidepressants
32. Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? - Correct answer adderall
33. A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This exemplifies ________. - Correct answer psycho-educational treatment
34. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue. - Correct answer 13.4%
35. Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? - Correct answer You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time